This paper presents a generalized approach for determining the particular (inhomogeneous) solution to inhomogeneous differential equations (with constant coefficients) by method of differential series via inverse differential operators. The presented approach circumvents traditional solution processes, such as direct integration techniques (i.e., variation of parameters, integral transforms) and power series methods, by expressing inhomogeneous solutions in terms of series expansions of differential operators. This unified framework addresses a broad class of inhomogeneous linear differential equations, leveraging inverse operator formulations and binomial expansions to establish connections between operational calculus, series expansions, and inverse differential methods in the study of differential equations. Additionally, to check for consistency, the formulation is extended to Green’s function representations in solutions as well as in similar integral formulations (i.e., I x = ∫ e Ax X x dx ), demonstrating agreement between the differential series approach and classical fundamental-solution techniques. The method is further generalized to accommodate both finitely terminating polynomial and non-polynomial functional forms of the inhomogeneous term X x through Taylor series approximations for non-terminating cases. Consequently, this technique offers a systematic and versatile solution strategy for structurally complex inhomogeneous equations, simplifying the determination or approximation of such solutions.

Abstract

Background: Recurrent wheeze in infancy is common; although symptoms often resolve, some children develop persistent disease. To better capture clinical heterogeneity, we analyzed wheeze trajectories based on symptom frequency rather than simply recording presence or absence. Objective: To identify distinct wheeze phenotypes in 1-year-old children with recurrent wheeze based on longitudinal wheezing frequency trajectories. Methods: We conducted a two-year, multicenter prospective cohort study involving children aged 12–23 months with recurrent wheeze at 27 sites in Japan. Monthly caregiver-reported wheeze frequency was collected, and trajectories were classified using latent class growth analysis. Clinical characteristics, environmental exposures, and biomarkers were assessed at enrollment and age 3. Ordinal and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk and protective factors. Results: Among 253 enrolled children, 219 completed follow-up. Four trajectories were identified: Early-Resolving (24.2%), Low-Frequency with Mid-Peak (57.1%), Persistent High-Frequency (12.8%), and Late-Peaking High-Frequency (5.9%). The latter two groups showed greater symptom burden, including more frequent corticosteroid use and interference with daily activities. Ordinal logistic regression showed that parental allergic rhinitis and pet ownership were associated with lower odds of more severe trajectories. Binary logistic regression comparing high- (Clusters 3–4) versus low-frequency (Clusters 1–2) groups revealed parental smoking as a strong risk factor (OR 5.49), while allergic rhinitis (OR 0.12) and pet ownership (OR 0.11) remained protective. Conclusions: High-frequency wheeze trajectories were linked to greater clinical burden. Early identification of at-risk children and targeted environmental interventions—particularly avoidance of passive smoking—may reduce morbidity in early-onset recurrent wheeze.

Tetracycline (TC) stress disrupts microbial communities, yet its impact on aerobic granular sludge (AGS) formation and stability remain poorly understood. This study employs quantitative proteomics to unravel the AGS adaptive mechanisms under continuous TC exposure (1 mg/L). The results demonstrated that TC accelerated AGS granulation, achieving stable structure within 20 days, accompanied by improved pollutants removal and settling performance. A critical granule size threshold of 3-4 mm was identified, beyond which AGS exhibited destabilization tendencies. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), particularly proteins, play pivotal role in maintaining AGS stability, with the α-helix / (β-sheet + irregular curl) ratio correlated with granule integrity. Proteomic analysis revealed the upregulation of outer membrane protein A (OmpA), facilitating biofilm formation, while TC-targeted ribosomes and bacterial chemotaxis were identified as central mechanisms for TC resistance and stress adaptation, respectively. These findings uncover molecular adaptations driving AGS stability under antibiotic pressure and offer insights for optimizing high-antibiotic wastewater treatment.

Since the 1980s, Sahel rainfall totals, extreme rainfall, and the share of rainfall from extreme events have all trended upward. In observational and reanalysis datasets, these increases are linked to trends in mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) and extreme deep convection (cold clusters). Throughout this period, precipitation metrics have increased first via increases in MCS frequency and the relative increase in cold clusters, and later via an increase in storm precipitation intensity. Until the late 2000s, increases in the frequency of strong storms were supported by increased vertical shear of the zonal wind, as the African easterly jet intensified in response to the strengthening meridional temperature gradient over the Sahel. Afterwards, the storm frequency and vertical wind shear stopped increasing. Yet, extreme precipitation continued to increase, as the storms' precipitation intensity increased. We link the higher precipitation intensity to an increase in atmospheric moisture in both the boundary layer and aloft.

Metastatic Cutaneous Abscesses as Initial Presentation of Tuberculosis in an Immunocompetent PatientReshma Modi BS1, Garrett Chan MD2, Alexander Garcia DO21Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA2Department of Internal Medicine, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, USAKey words: tuberculosis; disseminated tuberculosis; cutaneous abscess; extrapulmonary tuberculosis

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Background: Herbal supplements containing Siberian ginseng (SBG; Eleutherococcus senticosus, ”eleuthero”), among other ingredients, are administered to horses to maintain health and wellbeing. SBG has been reported to cause hypertension, anxiety and hypoglycemia in humans and other species, but there are no published reports documenting events in horses. Objectives: The objective of the study was to determine if the administration of a supplement containing SBG results in hypertension, hyperactivity, anxiety, and/or hypoglycemia in horses. Methods: Sixteen clinically healthy adult Thoroughbred horses, housed in stalls and randomly assigned to treated (N=8; supplement pellets containing SBG, 1,000 mg, fed once daily for 28 days) or control (N=8; supplement pellets without SBG) groups. Blood work was evaluated and blood pressure, and movement in the stall were measured after feeding the SBG or control pellets. Horses were subjected to a novel object test (NOT) on days 0 and 28, two hours after administering the supplements. Anxiety scores were assigned by a masked observer based on the observed reaction to the NOT test. Horses were monitored daily for clinical signs or adverse events. Results: The supplement was readily consumed by the horses and no adverse effects were seen over the treatment period. Mean systolic blood pressure significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the SBG-treated group by day 15 and 28 when compared to Day 0. Anxiety scores, after the NOT, were not significantly different between treatment groups. There were no treatment effects on heart rate, blood values, including glucose, indicators of anemia and blood proteins, liver enzymes, kidney values, electrolytes or calcium. Mean body weight of the horses did not change during the study period. Conclusions: The supplement containing Siberian ginseng (1,000 mg, once daily) was readily consumed and the administration for 28 days did not cause health issues, or result in hypertension, increased anxiety, or hypoglycemia.

Management of Impacted Central Incisors Due to MesiodensDr Hananeh PourheidaryDepartment of Periodontology, Shahed UniversityCorresponding author: Dr. Hananeh Porheidary, Email:hpourheidary@gmail.com

The global water and energy crisis has emerged as a critical challenge necessitating cooperative efforts. Floating solar power plants have recently garnered considerable attention as a reliable option. These employ photovoltaic modules positioned on the surfaces of aquatic structures, such as reservoir dams. Beyond its primary role in energy generation, this innovative system presents a multitude of benefits compared to traditional terrestrial alternatives. Notably, it conserves precious water and land resources, enhances the efficiency of energy modules, and significantly reduces overall waste production. This study meticulously explores the effects of covering the expansive water reservoirs of Hamrin and Mosul Dam in Iraq, specifically focusing on mitigating evaporation losses. The research assesses the impact of varying weather conditions from July through December, a critical period for evaporation dynamics. Additionally, it investigates the effects of different coverage percentages, specifically analysing values of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%. The results reveal striking potential for water conservation: the Hamrin reservoir could save up to an impressive 12,586,488 cubic meters of water per day, while the Mosul reservoir could conserve around 8,445,494 cubic meters per day. These findings underscore the remarkable potential of reservoir coverage as a strategic approach to water management in the region.

Anal human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence is increasing; therefore, this study investigated the anal HPV and associated factors; and further, investigated anal-cervical HPV concordance and associated factors among women of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. A total of 326 women aged 18–60 were recruited from an Eastern Cape community health facility. HPV DNA was detected in cervical and anal specimens using the Seegene Anyplex™ and Allplex™ II HPV28 assay respectively. Anal HPV was detected in 68.1% and a proportion of 38.7% had ≥1 HPV type(s) covered by the Gardasil ®9 HPV vaccine. Anal HPV infection was significantly associated with cervical HPV infection (RR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.22–1.80, p<0.0001) and abnormal cervical cytology (RR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.24-1.62, p<0.0001). The risk of anal HPV infection was decresed among married (RR:0.80, 95% CI: 0.62-0.98, p=0.041) and once pregnant women (RR: 0.78, 95% CI:0.68-0.94, p=0.015). It was also decreased among those wiping in any direction after peeing or bowel movement than those who wipe from vagina-to-anus (RR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.45-0.94, p=0.018) or from anus-to-vagina (RR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.44-0.90, p=0.006). Anal-cervical concordance was observed in 33.5% and it was associated with abnormal cervical cytology (RR: 2.81, 95% CI: 2.12-3.60, p<0.0001), drinking alcohol (RR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.36-2.91, p=0.001) and increased new sexual partners past 12-months (RR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.02-1.92, p=0.040). High anal HPV prevalence and anal-cervical HPV type concordance was observed among Eastern Cape women. Understanding anal HPV and associated factors can contribute to strategies towards anal HPV and cancer prevention.

Hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are the most common causes of viral hepatitis in India. HCV causes both acute and chronic liver disease known as hepatitis C. HCV genotypes (GTs) identification is important as it helps in determining the rate of continuing virological response, which influences the course of treatment length. HCV genotyping is useful in molecular epidemiology because it identifies different strains that are prevalent among various regions. Our study aimed to determine the molecular detection and characterization of HCV and its genotypes circulating in the central India during January 2023 to March 2024. HCV antibody ELISA was performed on n=3250 serum samples and a total of n=91 samples tested seropositive for HCV antibody with the seropositivity rate of 2.8%. Among the seropositive samples, n=62 (68.13%) was found to be real time RT-PCR positive and were subjected to the NS5B region specific amplification by conventional PCR. Sequencing of these amplified products revealed Genotype 1 (GT 1) in 20 samples followed by GT 3 in 17 samples. The subtypes detected were 1a (n=18, 48.65%), 1b (n=2, 5.40%), 3a (n=13, 35.14%) and 3b (n=4, 10.81%). In our study, HCV GT 1 (54.05%) was detected in higher followed by GT 3 (45.95%) in this region. Our study findings showed a shift in HCV genotypic distribution patterns when compared to other regions of India. Given the documented differences in the pathogenicity of different HCV genotypes, HCV genotype detection appears to be necessary for better patient management.

Synaptic plasticity has been shown to occur when calcium, flowing into the synapse due to incoming stimuli, surpasses a threshold level. This threshold level is modifiable through a process called metaplasticity. Some neurons, such as the striatal projection neurons, use different sources of calcium as the signal for synaptic strengthening (long-term potentiation, LTP) or weakening (long-term depression, LTD), resulting in them having two thresholds for inducing plasticity. In this study, we show opposite and complementary roles of metaplasticity in these two thresholds for inducing LTP and LTD on learning how to solve the linear and nonlinear feature binding problem. In short, metaplasticity in one threshold (e.g. LTD) allows synaptic plasticity of the opposite type (e.g. LTP) to be properly expressed. This happens because metaplasticity in the LTD threshold protects strengthened synapses from weakening, thus allowing them to persistently increase during learning (and encode learned patterns). Similarly, metaplasticity in the LTP threhsold prevents weakened synapses to strengthen, thus allowing them to persistently decrease. Metaplasticity in both thresholds is necessary when synapses are clustered and the neuron needs to rely on supralinear dendritic integration for learning.

We prove results on unique continuation at the boundary for the solutions of real analytic elliptic partial differential equations of the form n i,j=1 a ij (x) ∂ 2 u ∂x i ∂x j + n k=1 b k (x) ∂u ∂x k + c(x)u = 0 This work is motivated by and generalized the main results of , [5], [6], X.Huang et al in [12], [11] and M.S Baouendi and L.P. Rothschild in [3]

IntroductionPartial unilateral lentiginosis (PUL) is a rare benign pigmentary disorder where multiple lentigines are typically found clustered together within an area of normal skin.1 The lesions are confined to one or more dermatomes in a segmental pattern with a sharp demarcation at the midline.2,3 In most patients, the lesions first appear or are often noticed during early childhood.4 It can occur anywhere on the body, including face, neck, trunk and extremities.3 It is believed to be occurred due to somatic mosaicism of several “developmental” pigmentary genes confined to neural crest melanoblast.5,6 Due to its similarity with nevus spilus macules and other pigmentary disorders it needs to be carefully diagnosed with proper history, dermatological examination and histopathological evaluation.6 Although treatment is not necessary, people tend to seek consultation due to cosmetic reasons.7 There is no established standard treatment for PUL. However available Treatment modalities includes laser therapy, topical agents such as tretinoin, hydroquinone.8 This case report has been reported in line with CARE guidelines.9

Lactococcosis is a major bacterial disease impacting rainbow trout production in South Africa and Southeast Asia, particularly during the summer. This study analysed 15 bacterial isolates from affected aquaculture facilities, revealing that Lactococcus petauri (n=12) was the predominant species, rather than the traditionally recognised L. garvieae (n=3). This finding suggests a possible shift in the aetiology of lactococcosis, with potential implications for disease management. Genotypic analysis revealed that only L. garvieae isolates carried the adhesin gene (adh), which is critical for bacterial adhesion and colonisation. Most isolates possessed sortase-anchored proteins linked to iron uptake, adhesion, and stress resistance, with the LPxTG-6 subgroup unique to L. garvieae. Variations in the capsule operon, including transposase insertions, suggest ongoing horizontal gene transfer, possibly influencing immune evasion. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) analysis identified efflux pumps ( mdtA, lsaD) conferring resistance to macrolides and lincosamides, with additional genotypic resistance to erythromycin ( mefA, msrD) and tetracyclines ( tetS, tetL). The presence of plasmid-borne tetL raises concerns about potential gene transfer and the persistence of resistance in aquaculture systems. Prophage elements were identified in several isolates, potentially contributing to virulence, and immune modulation. Although phage therapy has shown promise in experimental settings, the presence of viral defence mechanisms may raise a unique challenge. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring pathogen evolution in aquaculture systems and suggest that ongoing genomic surveillance and treatment strategies may need to be adapted to account for the emerging role of L. petauri in lactococcosis outbreaks.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Background: The pricing regulation of new medicines must balance financial sustainability with access to innovation. Value-Based Pricing (VBP) strategies aim to align drug prices with their clinical and social impact. The Pharmaceutical Innovativeness Index (PII) is a proposed tool to assess the degree of innovativeness of medicines with the potential to support pricing decisions within economic regulation frameworks. Methods: An exploratory study was conducted using a focus group with experts in health economics and pharmaceutical regulation. Participants evaluated the applicability of the PII in drug pricing and discussed key domains relevant to the pricing of pharmaceutical innovations. Based on the focus group results, a pricing model was developed to integrate the PII and other critical criteria into the decision-making process. Two case studies were used to assess the feasibility of implementing the proposed model. Results: Participants rated Added Therapeutic Value (ATV) and Unmet Therapeutic Need (UTN) as the most relevant domains in determining innovativeness. Methodological Quality (MQ) and Study Design (SD) were also considered important to reduce bias in the evaluation process. The PII scores showed good alignment with expert perceptions in the case studies. The proposed model incorporates international practices and includes additional criteria such as safety and incremental innovation. Conclusion: The proposed pricing model provides a structured approach to assess and reward innovative technologies. The PII demonstrated potential to enhance transparency, consistency, and regulatory efficiency in drug pricing decisions in Brazil, though regulatory adjustments would be required for implementation.

Ethnobotany is a scientific research field that chronicles indigenous plant knowledge and compiles a list of useful plants among local ethnic communities. This research concentrates on plants used in traditional remedies throughout several countries. Ethnobotany has expanded beyond plant studies to include algae, lichens, and fungi. It is intimately linked to taxonomy, pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, ecology, and conservation biology. Ethnobotanical approaches have resulted in the development of several useful drugs. This review will address ethnobotanical research undertaken in India.

As one of the important atmospheric pollutants, sulfur dioxide and its derivatives are widely used in the production of additives and chemicals, as well as being one of the important factors affecting physiological activities. To achieve the goal of detection, we have developed a new near-infrared fluorescent probe Cou-Oxo, which can be used to ratiometric SO 2 derivatives in cells, zebrafish, and plant rhizomes. A novel near-infrared dye with a large π-system has been created by combining two small π-dyes. The dye Stokes shifts across was also expand by its structure (321 nm) largely. The NIR ratiometric fluorescence properties of the probe are achieved through the addition reaction of SO 2 derivatives (HSO 3 -) to the C=C double bond on the Cou-Oxo probe. It showed a detection line of 0.942 μM, a short response time (within 30 s), good biocompatibility, excellent anti-interference, and pH stability. The probe was successfully used to detect changes in exogenous/endogenous SO 2 levels in cancer cells and living zebrafish. More interestingly, we successfully accomplished the visualization of SO 2 in normal and SO 2-poisoned seedlings using tobacco seedlings as a model.

A one-pot synthetic strategy was developed using electrochemical methods to convert sulfonamides into N-sulfonylformamidines, followed by the direct functionalization of the C-H bond through electrochemical oxidation. Subsequently, modification was achieved for the first time by introducing azide groups via imide ions under Lewis acid catalysis, utilizing TMSN 3 as the nucleophilic reagent. This strategy is compatible with a wide range of functional groups, and its utility has been demonstrated through scale-up experiments and derivatization reactions.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Background Severe air pollution in Dhaka,Bangladesh poses major risks to respiratory health. This study investigates the association between daily AQI fluctuations and hospital admissions for major lung diseases at DMCH from 2020–2024, spanning diverse weather patterns and public health events, including the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We conducted a longitudinal ecological time-series study from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2024, assessing the link between air quality and respiratory admissions at Dhaka Medical College Hospital. Daily data on asthma, COPD, bronchitis, and pneumonia admissions were analyzed alongside AQI and pollutant levels (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2) from DoE and public networks. Meteorological data (temperature, humidity) were included. Time-series Poisson regression with distributed-lag models examined short-term and lagged effects, adjusting for seasonality, weather, weekdays, holidays, and flu/COVID-19 outbreaks. Results Over five years, 52,850 lung disease admissions were analyzed. Dhaka’s annual AQI remained ‘Unhealthy’ to ‘Very Unhealthy,’ with PM2.5 levels far exceeding WHO guidelines—ranging from 75–80 µg/m 3 (2020–2024). A 10-unit AQI rise correlated with a 3.8% daily increase in respiratory admissions; a 10 µg/m 3 PM2.5 rise led to a 5.2% increase. Effects peaked at lag days 1–3. COPD and pneumonia were most sensitive, with older adults and children most vulnerable. Winter had the worst pollution and highest admissions. COVID-19 lockdowns briefly reduced non-COVID admissions, which surged post-restrictions. Conclusion Consistently high PM2.5 levels in Dhaka are significantly linked to increased hospital admissions for lung diseases. Our findings reveal vulnerable populations and underscore a public health crisis. Stronger regulatory enforcement and targeted interventions are essential to reduce Dhaka’s air quality burden.

Many of the technological advances we witness today are based on novel and innovative ways to derive value from data sets. However, these data sets are often comprised of personal or confidential data records which prohibits or complicates their direct use. In the complex contemporary data processing pipelines that drive many applications, synthetic data sets can be used as surrogate replacements of original data, and this --at least at face value-- alleviates these concerns. However, evaluating the privacy and confidentiality of synthetic data is not straightforward. While much attention is spent on metrics and quantification approaches, a broader threat model-oriented perspective is lacking. In this literature review article, we provide overview of the different approaches, metrics, assumptions and attacker models used in academic research to evaluate the privacy of tabular synthetic data. This study shows that scientific privacy evaluations in this domain is increasingly diverse and diverging, with different studies adopting different privacy threat models, under different attacker assumptions and different privacy metrics --- both non-adversarial and adversarial. Based on our findings, we argue in favor of more harmonized and concerted efforts within the broader research domain, to promote more complete and empirically sound benchmarks and evaluations of privacy risks in the use of synthetic data.

Corresponding authorDr. Tommaso AntenucciVia Gustavo Modena 24, Bologna, 40127 (BO), ItalyEmail: tommaso.antenucci@studio.unibo.itPhone number: +39 3387119471

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Despite the advancements made in the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), metastasis remains the primary cause of cancer-related deaths. Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) may offer a valuable platform for personalised treatment selection. Towards this goal, the establishment of short-term CTC cultures would allow ex vivo characterisation and drug sensitivity testing. A negative enrichment technique (RosetteSepTM, Human CD45 depletion cocktail) was used to capture CTCs for downstream culturing. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was applied to compare the genomic features in primary tumour and CTC cultures. In vitro functional assays and in vivo mouse models were used to confirm the origin and biological properties of cultured CTCs. Cytotoxicity assays were used to measure CTCs’ responsiveness to chemotherapeutic drugs. We successfully derived 16 CTC cell lines from HNSCC patients’ blood samples (16/107). Tumoural p16-positivity notably increased the successful culture rate. CTC cultures displayed similar migratory and invasive capabilities compared to The American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) HNSCC cell lines. In addition, CTC cultures generated a subcutaneous tumour in immunocompromised NSG mice, which was confirmed by a pathologist to be of HNSCC. CTCs derived from blood samples at post-treatment or HNSCC patients were less sensitive to Cisplatin and 5-FU (Mann-Whitney test, p>0.05). HNSCC-derived CTC cultures closely recapitulate the features of primary tumours, providing a model system for in vitro drug testing and may pave the way towards a personalized medicine approach for HNSCC.