jabbrv-ltwa-all.ldf jabbrv-ltwa-en.ldf Understanding soil salinization’s impact on evapotranspiration ( ET) is crucial for water management and ecological restoration in arid and semi-arid regions. This study quantifies the impact of soil salinization on ET in the Lower Yellow River Irrigation District from 2000 to 2016 using the PML-V2, Global Soil Salinity Map, and an innovative soil salinity transition matrix. A grid-based normalized multiple linear regression is used to identify the dominant factors influencing ET, and effects of soil salinization variation on ET’s driving mechanisms was assessed. Results show that soil salinization is mainly slight, intensifying in the south and alleviating in the north. ET decreases from southwest to northeast, while a general increase trend in ET is observed across all 15 sub-irrigation districts. ET increases with precipitation, temperature, and NDVI, but is negatively influenced by soil moisture. Increased salinization suppresses ET while strengthening precipitation and NDVI’s positive effects, shifting the driving mechanism from ”temperature-soil moisture driven” to ”precipitation- NDVI driven.” Reduced salinization strengthens temperature’s effect and amplifies soil moisture’s negative impact, reverting to a ”temperature-soil moisture driven” mechanism. The study also identifies declining soil moisture alongside increasing ET, emphasizing the need to address soil salinization. These findings provide insights into salinization’s regulation of ET and support sustainable water management and ecological conservation.

Yuanning HaoTianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, SN, China

jabbrv-ltwa-all.ldf jabbrv-ltwa-en.ldf Background and aims: An interaction between the RB1 tumor suppressor protein and oncoproteins of human papillomavirus (HPV) has been reported. However, the association between HPV infection and retinoblastoma varies widely across studies, with prevalence rates ranging from 0-82%. We hypothesized that maternal HPV infection may be an etiological factor for non-familial retinoblastoma. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in the Pediatric Hematology-Oncology unit of a single center in a low and middle-income country between 2016 and 2020. Eligible cases included mothers of children with unilateral, non-familial retinoblastoma born via vaginal delivery. Controls were mothers whose children did not have retinoblastoma. Cervical smears were obtained using a cytobrush and tested for HPV deoxyribonucleic acid using a polymerase chain reaction. HPV Genoarray kit was utilized for genotyping and detection of high-risk (16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,53,56,58,59,66,68) and low-risk [6,11,42,43,44,CP8304(81)] subtypes. Results: Forty-two cases and 57 controls were enrolled. Cases and controls did not differ in age at marriage ( P-value = 0.67), age at first conception ( P-value = 0.17), or rural/urban residence ( P-value = 0.74). However, the cases were older (27.4±3.0 vs. 26.1±3.1 years; P-value = 0.05) and belonged to a higher socio-economic status ( P-value = 0.02) than controls. High-risk HPV (predominantly types 16 and 18) was detected in 11 cases (26.1%) and 13 controls (22.8%) ( P-value = 0.69). Conclusion: The similar frequency of high-risk HPV in mothers of children with and without non-familial retinoblastoma observed in the study does not support the hypothesis that maternal HPV infection is an etiological factor for retinoblastoma.

Objective: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is one of the most frequent complications of preterm infant for which long-term azithromycin, although not recommended, is sometimes prescribed for its possible bronchial anti-inflammatory effects. Materials and methods: This retrospective observational descriptive study compared the effect of long-term azithromycin on oxygen withdrawal and clinical outcome (body mass index, hospitalization for asthma or low respiratory infection, presence of inhaled therapy) at 6 months, 1 and 2 years in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia needing oxygen therapy or respiratory support at 36 weeks. Children, born between 1/1/2017 and 31/6/2021 before 30 weeks, were paired on term, sex, and presence of antenatal corticosteroid therapy (1 patient on azithromycin for 3 not treated). Data were compared between groups by Student’s t-test, chi-square test or Fisher’s test. Results: Of 210 eligible patients, 56 were included (sex ratio: 1.8; mean gestational age: 26.4 weeks; mean birth weight: 778.2g). Azithromycin was prescribed from 85 days of life to 19.5 months in mean in 14 patients. At the age of 2 years, these patients had a trend to be more treated with oxygen (3/14, 21.4% vs 2/42, 4.7%; p=0.06). Non-invasive ventilation was more frequent (p<0.05). Body mass index was lower at 1 and 2 years, and inhaled treatments more prescribed at all ages in the azithromycin group. The rate of hospitalization for respiratory diseases was not different in the 2 groups. Conclusion: In real-life long-term azithromycin does not reduce the duration of oxygen therapy in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

We must reconsider our relationship with machines as artificial intelligence (AI) evolves from task-based support to autonomous or assisted generation. Generation is not creation.Human intelligence—our only known model —is the sole benchmark for evaluating AI. Yet, we lack rigorous comparison standards because we do not fully understand the internal mechanisms of human intelligence. Perhaps it is more appropriate to speak of AI in simplified terms—as something that, under certain conditions, emulates what we commonly perceive as intelligent behavior. But even that remains uncertain.Let us remember that we still lack a universally accepted definition of intelligence, let alone a definition of thinking, or even a deeper understanding of the complex nature of consciousness.Let us also remember that over the last 80 years of computing and automation, the dominant discipline for solving problems has not been AI, but engineering. Engineering provides the methodologies, mental models, and validation frameworks we use to design and deploy systems. AI extends this legacy—and at the same time disrupts it, introducing new epistemic and ethical challenges that cannot be resolved solely through efficiency.On these premises, this Manifesto articulates the Philosophy of the Machines as a distinct discipline that consolidates established philosophical lines of inquiry into a unified, applicability-oriented corpus with an explicit order of inquiry. Presented as a manifesto, it develops this order across ten interdependent sections. The trajectory culminates in the Δ–η–ζ framework, introduced as a modelling and analytical scaffold—and, where operationally feasible, a basis for measurement—of net gain in real deployments. The aim is to support more realistic, auditable, and human-aligned business cases for AI and generative AI in a labor landscape that must evolve as artificial agents become pervasive and socio-technical complexity continues to expand.Within this order of inquiry—moving from foundational analysis to an operational modelling scaffold—the Manifesto foregrounds three questions: (i) What kind of “intelligence” are we building? (ii) What kind of humans must we become in response? (iii) How should responsibility be allocated when systems exceed our capacity for full understanding and oversight?These questions set the Manifesto’s agenda for the age of artificial agents.

Background Social media has emerged as a remarkable means of communicating health information. However, doubts persist regarding its appropriateness in shaping public health behaviour in response to health-related content shared on social media platforms. Objective This study explored social media usage in healthcare and adapted the exploration to develop a model to improve the adoption of health information across social media platforms in Rwanda. Methods The study employed a cross-sectional survey of 207 outpatients aged 18 years and above from Kibagabaga level two teaching hospital in Gasabo district, Kigali City, Rwanda. Descriptive data analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. In contrast, Hypothesis testing was performed using AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structures) by Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Results The findings indicated that 99.5% of social media users seek health information at least once a month, with health sites being the most popular source at 29.6%, followed by X [Twitter] at 26.8%, YouTube at 17.2%, Facebook at 13.7%, and LinkedIn at 4.8%. Health conditions, side effects, disease symptoms, Herbal treatments, reproductive health, and NCD prevention were mostly searched health information. Perceived usefulness (β=0.260, P<0.05), perceived ease of use (β=0.137, P<0.05), information quality (β=0.249, P<0.05), and gain-framed health information (β=3.477, P<0.05) were found to influence individual’s behaviours intention to use social media as mean to seek and adopt health information. Conclusion The study explored social media adoption behaviours in the Rwandan healthcare context. The findings suggest that actors in healthcare should prioritise using platforms like health sites, Twitter, and YouTube for communicating health conditions and disease symptoms. Social media communication strategies should incorporate predictors (perceived usefulness, ease of use, information quality, and gain-frame health information) into their message design to influence the adoption of health information, thereby improve health outcomes.

A Rare Diagnosis of Dubin-Johnson Syndrome During Pregnancy: A Case ReportSaid Reza Modares Mousavi1, Farab Pourhasan2,3, Pouria Ahmadi Simab4, Sepideh Beikmohammadi Gharehsaghghal\RL3, Daryoush Kaini-Shamsabadi\RL3, Elaheh Karimzadeh-Soureshjani2,3*1Internal Medicine Department, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran2Department of Clinical Sciences, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran3Student of Research Committee, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran4Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran*Corresponding Authors E-mail: elaaakrz@gmail.com

1 IntroductionExtremely severe burns in adults are characterized by a total burn area > 50% or a third-degree burn area > 20%1. The treatment of such patients is a complex challenge. Maintaining unobstructed infusion at all times is the key to successful treatment, as early hypovolemia and insufficient effective blood circulation can cause multi-system organ dysfunction and affect patient outcomes2.The clinical treatment of extremely severe burn patients faces difficulties in establishing venous access, directly influencing the demands of intravenous fluid infusion and emergency rescue. This is due to severe superficial venous disfigurement and limited exposed skin after multiple skin grafting operations. A peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) is a deep vein catheter inserted through a peripheral vein, with the catheter tip positioned in a central vein. PICC has the advantages of minimal pain during puncture, long retention time, vascular protection, and low risk of infection. Therefore, it is widely used in medium to long term intravenous infusion, infusion in elderly patients, and rescue treatment of patients with extensive burns, during major surgeries, and in critical conditions. Studies have shown that the infection rate associated with PICC catheterization is lower than that of subclavian and internal jugular vein catheterizations3,4. Retrospective studies revealed that the incidence of catheterization-related infections in burn patients after PICC catheterization is only 12.9/1,000 catheter days5,6. In this context, PICC placement addresses the challenge of rapid intravenous infusion and helps reduce infections in patients with extremely severe burns.On October 23, 2021, the Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery of our hospital admitted a patient with 93% of the body burned and burn depth of II-IV degrees. After multiple escharotomies and skin grafting operations, the patient entered the recovery stage. To correct hypovolemic shock, further fluid rehydration treatment was necessary. After consultation, the intravenous therapy group performed ultrasound-guided PICC catheterization, and the catheter was kept in place for 14 days.

In the practice of distributed regression, selecting the optimal subset to eliminate redundant information is crucial for enhancing model performance. Distributed data subsets often face multiple challenges, including outliers, high variability, data duplication, excess independent variables, and point redundancy. Effectively managing and reducing this redundant information is an important approach to mitigate inconsistencies in statistical inference. In this paper, we have developed an R package COR, which implements optimal subset selection with respect to the covariance matrix, observation matrix, and response vector (COR), as well as estimating the optimal subset length. The implementation details of the COR package are presented, and its superior performance is demonstrated through a series of simulation studies and real-world applications, including the estate dataset ranging from low to high dimensions and riboflavin datasets.

jabbrv-ltwa-all.ldf jabbrv-ltwa-en.ldf The development of biosimilar monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) requires careful control of critical quality attributes and a thorough understanding of cell culture performance. This study focuses on the development and characterization of a biosimilar mAb targeting VEGFR-2 using Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. Seventy-five clones were generated via gene transfection and screened for productivity and viability. Key upstream parameters such as culture pH, glucose levels, viability, and cell-specific productivity were monitored to assess their impact on product quality and yield. Eight high-performing clones were scaled up for further production. The biosimilar candidate was comprehensively characterized using intact mass spectrometry, peptide mapping, glycan profiling, size exclusion chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, cation exchange chromatography, and binding kinetics analysis. The top-producing clone achieved a titer of 2.79 g/L. Analytical results demonstrated strong structural and functional similarity to the reference product, with no critical deviations observed in purity, charge variants, glycosylation, or binding affinity. This work highlights the importance of integrated upstream process monitoring and rational clone selection in the development of high-quality biosimilars. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how cell behavior and process parameters influence biosimilar attributes, supporting both regulatory compliance and efficient process development.

This article presents a novel heterogeneous system architecture designed to ensure robust and ubiquitous connectivity for civil and military operations in areas lacking terrestrial networks. The proposed architecture integrates satellites, High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and terrestrial infrastructure into a unified secure network. To enhance system performance, we incorporate distributed computing techniques such as multiple-access edge computing (MEC), encryption, and blockchain technology. Leveraging the extensive coverage of satellites alongside the capabilities of 5G and anticipated advancements in 6G, our approach addresses potential quality of service (QoS) issues and outages by utilizing HAPS and UAVs as intermediary nodes for communication link establishment and relay. This strategy not only offloads heavy communication and computing tasks from satellites but also optimizes power usage while ensuring fast connections and secure data transmission. Ultimately, our work aims to extend connectivity to underserved regions, thereby improving operational efficiency and reliability.

Household mold is a major problem in communities which face natural disasters such as hurricanes or flooding, and in homes with other sources of significant water intrusion; a biomarker for exposure to indoor mold could support public health investigations. We analyzed serum from 132 children with asthma living in government-subsidized housing for six microbial volatile organic compounds (2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 2-heptanone, 2-hexanone, 3-methylfuran, 3-octanone, and geosmin) using GC-MS. Fewer than 10% of the samples for three compounds (2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 2-heptanone, and 2-hexanone were quantified below the limit of detection. Associations between mold/water damage variables and mVOCs were assessed via regression analyses, adjusting for urinary cotinine and self-reported home characteristics. Children with household mold (assessed by occupant report of visual mold, mold odor, or water damage) had 32% higher serum concentrations of 2-hexanone than those living in homes without reported mold or water damage. We investigated indoor tobacco use via urinary cotinine analysis of a “first morning void spot sample” (FMV) and found that children with higher urinary cotinine had significantly higher serum 2-ethyl-1-hexanol. We found that children in homes where residents reported tobacco smoking indoors had significantly higher serum 2-ethyl-1-hexanol compared with those without reported household smoke exposure. Tobacco smoke, indoor painting, gas stoves, and carpets were not confounders in the relationship between mVOCs and mold/water damage variables. 2-hexanone, along with an index variable which included all detectable mVOCs in our panel, are promising biomarkers of recent mold exposure that could be used in concert with other detection methods. Key Message: Our study has indicated that 2-hexanone could be used as a serum biomarker for recent exposure to indoor mold. It has significant associations with well-established proxies of indoor mold growth such as mold odor and water damage. When mass home inspections are impractical such as after a hurricane, the use of 2-hexanone or the mold index of mVOCs as a biomarker would be instrumental in assessing current disaster-related mold exposure. In addition, since mold can be hidden in walls and under carpets, a mold biomarker could still be of import if hurricane clean-up has occurred and the occupants still have possible mold-related health symptoms.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term oncologic and functional outcomes of extracapsular dissection (ECD) as the primary surgical approach for low-grade malignant parotid tumors. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 17 patients who underwent ECD between 2012 and 2020, all of whom were diagnosed postoperatively with low-grade parotid malignancies despite benign or non-diagnostic preoperative FNAB. Patients were followed for a minimum of 60 months, with surgical outcomes, recurrence, and adjuvant therapy requirements assessed. Results: The most common histopathologic diagnosis was low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma. ECD alone was sufficient in 76.5% of patients, while 17.7% required completion parotidectomy due to positive surgical margins. Adjuvant therapy was needed in 11.76% of cases due to perineural invasion. Over a mean follow-up of 89.7 months, no recurrences were observed. Two patients died of unrelated causes. Conclusion: ECD may offer an oncologically safe and functionally favorable alternative to traditional parotidectomy in well-selected low-grade parotid malignancies. Our results support a risk-adapted surgical approach and represent the longest follow-up data published to date in this context.

Least significant bit (LSB) steganography, as commonly known, operates in Z * 2 , or, binary strings. This allows it to store one byte every 3 pixels, which is rather wasteful. Here, we propose a method for constructing a form of generalized LSBS, or, generalized least significant bit steganography.

A document by Philipp Harland. Click on the document to view its contents.

In this paper, we will explore some of the theory and uses of the tensor product in the cryptography and steganography. We will look over a few brief examples of methods using tensor products in practice in the duration of this paper.

In this paper, we will go over a novel method to create pseudorandom number generation, this specific algorithm using modular forms to achieve that goal.

Impact cratering plays a major role in shaping the Moon’s surface, producing widespread ejecta deposits that archive the sedimentary and morphological imprint of planetary surface processes. Since early 2019, Chang’e-4 mission has been investigating such deposits within Von Kármán crater, where materials ejected from the nearby Finsen crater were emplaced across a complex landscape. This setting offers a rare opportunity to study ejecta emplacement directly from the ground. Yet, despite valuable in-situ subsurface exploration, the geomorphic patterns and depositional mechanisms of these ejecta remain unconstrained at the scale of individual landforms. Here we integrate digital terrain analysis with lunar penetrating radar data to characterize the morphology and internal structure of the landform traversed by the mission’s rover. The analysis defines the spatial extent of the landform and reveals its intricate morphology, configured as an ridge over a sheet-like flow. Internally, we identify two stacked sedimentary sequences overlying mare basalt: a basal paleoregolith marked by hummocky structure, overlain by Finsen ejecta. Ejecta morphology reflects interactions between local topography and deposition volume, with ridge areas reaching ~30 m in thickness, including ~10 m imaged by radar. The landform’s shape and subsurface architecture support the interpretation that emplacement triggered a syn-depositional dry debris flow that remobilized the underlying paleoregolith. These findings provide an example of medial-to-distal ejecta emplacement shaped by dynamic processes, contrasting with more static classical models. They demonstrate how integrating surface and subsurface data supports reproducible ejecta models, offering a framework for investigations across the Moon and other planetary surfaces.

Salt stress severely limits crop productivity, yet in mung bean ( Vigna radiata), a legume of agronomic and nutritional importance, the transcriptional basis of dose-dependent salt adaptation remains unexplored. Here, we combined physiological assays, transcriptomic profiling, and a time-ordered gene co-expression network to dissect the regulatory responses of mung bean under a gradient of NaCl concentrations. Salt exposure elevated reactive oxygen species and osmolyte levels, accompanied by transcriptional reprogramming that intensified with salinity. The network analysis revealed eight hierarchically organized regulatory layers corresponding to distinct salt stress stages, with coordinated activation of ethylene and jasmonic acid signaling. Notably, lipid transfer proteins were predominantly activated under high-salt conditions and co-expressed with key transcription factors including WRKY, MYB, and NAC. These findings illuminate a multi-tiered regulatory framework integrating hormonal signaling and lipid-mediated defense, providing new insights into plant adaptive strategies across salt stress intensities.

This study investigates the effects of sintering pressure and joint thickness on the microstructure, shear strength, and fracture behavior of nanosilver joints for high-power electronic applications. Lap-shear specimens with difference joint thicknesses of 50, 70, and 90 µm were fabricated via pressure-assisted sintering under two applied pressures of 1.0 and 1.5 MPa. Mechanical testing revealed that increased sintering pressure and reduced joint thickness significantly enhanced shear strength. Fractographic and microstructural analyses showed that higher pressure improved densification, reduced porosity, and promoted the formation of continuous metallurgical bonds at the Ag/Cu interface. Despite improved bonding, interfacial delamination remained the dominant fracture mode across all conditions. Thinner joints demonstrated more uniform microstructures and higher resistance to crack initiation and propagation, whereas thicker joints exhibited incomplete sintering and stress concentrations that promoted premature failure.

Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) is a commonly used laboratory reagent for the purposes of reducing disulfide bonds. TCEP is often preferred over alternative reducing reagents, such as dithiothreitol (DTT), due its strong redox potential, effectiveness in a broad pH range, and handling considerations. Despite this, many side reactions involving TCEP have been poorly categorized and understood. Utilizing a combination of gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry techniques, we have discovered a unique and novel mechanism by which TCEP engages in the hydrolysis of proteins. This behavior has been observed to be site specific to the carboxyl terminus of aspartic acid residues. Cleavage at this location is completely independent of the reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins due to the observance of this phenomenon in proteins lacking disulfide bonds, and some lacking cysteines altogether. While the specific chemistry of this hydrolysis is unknown, this discovery has potentially wide-ranging impacts as a sample preparation tool for mass spectrometry analysis, as well as being cautionary towards other common laboratory uses of this ubiquitous reagent where it could potentially cause unwanted hydrolysis of proteins being studied.

Bathymetric LiDAR captures river topography efficiently for clear and shallow water, but for mountain rivers, whitewater rapids still pose challenges that need to be overcome. This study proposes a novel method to enable the extraction of bottom returns specifically in turbulent whitewater sections. The presented method uses a minimalistic curve fitting approach to subtract the water column of the recorded LiDAR waveform, calculates a residual of reflected energy that is not attributed to the water column, and applies peak detection on the residual to extract previously undetected returns. For the evaluation of the points derived from the additional returns, three different rivers were surveyed with both LiDAR measurements and a total station with a reflector pole. This sets the foundation for an in-depth evaluation and enables the verification of the new underwater terrain points. For the two mountain rivers, the Passer and Fischbach River, the presented method increases the total number of points for the river segments by 2% and 11%. This reflects a median increase of 50 points / m 2 and 48 points / m 2 for the two rivers, respectively. Compared to the reference data, this results in a median reduction in the distance to the reference points from 20 .6 cm to 9 .2 cm and 40 .4 cm to 22 .5 cm . Therefore, we extend full-waveform processing for bathymetric LiDAR applied whitewater rivers, which opens up the field of bathymetric LiDAR for river research in the turbulent environment of mountain rivers.

The ecological rehabilitation of degraded karst landscapes presents unique challenges for environmental management due to the complex interplay between soil carbon cycling and carbonate weathering processes. This study investigates the effectiveness of 2-4 year restoration efforts in three post-mining karst systems in China’s Tianfu Valley through integrated analysis of soil carbon pools and controlled dissolution experiments. Results reveal that soil inorganic carbon (SIC) consistently dominates over organic carbon (SOC) by a factor of 2.3-5.1, reflecting persistent legacy effects of carbonate-rich substrates. While vegetation succession showed limited influence on SOC distribution (depth-dependent patterns absent in 56% of profiles), a significant correlation (R 2=0.62, p<0.05) between deeper SOC stocks (30-50 cm) and subsurface weathering rates was observed. However, overall carbonate dissolution rates remained 37-62% below undisturbed karst systems, with SIC accumulation exhibiting clear suppression effects (evidenced by 41% rate reduction in specimen K1-4). These findings demonstrate that current short-term restoration approaches fail to reestablish natural carbon-weathering coupling, primarily due to geochemical buffering by SIC and microclimatic stressors. The study provides critical benchmarks for evaluating mine rehabilitation progress in carbonate terrains, emphasizing the need for extended monitoring timelines (decadal scale) and improved substrate management strategies to enhance SOC sequestration. These insights directly inform the development of more effective environmental management protocols for post-mining karst ecosystems worldwide.

Understanding how land use affects regional carbon budget is essential for low-carbon planning. However, the role of land use optimization strategies on future carbon budget management still lacks systematic assessment, and few have quantified the broader costs of low-carbon land use. Taking the eastern Chinese city of Xuzhou as a case study, we developed five different scenarios—natural development (ND), economic development (ED), food security (FS), ecological protection (EP), and low-carbon development (LCD)—and employed the Mathematical Programming and Patch-Generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) to optimize and simulate land use for 2035. Subsequently, we evaluated the impacts of five land use optimization strategies on carbon budget, while also exploring the potential trade-offs related to economy, grain, and ecology under the LCD scenario. Results indicate that while spatial layouts remain similar across scenarios, quantitative differences exist, particularly in built-up land (ranging from 2,998 to 3,583 km 2). Compared to the ND scenario, net carbon emissions (NCE) are forecast to change in the ED, FS, and EP scenarios by 14.72, -3.39, -0.35, and -4.88 million tonnes, respectively. As a resource-dependent, industrial, and agricultural hub, Xuzhou would be confronted by a significant carbon budget deficit. While the LCD scenario shows a potential for carbon reduction, it may result in a 13.45% GDP reduction compared to the ED scenario and a 1.4% grain yield reduction compared to the FS scenario. This study unravels the influence of land use optimization on future carbon budget, providing valuable insights to support land use planning and carbon mitigation.