Traditional RFID systems rely on dedicated readers, often expensive and bulky, hindering their widespread deployment. This paper proposes an alternative RFID system that leverages ubiquitous radio sources – Wi-Fi, 5G, Bluetooth, and Zigbee – to replace dedicated readers. Our system employs backscatter communication, where RFID tags modulate reflected signals from these readily available sources to transmit data. We investigate the feasibility and performance of this approach through Matlab simulator. Our results show that 802.11ax at 2.45 GHz exhibits the best Symbol Error Rate (SER), followed by 802.11n at the same frequency. However, 5G, Bluetooth, and Zigbee signals demonstrate lower performance even at high Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNRs). To address this, we introduce error correction coding techniques (BCH and RS) that significantly improve communication reliability. Utilizing these codes, our system achieves a communication range of up to 1 meter. This finding highlights the potential of ubiquitous radio sources as a viable alternative to dedicated RFID readers, opening doors for various applications.

With the growth of cloud computing and the popularity of electronic health records (EHR), more and more patients and hospitals are uploading EHR to the cloud for storage, retrieval and organization. Due to the privacy of EHR, cloud-based EHR systems need to protect data security and provide access control, and attribute-based encryption (ABE) is the appropriate technology. Nevertheless, traditional single-center ABE schemes do not conform to the collaborative scenario of electronic health care, and some of them do not support real-time attribute update. Consequently, this paper proposes a lightweight CP-ABE scheme for EHR over cloud based on blockchain and secure multi-party computation (LCBS). Firstly, we introduce the model of multi-authority and innovatively apply secure multi-party computation to initialize the system, which maintains normal system operation while the power is decentralized. Secondly, we designed a blockchain suitable for EHR systems to record the users’ key information, assisting multiple entities to verify the key at different stages and protecting the EHR from illegal acquisition. In addition, our scheme supports lightweight attribute update, which requires small amount of computational overhead to achieve instant attribute update. Finally, through formal security analysis and simulation experiments of the LCBS system, it is shown that our scheme guarantees data security and improves computing efficiency.

Cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) has emerged as a promising strategy for identifying available spectrum resources by leveraging spatially distributed sensors in cognitive wireless sensor networks (CWSNs). Nevertheless, this open collaborative approach is susceptible to security threats posed by malicious sensors (MSs), specifically Byzantine attack, which can significantly undermine CSS accuracy. Moreover, in extensive CWSNs, the CSS process imposes substantial communication overhead on the reporting channel, thereby considerably diminishing cooperative efficiency. To tackle these challenges, this article introduces a refined CSS approach, termed weighted sequential detection (WSD). This method incorporates channel state information (CSI) to validate the global decision made by the fusion center (FC) and assess the trust value of sensors. The trust value based weight is assigned to sensing samples, which are then integrated into a sequential detection framework within a defined time window. This sequential approach prioritizes samples based on descending trust values. Numerical simulation results reveal that the proposed WSD outperforms conventional fusion rules in terms of error probability and sample size, even under varying degrees of Byzantine attack. This innovation signifies a substantial advancement in enhancing the reliability and efficiency of CSS.

The process of estimating the number of individuals within a defined area, commonly referred to as people counting, is of paramount importance in the realm of safety, security and crisis management. It serves as a crucial tool for accurately monitoring crowd dynamics and facilitating well-informed decision-making during critical situations. In our current study, we place a special emphasis on the utilization of the WiFi fingerprint technique, leveraging probe request messages emitted by smart devices as a proxy for people counting. However, it is essential to recognize the evolving landscape of privacy regulations and the concerted efforts by major smart-device manufacturers to enhance user privacy, exemplified by the introduction of MAC addresses randomization techniques. In this context, we designed a crowd monitoring solution that exploits Bloom filters for ensuring a formal deniability, aligning with the stringent requirements set forth by regulations like the European GDPR [1] . Our proposed solution not only addresses the essential task of people counting but also incorporates advanced privacy-preserving mechanisms. Importantly, it seamlessly integrates with trajectory-based crowd monitoring, offering a comprehensive approach to managing crowds while respecting individual privacy rights.

The new wave of device-level cyber-attacks has targeted IoT critical applications, such as in power distribution systems integrated with the Internet communications infrastructure. These systems utilise Group Domain of Interpretation (GDOI) as designated by International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) power utility standards IEC 61850 and IEC 62351. However, GDOI cannot protect against novel threats, such as IoT device-level attacks that can modify device firmware and configuration files to create command and control malicious communication. As a consequence, the attacks can compromise substations with potentially catastrophic consequences. With this in mind, this article proposes a permissioned/private blockchain-based authentication framework that provides a solution to current security threats such as the IoT device-level attacks. Our work improves the GDOI protocol applied in critical IoT applications by achieving decentralized and distributed device authentication. The security of our proposal is demonstrated against against known attacks as well as through formal mechanisms via the joint use of the AVISPA and SPAN tools. The proposed approach adds negligible authentication latency, thus ensuring appropriate scalability as the number of nodes increases.

As a wireless ad hoc network, VANET is susceptible to various threats including eavesdropping and tampering, due to its insecure wireless channels. The group key agreement protocol is widely used in VANET due to its ability to allow participants to communicate securely in insecure network environments. However, excessive reliance on trusted authority (TA) in traditional group key protocols may cause single point of failure. Additionally, having a high computational and communication cost is a common phenomenon in existing protocols. To address the above issues, we have designed a lightweight group key agreement protocol using blockchain technology and Chinese remainder theorem(CRT). In our protocol, the blockchain technology is used to facilitate faster negotiation of group key between Roadside Units (RSUs) and vehicles within its communication range. To avoid Single point of failure, TA only provides services during the user joining and leaving phase. To reduce computational and communication costs during the identity authentication process, RSU can perform batch authentication on vehicles. At the same time, participating vehicles only need to obtain the correct session key from the return message broadcasted by the RSU. Our protocol also supports dynamic management of vehicles. We used formal security proof and performance analysis in our scheme, indicating that our scheme meets the basic security requirements of the block key protocol design in VANET. Meanwhile, the analysis of computational costs and communication burden shows that our scheme is more effective in VANET group scenarios.

In this paper, we investigate the successful transmission probability of an aerial cellular network in which an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) as a Macrocell Base Station (UAV-BS) serves other UAVs as aerial users. The beamforming capable antennas are mounted on the UAVs, to increase the throughput of the network. The random effects of inner forces such as controlling errors or outer forces like the air conditions result in the random fluctuations. We assume Rician fading distribution over the links between the UAVs, then, we calculate the distribution of the channels under hovering fluctuations. Also, we derive the closed form expressions for successful transmission probability. Defining an optimization problem on the average successful transmission probability of the network, we obtain the best placement of UAV-BS along with the resource allocation. The problem turns out to be a non-convex problem and time consuming via numerical exhaustive search methods. Instead, we solve the optimization problem for its lower bound. Maximization problem for the achieved lower bound is equivalent to maximize the main problem. Then, we use some approximations to convert it to a low complex problem to find the solution. We use the entity of the low complex problem to obtain the allocated power for each UAV and in the following, the problem becomes convex which is solved by KKT conditions to obtain the location of UAV-BS. The theoretical results show that optimizing the lower bound probability achieves the suboptimal solution for power assignment and placement problem, which is verified by simulation results.

Mobile edge computing (MEC) seems to be highly efficient to process the generated data from IoT devices by providing computational resources locating in close range to network edge. MEC can be promising in reduction of latency and consumption of energy from data transmissions from offloading computational tasks from IoT devices to nearby edge servers. In this paper, a computation offloading optimization algorithm is proposed which is based on deep deterministic policy gradient for realistic Aurelia X6 Pro unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted MEC systems. The proposed algorithm optimizes the offloading decision for UAVs by taking task characteristics and the communication environment into consideration. The simulation yields outcomes indicating that the suggested algorithm can considerably enhance the competency of MEC systems.

Decentralized cryptocurrency systems, known as blockchains, have shown promise as an infrastructure for mutually distrustful parties to securely agree on transactions. Nevertheless, blockchain systems are constrained by the CAP Trilemma. Due to performance degradation, it is impossible to address this issue by improving simply the consensus layer or the network layer. To alleviate the CAP constraint in consortium blockchains, we propose a topological construction method to optimize the physical layer based on multi-dimensional hypercubes with excellent partition tolerance in probability. The basic topology has the advantage of solving the mismatch problem between the overlay network and the underlying network. It is further extended to hierarchical recursive topologies with more intermediate links or short links to balance the reliability requirement with the cost of building the physical network. We prove that the proposed hypercube topology has better partition tolerance than the regular rooted tree and ring lattice topologies, and effectively fits the upper-layer protocols at the consensus and network layers. As a result, combined with suitable transmission and consensus protocols that satisfy strong consistency and availability, the proposed topology-constructed blockchain can reach the CAP guarantee bound.

Latency-constrained aspects of cellular Internet of Things (IoT) applications rely on Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC) which highlight research on satisfying strict deadlines. In this study, we address the problem of latency constrained communications with strict deadlines under average power constraint using Hybrid Multiple Access (MA) which consists of both Orthogonal MA (OMA) and power domain Non-Orthogonal MA (NOMA) as transmission scheme options. We aim to maximize the timely throughput, which represents the average number of successfully transmitted packets before deadline expiration, where expired packets still waiting in the buffer are dropped. We use Lyapunov stochastic optimization methods to develop a dynamic power assignment algorithm for minimizing the packet drop rate while satisfying time average power constraints. Numerical results show that Hybrid MA improves the timely throughput compared to conventional OMA by up to 46% and on the average by more than 21% while satisfying average power constraints.