The Domain Name System (DNS) plays a critical role in the functioning of the Internet. It provides a hierarchical name space for locating resources. Data is typically stored in plain text files, possibly spanning gigabytes. Frequent parsing of these files to refresh the data is computationally expensive: processing a zone file can take minutes. We propose a novel approach called simdzone to enhance DNS parsing throughput. We use data parallelism, specifically the Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) instructions available on commodity processors. We show that we can multiply the parsing speed compared to state-of-the-art parsers found in Knot DNS and the NLnet Labs Name Server Daemon (NSD). The resulting software library replaced the parser in NSD.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Mining logic rules from structured knowledge bases is the basis of knowledge engineering. Due to the NP-hardness of the rule mining problem, logic rules cannot be efficiently induced from knowledge bases, especially large-scale ones, and most mining techniques employ algorithmic and architectural optimizations to improve efficiency. Data-oriented optimizations have also been explored to some extent, but the data efficiency is relatively low, and the memory consumption is thus becoming a new challenge for state-of-the-art systems. In this article, we propose a compact and efficient index structure for the maintenance of the intermediate data during top-down rule mining. The index is based on a mapping from constant symbols to integers and the sorting of the mapped integers. We evaluate our method on six datasets which contain up to 160K records and are frequently used as benchmarks in knowledge engineering related tasks. The experimental results show that the proposed technique speeds up the rule mining procedure by 5x on average and reduces memory consumption by up to 70%. The space overhead of the data structure is about twice that of the indexed records, which is more than 80% lower than that of the state-of-the-art technique.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown In recent years, Large Models (LMs) have been rapidly developed, including large language models, visual foundation models, and multimodal LMs. They are updated and iterated at a very fast pace. These LMs can accomplish many tasks, e.g., daily work assistant, intelligent customer service, and intelligent factory scheduling. Their development has contributed to various industries in human society. However, the architectural flaws of LMs lead to several problems, including illusions and difficulty in locating errors, limiting their performance. Solving these problems properly can facilitate their further development. This work first introduces the development of LMs and identifies their current problems, including data and energy consumption, catastrophic forgetting, reasoning ability, and localization fault. Then, potential solutions to these problems are provided. Finally, LMs’ applications in autonomous driving technologies and smart industrial productions are discussed. By embracing the advantages of LMs, many industries are expected to achieve promising prospects in the future.

Pseudorandom values are often generated as 64-bit binary words. These random words need to be converted into ranged values without statistical bias. We present an efficient algorithm to generate multiple independent uniformly-random bounded integers from a single uniformly-random binary word, without any bias. In the common case, our method uses one multiplication and no division operations per value produced. In practice, our algorithm can triple the speed of unbiased random shuffling for small to moderately large arrays.

This article presents a novel approach to obfuscating database connection strings using Keyword Cipher, which is based on the Roman Caesar Cipher and Greek Scytale Cipher. This is an important and open problem because database connection strings typically have long substrings of identical and well-known character substrings. These known substrings in related database connection strings greatly increase the risk of their encryption key’s being broken, in addition to having identical initial substrings in their encrypted versions. Our experience applying these two obfuscation techniques to database connection strings show that the simple and easily implemented string obfuscation functions effectively solve the problem of common initial substrings. It also greatly reduces risk of breaking the connections strings encryption keys by hiding the known substrings and making the number of possible string needed to search for grow geometrically. Lastly, the use of obfuscation functions completely eliminates all the commonality between related database connection strings.

In the data era, big data systems have emerged as pivotal tools, underscoring the importance of performance prediction in enhancing the efficiency of big data clusters. Numerous performance models have been proposed, often grounded in artificial intelligence or simulation methodologies. While the buck of research focuses on refining prediction precision and minimizing overhead, limited attention has been given to the consignation and standardization of these models. To bridge this gap between model developers and end-users, this paper introduces AMORA—a novel versatile framework tailored for predicting the performance of big data systems. Leveraging the identified Behavior Descriptions-Computation Submodels (BD-CS) pattern that is prevalent among various big data job performance models, AMORA allows access to different plugins accommodating different performance models’ implementations. This framework also integrates a novel mutable computation graph technique to facilitate backtracking computation. Furthermore, AMORA’s functionality extends to comprehensive end-to-end usability by enabling the acceptance of origin configuration files from diverse big data systems and presenting easily interpretable prediction reports. This work demonstrates AMORA’s efficacy in producing an accurate trace of Hadoop job through the selection of appropriate performance model plugins and parameter adjustments and showcasing the application of the proposed mutable computation graph technique in calculating the starting moment of an early-start reducer. Additionally, two validation experiments are conducted, involving the implementation of various Hadoop and Spark performance models, respectively, to exhibit AMORA’s role as a benchmark platform for implementing various types of big data job performance models catered to diverse big data systems.

A document by Jorma Tarhio. Click on the document to view its contents.

The response time of a website has an impact on the overall user experience. Slow-loading or unresponsive applications can quickly frustrate and alienate users, leading to dissatisfaction and potentially driving them away. Conversely, fast and efficient applications can greatly enhance user engagement, satisfaction, and ultimately contribute to the success of an online business. The main objective of this work is to check and compare the performance between Node.js and Java Spring Boot, in the context of implementing RESTful applications. REST (Representational State Transfer) has emerged as a dominant architectural style for building web services due to its simplicity, scalability, and compatibility with the stateless nature of the web. To achieve this objective, both implementations were created with an identical business use case, aiming to provide the fundamental CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, and Delete). To conduct the performance analysis, Apache JMeter tool is used that enables the creation of a diverse set of concurrent virtual users, simulating real-world scenarios to load both applications at regular intervals. By subjecting the applications to varying user loads, it can be assessed how each platform performs under different workloads and identify potential bottlenecks and areas for improvement. The results obtained suggest that Node.js excels in faster response times for HTTP GET, ideal for read operations. However, Spring Boot outperforms Node.js for complex operations like POST, PUT, and DELETE under higher user loads. Both faced challenges at 64000 virtual users, with error rates from 10% to 75%, but Spring showed better error handling. Spring required fewer lines of code, benefiting from its environment and dependencies. Resource utilization in Node.js proved to be efficient with CPU load below 40% even under heavy loads. Spring on the other hand provided better response times, exhibited higher CPU usage at times, suggesting more resource-intensive optimization. The comparison emphasizes the importance of technology stack choice in development, speed and performance. The findings serve as a basis for developers to make informed decisions when selecting the appropriate technology stack based on specific project requirements, workload considerations, and performance expectations.

Early advances in the field of quantum computing have provided new opportunities to tackle intricate problems in diverse areas as cryptography, optimization, and simulation. However, current methodologies employed in quantum computing often require, among other things, a broad understanding of quantum hardware and low-level programming languages, posing challenges to software developers in effectively creating and implementing quantum services. This paper advocates the adoption of Software Engineering principles in the field of quantum computing, thereby establishing a higher level of hardware abstraction that allows developers to focus on application development. With this proposal, developers will be able to design and deploy quantum services with less effort, similar to the facilitation provided by Service-Oriented Computing in the development of conventional software services. The present study introduces a Continuous Deployment strategy adapted to the development of quantum services, which covers the creation and deployment of such services. For this purpose, an extension of the OpenAPI Specification is proposed that allows the generation of services implementing quantum algorithms. The proposal was validated through the creation of an API with diverse quantum algorithm implementations, and evaluated through a survey of various developers and students who were introduced to the tool, with positive results.

URLs are fundamental elements of web applications. By applying vector algorithms, we built a fast standard-compliant C++ implementation. Our parser uses three times fewer instructions than competing parsers following WHATWG URL standard (e.g., Servo’s rust-url) and up to eight times fewer instructions than the popular curl parser. The Node.js environment adopted our C++ library. In our tests on realistic data, a recent Node.js version (20.0) with our parser is four to five times faster than the last version with the legacy URL parser.

Conflicts among non-functional requirements for robotic systems heavily depend on features of actual execution contexts. The main objective of this work is to design and experimentally evaluate a framework, called SCARS, providing: (a) a domain-specific language extending the ROS2 Domain Specific Language (DSL) concepts by considering the different environmental contexts in which the system has to operate, (b) support to analyze their impact on non-functional requirements, and (c) the computation of the optimal degree of non-functional requirement satisfaction that can be achieved within different system configurations. The effectiveness of SCARS has been validated on the Gazebo simulation for iRobot ® Create ®3 robot.

Context: Computational materials science (CMS) focuses on in silico experiments to compute the properties of known and novel materials, where many software packages are used in the community. The NOMAD Laboratory1 offers to store the input and output files in its FAIR data repository. Since the file formats of these software packages are non-standardized, parsers are used to provide the results in a normalized format. Objective: The main goal of this article is to report experience and findings of using grammar-based fuzzing on these parsers. Method: We have constructed an input grammar for four common software packages in the CMS domain and performed an experimental evaluation on the capabilities of grammar-based fuzzing to detect failures in the NOMAD parsers. Results: With our approach, we were able to identify three unique critical bugs concerning the service availability, as well as several additional syntactic, semantic, logical, and downstream bugs in the investigated NOMAD parsers. We reported all issues to the developer team prior to publication. Conclusion: Based on the experience gained, we can recommend grammar-based fuzzing also for other research software packages to improve the trust level in the correctness of the produced results.

The use of Search-Based software engineering to address Model-Driven Engineering activities (SBMDE) is becoming more popular. Many maintenance tasks can be reformulated as a search problem, and, when those tasks are applied to software models, the search strategy has to retrieve a model fragment. There are no studies on the influence of the search parameters when applied to software models. This paper evaluates the impact of different search parameter values on the performance of an evolutionary algorithm whose population is in the form of software models. Our study takes into account the nature of the model fragment location problems (MFLPs) in which the evolutionary algorithm is applied. The evaluation searches 1,895 MFLPs (characterized through five measures that define MFLPs) from two industrial case studies and uses 625 different combinations of search parameter values. The results show that the impact on the performance when varying the population size, the replacement percentage, or the crossover rate produces changes of around 30% in performance. With regard to the nature of the problems, the size of the search space has the largest impact. Search parameter values and the nature of the MFLPs influence the performance when applying an evolutionary algorithm to perform fragment location on models. Search parameter values have a greater effect on precision values, and the nature of the model fragment location problems has a greater effect on recall values. Our results should raise awareness of the relevance of the search parameters and the nature of the problems for the SBMDE community.

Machine learning-based code smell detection has been demonstrated to be a valuable approach for improving software quality and enabling developers to identify problematic patterns in code. However, previous researches have shown that the code smell datasets commonly used to train these models are heavily imbalanced. While some recent studies have explored the use of imbalanced learning techniques for code smell detection, they have only evaluated a limited number of techniques and thus their conclusions about the most effective methods may be biased and inconclusive. To thoroughly evaluate the effect of imbalanced learning techniques on machine learning-based code smell detection, we examine 31 imbalanced learning techniques with seven classifiers to build code smell detection models on four code smell data sets. We employ four evaluation metrics to assess the detection performance with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Cliff’s δ. The results show that (1) Not all imbalanced learning techniques significantly improve detection performance, but deep forest significantly outperforms the other techniques on all code smell data sets. (2) SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling TEchnique) is not the most effective technique for resampling code smell data sets. (3) The best-performing imbalanced learning techniques and the top-3 data resampling techniques have little time cost for code smell detection. Therefore, we provide some practical guidelines. First, researchers and practitioners should select the appropriate imbalanced learning techniques (e.g., deep forest) to ameliorate the class imbalance problem. In contrast, the blind application of imbalanced learning techniques could be harmful. Then, better data resampling techniques than SMOTE should be selected to preprocess the code smell data sets.

Recently, Kubernetes is widely used to manage and schedule the resources of microservices in cloud-native distributed applications, as the most famous container orchestration framework. However, Kubernetes preferentially schedules microservices to nodes with rich and balanced CPU and memory resources on a single node. The native scheduler of Kubernetes, called Kube-scheduler, may cause resource fragmentation and decrease resource utilization. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning enhanced Kubernetes scheduler named DRS. To improve resource utilization and reduce load imbalance, we first present the Kubernetes scheduling problem as a Markov decision process and elaborately designed the state, action, and reward. Then, we design and implement DRS mointor to perceive six metrics about resource utilization to construct a comprehensive global resource view. Finally, DRS can automatically learn the scheduling policy through interaction with the Kubernetes cluster, without relying on expert knowledge about workload and cluster status. We implement a prototype of DRS in a Kubernetes cluster with five nodes and evaluate its performance. Experimental results highlight that DRS overcomes the shortcomings of Kube-scheduler and achieve the expected scheduling target with three workloads. Compared with Kube-scheduler, DRS brings an improvement of 27.29% in resource utilization and reduce the load imbalance by 2 .90× on average, with only 3.27% CPU overhead and 0.648% communication latency.

Intel includes on its recent processors a powerful set of instructions capable of processing 512-bit registers with a single instruction (AVX-512). Some of these instructions have no equivalent in earlier instruction sets. We leverage these instructions to efficiently transcode strings between the most common formats: UTF-8 and UTF-16. With our novel algorithms, we are often twice as fast as the previous best solutions. For example, we transcode Chinese text from UTF-8 to UTF-16 at more than 5 GiB s − 1 using fewer than 2 CPU instructions per character. To ensure reproducibility, we make our software freely available as an open source library.

Android occupies a high market share, and its broad functions make Android security matter. Research reveals that many security issues are caused by insecure coding practices. As a poor design indicator, code smell threatens the safety and quality assurance of Android applications (apps). Although previous works revealed specific problems associated with code smells, the field still lacks research reflecting Android features. Moreover, the cost and time limit developers to repairing numerous smells timely. We conducted a study, including definition, detection, and impact quantification for Android code smell (DefDIQ): (1) define 15 novel code smells in Android from a security programming perspective; meanwhile, we provide suggestions on how to eliminate or mitigate them; (2) implement DACS to automatically detect the custom code smells based on ASTs; (3) investigate the correlation between individual smells with DACS detection results, and select suitable code smells to construct fault counting models, then quantify their impact on quality, and thereby generating code smell repair priorities. We conducted experiments on 4,575 open-source apps, and the findings are: (i) Lin’s CCC between DACS and manual detection results reaches 0.9994, verifying the validity; (ii) the fault counting model constructed by ZINB is superior to NB (AIC = 517.32, BIC = 522.12); some smells do indicate fault-proneness, and we identify such avoidable poor designs; (iii) different code smells have different importance and the repair priorities constructed provide a practical guideline for researchers and inexperienced developers.