The article analyzes the reasons and facts that caused distrust in the results of the investigation into the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy by the Warren Commission. The Warren Commission's and the FBI's leadership at the time were fixated on the "single bullet theory" and the "lone shooter theory," which ultimately resulted in a notable decrease in the quality of the investigation into President Kennedy's assassination. Also discussed the issue of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover's disproportionate and unauthorized control and interference in the work of the Warren Commission.

The article discusses the critical accumulation of huge economic, engineering and social problems in the US and their connection with the extreme polarization of political struggle. These longstanding US problems, taken and considered TOGETHER, look like a diagnosis of a serious disease. The author discusses issues such as (in comparison with other high-income countries): poor filled state budget and large national debt; huge trade deficit; moving thousands of manufacturing facilities and millions of jobs overseas (as a result of misunderstood ideas of "free trade"); ultra-expensive services: medical, university, housing, others; poor maternal and child health care and high infant mortality; too many poor families for such a rich country; poor quality school education; extremely high mortality rates from drug overdoses and firearms; dilapidated infrastructure and poor protection from natural disasters; the political competition between the two main political parties in America has escalated into a dead-end political confront. All these problems have led America to a decline in living standards within the country as well as a partial loss of authority and leadership in the world.

This article discusses the urgent adaptation of mankind to an inevitable changing climate which is more important as unrealistic and super expensive "the fight against global warming" (such as, for example, removing billions of tons of CO2 from the Earth's atmosphere.) The environment will never be able to return to the previous composition and temperature of both the atmosphere and the World Ocean. Consequently, humanity will in the future have to live with more frequent and more destructive hurricanes, floods, wildfires, droughts, etc. And consequently, humankind urgently requires the implementation of modern technologies to prevent and mitigate the impacts of global climate change (including natural disasters). Unfortunately, no one takes any desperately needed actions: powerful dams and drainage systems are not constructed, leading to flooding vast residential areas; large forest fires take for months to extinguish and result in multi-billion dollars losses; each hurricane destroys hundreds of homes made from flimsy planks; vertical farming technologies are not being implemented to combat droughts and crop failures due to natural disasters; and so on. And the worst thing is, people are dying. The purpose of this review is to analyze how modern technologies can REALLY help humanity to prevent/mitigate the consequences of climate change and increasing natural disasters and improve the safety of life in new, less favorable climatic conditions. The main idea of this article is well expressed in Charles Darwin's quote written 165 years ago: "It is not the strongest and smartest who survive but the one who adjusts best to the changing environment."

A document by Bruno Wayne Salter. Click on the document to view its contents.

Irregular Shelterwood System (ISS), one of the types of silviculture system in forest management has been implemented in different CF of Nepal. But, It still lacks the research on different parameters promoting regeneration of Shorea robusta as a future crop yield in forest. We studied the origin of regeneration, crown cover, and soil as a promoting parameter for sustained yield management. Two-phase study was carried out using stratified systematic random sampling technique within the treated and untreated areas of the forest. The result indicated the significance difference in the regeneration status between treated and untreated areas. In this forest part, most of the regeneration originated from seedlings while some were from root coppice. Specifically, the treated area exhibited a density of 16,800 seedlings and 4,693 saplings per hectare, compared to 11,960 seedlings and 2,688 saplings per hectare in the untreated area. This demonstrates that the ISS effectively promotes the regeneration of Sal trees, enhancing forest health and biodiversity. The analysis revealed that the origin of regeneration was predominantly from seedlings, with a notable absence of significant differences in seedling regeneration across different treated years. However, sapling regeneration showed significant variation, indicating that management practices under the ISS positively influence sapling establishment. Soil quality assessments indicated that treated areas had higher organic matter and better nutrient profiles, which are critical for supporting healthy plant growth. Furthermore, the study highlighted that environmental factors such as crown cover and organic carbon levels significantly affect regeneration outcomes. While organic matter positively influenced regeneration, crown cover and organic carbon were found to have negative effects. These findings underscore the importance of managing environmental conditions to ensure successful regeneration of Shorea robusta. Overall, the research supports the ISS as a viable strategy for sustainable forest management and the resilience of critical forest resources in community forestry settings.

Running titleSampling for reference genomes

In this paper, we will be presenting an approach to generalizing the theory of elliptic curves. This paper, to summarize broadly, will be the documentation of the results of a research project centered around a certain generalization of elliptic curves, namely a "multidimensional elliptic curve".

In this paper, we will be proposing a generalization of the theory of Engel sinks to other algebraic structures, of which the original theory for groups was developed predominantly by P. Shumyatsky and E.I. Khukhro, following a series of 8 papers together.

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A document by siyu DuanYang. Click on the document to view its contents.

A document by Bruno Wayne Salter. Click on the document to view its contents.

CART and CRISPR/Cas9 are two biotechnologies that have exhibited promising results in the field of cancer treatment. They are also constantly remarked for their consistent progress in clinical and preclinical trials alike. CART Therapy is a type of immunotherapy and it redirects T cells to target cancer cells. Additionally, CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing is a gene editing tool that enhances the capabilities of CART Therapy. Individually, they have shown proficient abilities in defense against cancer. However, they have both experienced limitations in its ability to tackle many types of cancers beyond blood cancers. Particularly, they are in need of progress towards their effect against solid malignancies. Although they seem to be a reliable option for cancer treatment even on their own, they seem to fall short when it comes to a multitude of different cancers. However, together they can form a powerful treatment against other types of cancers beyond blood cancers including solid malignancies.

Diversity in biological, social, and environmental factors plays a central role in shaping brain health and disease. Distinct brain disorders frequently exhibit overlapping clinical phenotypes, despite arising from heterogeneous biological and contextual mechanisms. This convergence challenges conventional, population-averaged approaches, which often fail to capture interindividual variability and lead to limited reproducibility, weak translational potential, and inadequate tools for individual-level characterization. To address these gaps, we propose an integrative computational framework that unites normative models of brain aging ("brain clocks"), high-order interactions, and whole-brain modeling. Brain clocks estimate individualized brain health scores by comparing observed brain features to normative agebased trajectories. Brain high-order interactions capture functional dependencies beyond pairwise connectivity, offering sensitive biomarkers that reflect system-level diversity in aging and neurodegeneration. Whole-brain modeling uses theory-based simulations of individual brain dynamics, supporting the inference of latent mechanisms and the evaluation of targeted perturbations in silico. Together, these approaches form a synergistic framework: normative models provide personalized baselines, high-order interactions enhance sensitivity to complex alterations, and whole-brain simulations enable causal insight and guide potential interventions. By embedding interindividual variability and contextual diversity into each computational layer, this framework moves the field toward precision neuroscience, where assessment, understanding, and treatment are tailored to the individuals' unique biological and social profiles.

In this paper, we will be defining the concept of a "homotopy shield" over a set in R n , and then documenting some immediate properties of its definition w.r.t. both binary and multiary contexts.

Keçeci Numbers (first defined: July 27, 2022) constitute a unique numerical system that generates sequences based on specific initial conditions and a set of iterative rules. This system relies on a complex interplay of fundamental arithmetic operations (addition), special divisibility rules (periodically dividing by 2 or 3), and the primality properties of numbers. One of the most notable aspects of Keçeci Numbers is their definability across various number sets, such as integers, rational numbers, negative numbers, complex numbers, and quaternions, exhibiting distinct behaviours in each. This offers a rich ground for investigating how fundamental number theoretic principles manifest within different algebraic structures. The "Keçeci Prime Number" refers to the number (or its positive integer representative, based on the absolute value of its real or scalar part, according to the number type) that is prime and appears most frequently within the generated Keçeci Number sequence. This value can be interpreted as a kind of "characteristic signature" or "condensation point" regarding the sequence's structure. The potential significance of Keçeci Numbers lies not in being an established sequence, but in providing a "computational laboratory" for exploring how fundamental concepts in number theory (divisibility, primality, arithmetic progression) can generate new and unpredictable patterns under specific constraints and conditions. The application of such rules, particularly in higher-dimensional number systems like complex numbers and quaternions, might produce sequences exhibiting fractal-like structures or chaotic behaviour. Such sequences could potentially inspire models for certain dynamic systems in theoretical physics, or new designs for pseudo-random number generators in signal processing engineering or cryptography. As Keçeci Numbers are still in an exploratory phase, their true value will emerge with deeper mathematical analysis in the future (e.g., concerning the long-term behaviour of the sequences, their limits, periodicity, or the distribution of Keçeci Prime Numbers). Such original numerical systems demonstrate that mathematics is not only about solving existing problems but is also a self-enriching discipline that generates new structures and questions. This can serve as a source of motivation, reminding students and researchers of the vast, unexplored territories within the infinite world of numbers.

Twenty-four novel 14N-substituted tetrandrine (Tet) were synthesized and investigated for their effects on anti-proliferative activities against human cancer cell lines HepG2 and A549 by the MTT method. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study disclosed that the introduction of heterocyclic group on 14N atom might be beneficial for both activity and safety. Compound 17 exhibited the strongest cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells with an IC50 value of 2.09 μM and satisfactory SI value of 11.5, which was 5.3- and 6.4-fold than the activity of parental tetrandrine and adriamycin, respectively. Further in vitro experiments (flow cytometry assay, transwell assay, and scratching assay) were designed to validate the significant therapeutic effect of representative compound 17 on HCC. Network pharmacology was used to examine the mechanism of 17 in HCC treatment and the AKT signaling pathway was identified as the key pathway. Molecular docking, cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and ADP-Glo™ kinase enzyme inhibition assay experiment further demonstrated that 17 could specifically bind to AKT and inhibit its phosphorylation, then activated the proapoptotic protein BAX, inhibited the anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2, with activating the caspase 3, so that to induce apoptosis. Moreover, it indicating a potent in vivo killing effect against liver cancers orthotopically transplanted HCC in AKT1-dependent manner with safety profile. Taken together, these results highlighted that compound 17 induced apoptosis, and provided powerful information for developing tetrandrine derivatives into a novel class of anti-cancer agents in liver cancer therapy in the future.

Predictive processing theories describe perception as a dynamic interplay between top-down predictions and bottom-up prediction errors across hierarchical stages of sensory processing. However, it remains unclear how neural connectivity flexibly adapts to changing sensory environments over time, and how these dynamics are influenced by ageing. This study investigated how temporal factors on three distinct timescales, as well as age, shape neural responses and connectivity to dynamically changing auditory stimuli. EEG data were recorded from 63 participants aged 18 to 75 as they listened to sequences of tones, where rare and unexpected “original deviants” became standards over time, and previously standard tones became “reverse deviants.” Event-related potentials (ERPs) were more pronounced for original deviants than reverse deviants. Amplitudes increased on short timescales (seconds) but declined over longer timescales (minutes) and with advancing age. To infer the neural mechanisms underlying these effects, dynamic causal modeling (DCM) was used to analyze effective connectivity. DCM revealed increased descending (top-down) connectivity for original deviants, consistent with a stronger reliance on predictions. Additionally, intrinsic (within-region) connectivity increased over seconds but decreased over minutes, reflecting timescale-dependent neural adaptation. Ageing was associated with stronger modulation of descending connectivity by deviant type but weaker modulation by slow dynamics. These results underscore the brain’s ability to dynamically adapt to changing sensory environments at multiple timescales and for the first time reveal age-related changes in the dynamics of this adaptation.

Theories of perceptual learning, such as predictive processing, describe learning as a dynamic and continuous process of updating hierarchical internal models in response to environmental regularities. However, most studies reduce this process to static condition-based averages, making them insensitive to how prediction error signals unfold over time. The current study addressed this gap by investigating the temporal trajectories of precision-weighted prediction errors – indexed by mismatch negativity (MMN) – across stable and volatile auditory oddball sequences. EEG was recorded for 45 young adults as they passively listened to Traditional (stable) and Alternating (volatile) sequences, presented in counterbalanced order. Consistent with theoretical predictions, MMN amplitude declined over time in the stable environments and increased across volatile contexts following changes in environmental regularity, reflecting higher-order model refinement and ongoing lower-order model building, respectively. Crucially, MMN trajectories were modulated by prior experience. MMN was attenuated in the stable sequence when preceded by volatility, suggesting that elevated beliefs about environmental uncertainty may constrain the precision of subsequent perceptual inferences. In contrast, prior exposure to stability had no impact on learning in volatile environments, indicating an asymmetry in how prior context shapes perceptual learning. These findings demonstrate the theoretical and methodological value of assessing MMN trajectories, revealing dynamic learning processes often masked by conventional averaging. This approach offers a promising framework for investigating altered learning mechanisms in clinical populations. Together, our results underscore the importance of temporal resolution, prior experience, and environmental structure in understanding the dynamic nature of perceptual inference.

Aims: This study aimd to assess the association between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels and the prevalence of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) based on three criteria: the Beers (2019 version), Chinese and STOPP criteria. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study analysed 191 inpatients aged ≥65 years. Using the Beers, Chinese, and STOPP criteria, we assessed the prevalence of PIMs across stratified eGFR levels. Non-parametric analyses (Mann-Whitney U test), chi-square tests, and Logistic regression analysis were employed to evaluate the association between eGFR and PIMs exposure. Results: Participants were stratified into three groups based on eGFR: Group I (≥90 mL/min/1.73m²), Group II (60-89 mL/min/1.73m²), and Group III (<60 mL/min/1.73m²). Prevalence rates of PIMs were 72.25% by Beers criteria, 60.73% by Chinese criteria, and 28.80% by STOPP criteria, with STOPP demonstrating significantly lower PIMs detection rates than the other two criteria. Analysis by eGFR stratification revealed escalating PIMs prevalence with declining kidney function under Beers criteria: 67.35% in Group I, 74.29% in Group II, and 86.96% in Group III (P<0.05). Notably, Group III (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73m²) exhibited higher proportions of patients with ≥2 PIMs across all criteria. By Beers criteria, 56.52% of Group III patients had ≥2 PIMs versus 22.45% (Group I) and 25.71% (Group II). Similar trends were observed by Chinese and STOPP criteria (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis identified polypharmacy and eGFR decline as independent risk factors for PIMs exposure. Conclusion: The prevalence of PIMs gradually increases with the decline of eGFR in older adults, particularly when compounded by polypharmacy.

Mismatch negativity (MMN) is an event-related potential component automatically elicited by violations of sensory predictions and is widely interpreted, within the Predictive Processing framework, as a neural correlate of prediction error. Disruptions in prediction error signaling have been proposed as a potential mechanism underlying the diverse cognitive and perceptual profiles observed in autism and schizophrenia spectrum conditions. In this study, 122 community participants completed auditory and visual oddball tasks with two levels of target detection difficulty while undergoing EEG recording, alongside self-report measures of autistic and schizotypal traits. We found that increased task difficulty significantly reduced MMN amplitude in both modalities, with large effect sizes for auditory (d = 1.826) and visual (d = 1.005) MMN, indicating robust modulation by perceptual load. Although associations between MMN amplitude and trait dimensions were limited, emerging patterns suggest a potential dissociation between social and non-social autistic traits. These findings address key gaps in the literature, particularly the underrepresentation of visual MMN, and highlight the importance of multidimensional, cross-modal approaches to investigating prediction error mechanisms in neurodiverse populations.

A document by jian zheng. Click on the document to view its contents.

Unlike conventional CIGS solar cells that use CdS as a buffer layer, this study demonstrates a simplified architecture that completely avoids cadmium-based materials while integrating ZnO:Al and CuSCN as efficient, non-toxic charge transport layers. The device under investigation features the structure ITO/ZnO:Al/CIGS/CuSCN/Ag, and its photovoltaic performance is analyzed through SCAPS-1D simulation. We simulated the QE, J-V, and C-V characteristics and showed how variations in absorber and charge layer thickness, as well as defect density, series-shunt resistance influence the short-circuit current density (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF), and efficiency (η) of the solar cell. The simulation yielded the following ideal output factors: power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.21%, FF of about 84.21%, VOC of 0.84 V, and JSC of 28.54 mA/cm2, respectively.

Clinical Management and Treatment Complications of toxic epidermal necrolysis: A Case report and Literature ReviewMehdi Gheisari 1, Zahra seraj2, Mahdiye Abiyarghamsari3,4, *1. Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran2. Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.3.Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran4. Department of Pharmaceutical Care center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran*Correspondence authors: Mahdiye Abiyarghamsari, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Email: mahdiyeghamsari@gmail.com

Key Clinical MessageTopical hemostatic agents that remain in the surgical tissue for a prolonged period of time can cause refractory anaphylaxis, therefore immediate surgical site irrigation and continuous intravenous infusion of epinephrine solution are required in this circumstance.