INTRODUCTIONThe treatment of equine patients with angular limb and/or rotational deformities combined with closed physes presents a clinical challenge to equine practitioners. The report by Gaida et al in this issue outlines the management of one such case by utilizing a radial osteotomy for a deformity of the distal metacarpus. Although the authors had some challenges with the post-operative management, they did have an acceptable outcome with this technique.Osteotomies and ostectomies are uncommon surgical procedures used to treat angular and rotational limb deformities in patients beyond the time frame of growth retardation or in older patients that have acquired an angular limb deformity secondary to another pathology (healed fracture, osteoarthritis, or previous infection). The procedure involves transecting and possibly removing a portion of bone and stabilizing the resulting construct with implants to achieve a more anatomically appropriate limb. The most common anatomical location treated is the metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joint or the diaphysis of MC3/MT3, followed by deformities of the carpal region, with the traumatic deformation of the carpal bones or the distal radius being the focus. Reports also exist of surgical correction of deformities involving the radial diaphysis (Auer, 2019).A thorough examination of the limb in question is necessary for surgical planning, including static and dynamic examination of the patient. Angular limb deformities can be complex with deformities in more than one plane and so a detailed understanding of the abnormality is fundamental for surgical success. Radiographs and computed tomographic examination of the affected area should be performed on all candidates. Three-dimensional printing combined with planning software can be valuable in assessing complicated deformities (Auer 2019, Auer 2022). When the abnormality involves only a simple deviation, the pivot point should be established based on pre-operative imaging, which is accomplished by drawing lines perpendicular to the joint surfaces proximal and distal to the deformity of the involved long bones and identifying the bisection point. The degree of deviation can then be calculated based on this point. In more complex cases, multiple pivot points may exist in different planes. These bisecting pivot points are used to determine the correction angle to be utilized intra-operatively. Identifying the complexity of the deformity as well as the planes involved will influence the surgical technique to be utilized. (Auer, 2019)

Increasing interest in psychedelic and related drugs as potential therapies for a wide spectrum of difficult to treat conditions that extend beyond neuropsychiatric disorders provided the impetus for this Themed Issue. This collection of reviews and original articles includes the mechanistic basis of how these drugs act, the current status of preclinical research and progress in clinical trials, and insight into the regulatory processes that determine clinical approval. In this Editorial we introduce these aspects and provide an overview of current controversies and challenges in the field, as well as highlighting the exciting potential that these drugs offer.

Pathogens exert strong selective pressures on their hosts by threatening their fitness and survival, driving evolutionary innovations in many aspects of host biology. The innate immune system and adaptive immunity enable many host species to withstand such pressures; however, when pathogens exceed a hosts’ defensive capacity, the host is forced to evolve novel adaptations to survive and reproduce. One understudied mechanism for generating this novel adaptation is hybridization, a process by which beneficial immune alleles may introgress into hybrid offspring and, via backcrossing, spread through parental populations. In this review, we synthesize evidence across diverse animal systems showcasing how hybridization shapes immunological traits. We highlight cases where hybrid offspring exhibit enhanced tolerance or resistance to pathogens relative to their parent species, and identify gaps in research needed to further examine hybridization as a pathway for species to persist in the face of infectious disease.

Coastal ecosystems are exposed to both global and local stressors operating across multiple scales. However, research rarely considers how their combined effects propagate over time and across levels of biological organisation. Here, we employ an in situ warming experiment across two rocky shore sites with contrasting sewage pollution to quantify independent and interactive effects of warming and nutrient pollution from genes to communities. Passively warmed and control settlement plates were deployed at polluted and non-polluted sites and surveyed across a summer to quantify temporal dynamics in the responses of key intertidal taxa. Barnacles were further employed as a model for comparing responses across biological levels, including body size, stable isotope analysis, and RNA sequencing. Pollution consistently increased invertebrate abundance and macroalgal cover, alongside transient positive effects on barnacle size, whereas warming reduced barnacle abundance and suppressed macroalgal cover late in the season. Warming and pollution interacted synergistically on barnacle abundance, with pollution remaining the dominant stressor. Microphytobenthos groups similarly showed distinct pollution-driven increases with warming primarily modifying temporal trajectories; cyanobacteria showed both date-specific and season-wide synergistic interactions, against a backdrop of temporal variability across stressor treatments. Consistent with these patterns, pollution shifted barnacle δ13C and δ15N toward values indicative of greater assimilation of sewage-derived material, while warming increased elemental C:N ratios, consistent with altered nutritional stress. Transcriptomic responses mirrored this dominance of pollution, broadly regulating gene expression linked to protein turnover, DNA repair, and protein folding; combined warming and pollution further intensified proteostasis-related changes and produced predominantly reversal and antagonistic interaction types. Our results show that sewage pollution can overwhelm and reshape warming effects over time and across biological levels, linking group-level responses with parallel shifts in trophic biomarkers and gene regulation. Our scalable field approach provides a template for in situ marine multiple stressor experiments across wider spatiotemporal scales.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as a premier class of crystalline porous materials, celebrated for their architectural precision and vast functional versatility in biomedicine. However, the pursuit of crystalline perfection in pristine MOFs often leads to performance bottlenecks in physiological environments, characterized by rigid active sites, restricted mass transport, and suboptimal loading capacities. Defect engineering, the intentional and precise disruption of framework periodicity has recently ascended as a transformative strategy to transcend these intrinsic constraints. By strategically introducing structural imperfections, such as linker vacancies and cluster modulations, MOFs can be endowed with expanded pore volumes, enhanced surface accessibility, and tailored coordination environments that unlock potential enzyme-like activities. Despite the burgeoning interest in Defect-MOFs, a systematic synthesis of the underlying defect-formation mechanisms and their specialized roles in overcoming the limitations of conventional MOFs in biomedical contexts remains elusive. Drawing the rapid evolution of this field, this review provides a timely and critical deconstruction of the synthesis, structure, performance of Defect-MOFs. We systematically categorize advanced synthetic strategies, highlight representative breakthroughs in targeted drug delivery and synergistic theranostics. Finally, we dissect the pressing challenges regarding reproducibility and biocompatibility, offering a strategic roadmap to inspire the rational design of next-generation, Defect-MOFs nanoplatforms for clinical translation.

Title page[Type of contribution]：A letter to the editor[Title]：Comment on Revisiting the association between anticholinergic burden and frailty in people with HIV[Version date]：Wang Yu11. The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, ZHANGJIAKOU, HEBEI, China.[Version date]:10/3/2026[*Corresponding author]:Wang YuNo. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province, China.Chinamail:wangyu2@hbbfyfy.com [Credit authorship contribution statement]： The initial draft was written by Wang Yu Wang Yu edited and polished the final manuscript. [Declaration of Competing Interest]： The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this study. [Data availability]: Data will be made available on request.

Understanding the stability and catalytic behavior of atomically thin metal monolayers is crucial for the rational design of efficient electrocatalysts. This study employs an iterative DFT-AIMD-DFT multiscale simulation strategy to systematically uncover the structural evolution, electronic structures, and their correlations with catalytic performance in grouped transition metal monolayers (Au1L, Ag1L, Cu1L, Pt1L, Rh1L, Ir1L, Pd1L, and Ni1L). The results demonstrate that these monolayer metals exhibit a continuous transition from typical low-index facets to bilayer structures, with their stability strongly dependent on electronic structure and interlayer interactions. Key drivers of structural planarity and stability—spreading energy and interlayer interaction energy—were identified. Low coordination-induced electronic localization reveals the structure-electronic-performance coupling of metal monolayers under the synergistic regulation of work function and d-band center. Further analysis indicates that monolayer metals can maintain good stability over a wide electrochemical window, significantly enhancing their hydrogen oxidation reaction and oxygen reduction reaction catalytic activity, and exhibiting clear advantages over bulk metals. In particular, certain monolayer metals (e.g., Rh1L) achieve a synergistic optimization between stability and catalytic activity, fully demonstrating their tremendous application potential in the field of electrocatalysis.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) technology offers a promising approach for degrading antibiotic pollutants, yet it remains constrained by low efficiency and incomplete mineralization. Herein, a Co-doped BiVO4/Mo-doped BiVO4 homojunction photoanode and kanamycin strongly complexed PEC system is constructed for efficient pollutant degradation and H2 generation. Mo doping and homojunction formation enhance the electrical conductivity and charge separation of the photoanode, while the strong complexation between the photoanode and kanamycin facilitates interfacial charge transfer. Consequently, the optimized photoanode delivers a current density of 9.61 mA cm-2 at 1.00 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode under simulated sunlight irradiation and maintains excellent stability. Near-unity Faradaic efficiencies for both anodic CO2/N2 generation and cathodic H2 evolution confirm the complete mineralization and chemical energy recovery of kanamycin. To mitigate carbon emissions and valorize the generated CO2 and H2, a photothermal CO2 hydrogenation system is further integrated, demonstrating a superior CO yield of 122.65 mmol g-1 h-1 with nearly 100% selectivity. This synergistic PEC-photothermal platform achieves simultaneous kanamycin remediation and resource valorization, providing a viable strategy to address energy and environmental concerns.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an incurable inflammatory bowel disease characterized by chronic mucosal inflammation, with a continuously increasing global prevalence. Although infrared (IR) therapy has demonstrated anti-inflammatory potential, conventional devices which can only emit single-wavelength IR often exhibit limited tissue penetration and suboptimal spectral overlap with mammalian absorption. Herein, we develop a broad-spectrum IR (BSIR) device enabled with an almost defect-free graphene (DFG) based radiator to deliver high output IR aligned with mammalian IR absorption spectra. In a mouse model of UC, BSIR treatment significantly alleviated disease symptoms and promoted mucosal recovery. Crucially, this study shows that BSIR radiation induces the relocation of T lymphocytes to the spleen, leading to reduced immune cell infiltration and inflammation in the colon. Gene expression analysis further reveals enhanced innate immune activity and cell regeneration in colonic tissue. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that BSIR represents a safe, non-invasive therapeutic strategy for UC. More broadly, this study highlights spectrum-matched IR irradiation as a novel modality for immune modulation, with potential translational relevance for other deep-tissue inflammatory diseases.

Cousinia (Asteraceae: Cardueae) represents one of the most species-rich genera within the Irano–Turanian floristic region, yet interspecific relationships remain incompletely resolved. Here, nine chloroplast genomes from species endemic to the Pamir–Alay mountain system were newly sequenced and analyzed in combination with previously published plastome sequences and nuclear ribosomal ITS data. The assembled plastomes were highly uniform in size (approximately 152 kb), displayed the canonical quadripartite organization of angiosperm chloroplasts, and possessed a GC content of 37.7%. Gene composition was largely conserved, with 131 annotated genes identified in most taxa. Examination of synonymous codon usage across sixteen plastomes revealed a consistent bias toward A/T-ending codons. Sliding-window analysis demonstrated generally low nucleotide diversity (Pi = 0–0.00918), although several divergence hotspots were detected, primarily within the large and small single-copy regions. Eleven categories of simple sequence repeats were identified, with A/T-rich mononucleotide motifs predominating. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on complete plastome data did not consistently recover morphologically defined sections as monophyletic, whereas the ITS dataset provided improved resolution of sectional delimitations. Comparative analysis of anther appendage morphology recognized nine structural groups and showed partial congruence with molecular evidence. Together, these findings highlight incongruence between plastid and nuclear signals and indicate that certain infrageneric classifications within Cousinia warrant re-evaluation

Developing dielectric films with high energy density and efficiency under extreme conditions is crucial for the stable operation of advanced devices like electric vehicles and energy storage systems. This work designs a rational linear–nonlinear–linear (LNL) sandwich architecture, with MOF-enhanced PEI insulating layers (EZ) as the outer layers and horizontally aligned P(VDF-HFP)/TNTs composite films (PT) as the middle polarization layer. The multi-site bonding network within the EZ layer, constructed by activating the Zn²⁺ sites on ZIF-8 via the thermal field during imidization to coordinate with the PEI monomer (ODA), significantly enhances the breakdown strength (reaching up to 664.50 kV/mm for the EZ1 composite film) and suppresses leakage current. Meanwhile, the horizontal orientation of TNTs in the PT layer, achieved through an electrospinning process combined with hot-pressing, improves polarization performance while maintaining high breakdown strength. The resulting ~20 μm EZ-PT-EZ LNL film achieves a high Ud of 13.68 J/cm³ (η = 85.5%) at 620 kV/mm and 25 °C, and retains a Ud of 8.51 J/cm³ under harsh 120 °C and 520 kV/mm conditions. The excellent performance originates from the synergistic effects of the widened bandgap of the EZ layer, the inhibition of charge carrier transport by the reverse built-in electric field formed at the L/N interface (opposite to the applied field), and the combined hindering effect of the interlayer interface and horizontally oriented fillers on breakdown path propagation. This work provides an effective strategy for designing high-performance polymer dielectrics through synergistic structural design and band structure engineering.

A document by Juan Vallejo-Soto. Click on the document to view its contents.

A document by Mahdid Azam. Click on the document to view its contents.

Acute Respiratory Failure From Massive Esophageal Dilatation Due to AchalasiaA 78-year-old male with type I achalasia and a history of tracheostomy and PEG tube placement 10 years prior for recurrent aspiration pneumonia presented to the emergency department with progressive dyspnea. He was hypoxic with oxygen saturation decreasing to 85% on room air, requiring supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula at 3 L/min. Chest radiography demonstrated marked esophageal dilation with intraluminal air projecting along the right paratracheal region and medial right lung field (Figure 1). CT angiography of the chest revealed a markedly distended, fluid-filled esophagus causing compression of the right lung field (Figure 2). Gastroenterology was consulted and recommended urgent esophageal decompression. A nasogastric tube was placed with the tip terminating in the esophagus, resulting in removal of approximately 1 L of retained fluid and rapid improvement in respiratory status, after which the patient was weaned to room air with oxygen saturation improving to 97%. Following cardiopulmonary stabilization, esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed with injection of 100 units of botulinum toxin at the gastroesophageal junction. Prior case reports describe this rare but potentially fatal complication of achalasia, which should be managed acutely with esophageal decompression and airway protection [1]. Once stabilized, botulinum toxin injection can serve as a temporizing measure, though definitive therapies including pneumatic dilation, laparoscopic Heller myotomy, or peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) [2-3].

Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is a key tool in biodiversity monitoring due to its high-throughput, non-destructive nature. While short-read (SR) sequencing platforms such as Illumina Miseq have been routinely used in environmental monitoring, their limited read lengths (less than 600 bp) constrain the depth of taxonomic assignment, particularly for complex microbial eukaryotes like protists. Conversely, long-read (LR) sequencing technologies like Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) offer promising alternatives but remain underutilized for studying protist communities. We conducted a comparative study of SR versus LR metabarcoding of protist communities along a coastal-offshore gradient in the Belgian part of the North Sea. Using amplicons targeting the V4 region (SR; 577 bp) and the V4–V5 region (LR; 745 bp) of the 18S rRNA gene, we compared diversity patterns, taxonomic assignment, and community composition between approaches. We observed general congruence in community composition at higher taxonomic levels, but under the applied workflows, LR metabarcoding yielded a greater depth of taxonomic annotation at lower taxonomic ranks. Notably, dinoflagellates were less overrepresented in LR data, and a unique detection of potential nuisance taxa (e.g., Bellerochea), and ecologically important genera such as haptophytes (e.g., Gephyrocapsa) was achieved. These results highlight the potential of LR metabarcoding to complement SR approaches by providing increased taxonomic annotation depth and ecological insights. Although both methods targeted only partial regions of the 18S rRNA gene, LR metabarcoding yielded a greater depth of taxonomic assignment under the applied workflows. As next-generation sequencing technologies continue to evolve, our research provides valuable insights for selecting optimal strategies in routine plankton monitoring and biodiversity assessment programs.

Malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumor: A rare case report and review of literature.

Understanding the temporal dynamics of predator-prey interactions is the basis for predicting behavioral responses to climate or other environmental changes. Bats, as generalist apex predators, can provide a holistic view on ecosystem health, because their diet integrates signals from diverse insect communities and rapidly reflects environmental change. However, most molecular diet studies lack the temporal resolution needed to infer hunting strategies and prey choice mechanisms, because guano-derived species lists cannot be meaningfully interpreted without knowing when and what potential prey were available. Previous research has typically analysed eDNA metarcoding data or insect activity patterns separately, limiting insights into mechanisms underlying prey-selection. This study combines eDNA metabarcoding of bat guano with metabarcoding of time-stamped insect samples collected using automated Malaise traps to investigate the foraging ecology of long-eared bats ( Plecotus sp.) Guano-derived prey communities most closely resemble insect bulk samples captured between 22.00 and 6.00, with species-specific differences in peak foraging times and prey composition. We further detected distinct prey-selection patterns between two closely related species, Plecotus auritus and Plecotus austriacus, consistent with their individual hunting strategy. Our findings demonstrate that adding a temporal axis to molecular diet analysis enables direct inference of prey selection and foraging behaviour from guano. This integrative approach advances biodiversity monitoring and offers a tool box for conservation planning under changing environmental conditions.

Hemorrhagic Stroke From Ruptured Mycotic Aneurysm in a Child With Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis and Infective Endocarditis