Background and Purpose: The study evaluated human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) as a non-animal new approach methodology (NAM) for assessing cardiovascular repolarization risk in drug development. The research compared hiPSC-CM data with traditional methods (hERG assays and animal studies), to determine if hiPSC-CMs could potentially replace or reduce animal testing in regulatory decision-making, aligning with FDA Modernization Act 2.0 goals. Experimental Approach: The study analyzed 29 Investigational New Drug (IND) applications submitted to FDA/CDER between 2020 and 2023, comparing hiPSC-CM studies using multielectrode array (MEA) and voltage sensing optical (VSO) platforms with hERG assays, multi-channel assessments, and in vivo non-rodent QT studies. The analysis focused on concordance between these methods and their ability to predict clinical QT prolongation risk. Key Results: hiPSC-CM studies demonstrated higher overall accuracy in predicting clinical QT prolongation risk compared to standard hERG and in vivo non-rodent QT studies alone. Notably, to achieve comparable accuracy to hiPSC-CMs, additional animal studies beyond the standard in vivo QT assessment were needed. These additional studies included testing at higher exposures, using different animal species, or conducting repeated dose studies. The standard in vivo QT study had lower sensitivity, likely due to limitations in achieving high drug exposures in animals. hiPSC-CMs could evaluate effects at much higher exposure multiples relative to clinical concentrations. Conclusion and Implications: hiPSC-CMs offer a promising alternative to extensive animal testing for cardiovascular risk assessment. However, limitations include small sample size, early-phase INDs, variability in hiPSC-CM study rigor, and challenges in establishing exposure-response relationships. Despite these limitations, this research provides evidence supporting hiPSC-CMs as potential alternatives to animal studies in regulatory assessments. Further research is needed to establish robust protocols for integrating hiPSC-CM data into regulatory workflows, balancing the promise of reduced animal testing with the need for comprehensive safety assessment.

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are pivotal for 3D computer vision tasks, yet their susceptibility to errors makes rigorous testing essential. This process, however, is often hampered by the high cost of manual data labeling. Existing test prioritization techniques for deep learning systems frequently depend on single-dimensional heuristics or overlook the diversity of detected faults, which limits their overall effectiveness. To overcome these challenges, we propose LeF-MTP, a novel multi-dimensional test prioritization framework that learns to fuse cognitive features of the model under test. Our method characterizes each test case from two complementary dimensions: the model’s predictive uncertainty and the test case’s confusability within the learned feature space. A machine learning model is then trained to intelligently fuse these scores into a robust priority ranking, which is subsequently optimized by a diversity-aware re-ranking algorithm to ensure a comprehensive fault search. We performed extensive experiments on the challenging, real-world ScanObjectNN dataset using a DGCNN model. The results demonstrate that LeF-MTP significantly outperforms a wide range of baseline strategies, achieving a fault detection rate (PFD) of 26.3% within just the top 10% of the prioritized test suite. Our work offers a more effective and holistic solution for GNN testing, concluding that the fusion of multi-dimensional cognitive features is a promising paradigm for efficiently identifying a diverse set of fault-revealing test cases.

There is a current trend to relegate the details of molecular and morphometric analyses in species descriptions to electronic Supplementary Information (SI). Reliable species description practice is the basis of organismal biology, conservation practice and law. Material in species descriptions must therefore be available for scientific interrogation. This means not only collecting and safeguarding physical type specimens in museums (1), but also making the identity of specimens and measurements that are used in taxonomic descriptions available in perpetuity. Measurements must be transparent and repeatable, so future researchers can check diagnoses and use all appropriate data to revise taxonomy (1).

The tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus), a rare ungulate species endemic to China, faces mounting conservation concerns due to habitat fragmentation, climate change, and historical overhunting. However, its current habitat suitability patterns and the environmental drivers of its distribution remain poorly understood. In this study, we used 429 occurrence records and 28 environmental variables, refined to 11 key predictors, to model the potential distribution of suitable habitats for tufted deer in China using the optimized MaxEnt model. The model performed robustly, identifying six dominant environmental factors—temperature annual range, annual precipitation, mean temperature of the coldest quarter, slope, vegetation fractional cover, and human footprint index—that collectively contributed 91.6% to habitat suitability predictions. The deer exhibited a preference for habitats with moderate temperature variation (25.3-30.4 °C), bimodal precipitation patterns (725-1,324 mm and 1,651-1,898 mm), and cooler winter temperatures (−2.0-9.9 °C), typically found in mountainous regions. Suitability analysis revealed that moderately and highly suitable habitats are concentrated in eight provinces, with Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan contributing the largest areas. Despite these extensive suitable habitats, our GAP analysis showed that 93.98% of them lie outside current protected areas, indicating substantial conservation gaps. Even in core provinces such as Sichuan and Guizhou, only a small fraction (≤10.84%) of the highly suitable habitats are protected. These findings highlight the urgent need to re-evaluate and expand protected area networks to include high-quality tufted deer habitats. Our study provides essential ecological insights and spatial data to guide habitat conservation, functional zoning, and long-term management strategies for tufted deer populations in China.

Reply to Dr. Stefano Miceli Sopo, et al.To the Editor:We would like to express our sincere appreciation to Dr. Miceli Sopo and colleagues for their thoughtful question regarding our article, “AAAAI-EAACI PRACTALL: Standardizing Oral Food Challenges-2024 Update.”(1, 2) We understand the perspective from which this question would arise.The PRACTALL guideline does not advise a standard dose across all oral food challenges as an absolute requirement for validating whether an individual is allergic. As mentioned on page 9 of the manuscript, “The top dose required to avoid false non-reactive double blind placebo controlled food challenges is variable according to the protein content of the food being tested, but seems to be at least 2–3 g of food protein for most allergens.”(1) The remainder of this paragraph cites evidence supporting a range of dosing strategies from prior studies, which collectively aim to ensure false negative rates under 5%.Table 4 provides recommended age-appropriate portions of common food allergens. In the context of the source of the table, “Conducting an Oral Food Challenge: An Update to the 2009 Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee Work Group Report,”(3), it was the suggestion of the AAAAI work group authors to provide age-appropriate serving size options of each food, acknowledging that a child’s ability to consume a given volume of a food may vary. The listed portions aim to achieve at least 2-3 grams of allergenic protein, and ultimately, it is up to the discretion of the physician to determine the volume of food to be given and total protein quantity to be ingested. On page 9 of the PRACTALL report we also stated, “the top dose also needs to be adapted depending on the age of the patient, to account for age-related differences in serving size,”(1) referring to the notion that a child’s ability to ingest a protein quantity varies by age and developmental ability.In the context of a research study, it would likely be necessary to standardize the challenge across all participants and ultimately use a fixed quantity of protein irrespective of the age-appropriate serving size. However, in the clinical example you have provided, offering either 16 whole peanuts or 2 tablespoons of peanut butter would be appropriate. You would achieve a top dose of 2-3 grams of protein with both options, minimizing the likelihood of a false negative result, and you would approximate an age-appropriate serving for the patient, mimicking the likely amount he would eat in a real-world scenario.Since your clinical scenario is not to be reproduced for research purposes, we believe it would be appropriate to discuss options with the patient and their family to determine which food would be used for the oral food challenge. The selected food for the challenge should ideally reflect what the patient is most likely to eat post-challenge in everyday life.We appreciate the opportunity to respond to Dr. Miceli Sopo and colleagues and hope it reinforces the intended guidance of our report.J. Andrew BirdDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and ImmunologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TexasMarion GroetchJaffe Food Allergy Institute,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New YorkHugh A. SampsonDepartment of PediatricsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New YorkJ.A.B. has served as a consultant in the past 36 months for Allakos, DBV Technologies, Food Allergy Research & Education (FARE), Genentech, Hanimmune Therapeutics, Infinant Health, Novartis, and Parexel. He has received research support from Abbott, Aimmune, ALK, DBV Technologies, FARE, Genentech, the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH/NIAID), Novartis, Regeneron, and Siolta Therapeutics. He serves in non-compensated roles as Chair of the Executive Committee of the Section on Allergy and Immunology of the American Academy of Pediatrics, as a medical advisory board member for the International FPIES Association, as an independent study monitor for Vedanta, and as past Chair of the Stock Epinephrine Advisory Committee for the Texas Department of State Health Services.M.G. receives royalties from UpToDate and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, and consulting fees from Food Allergy Research & Education (FARE). She serves on the medical advisory board of the International FPIES Association, as a Senior Advisor to FARE, as a Health Sciences Advisor for the American Partnership for Eosinophilic Disorders (APFED), and on the editorial board of the Journal of Food Allergy. She has no commercial interests to disclose.H.A.S. reports research support from the Immune Tolerance Network, NIAID/NIH, and Food Allergy Research & Education (FARE), and personal fees from N-Fold LLC, DBV Technologies, Alpina Biotech AG, RAPT Therapeutics, and Siolta Therapeutics.REFERENCESCorresponding author:J. Andrew Bird, MDEmail: drew.bird@utsouthwestern.eduMailing address:UT Southwetsern Medical CenterDepartment of Pediatrics5323 Harry Hines Blvd,Dallas, Texas, USA 75390-90631. Sampson HA, Arasi S, Bahnson HT, Ballmer-Weber B, Beyer K, Bindslev-Jensen C, et al. AAAAI-EAACI PRACTALL: Standardizing oral food challenges-2024 Update. Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2024;35(11):e14276.2. Miceli Sopo S, Aurelio A, Masellone F, Bersani G, Fontana T. Comment on Hugh Sampson et al. Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2025.3. Bird JA, Leonard S, Groetch M, Assa’ad A, Cianferoni A, Clark A, et al. Conducting an Oral Food Challenge: An Update to the 2009 Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee Work Group Report. The journal of allergy and clinical immunology In practice. 2020;8(1):75-90 e17.

It is often challenging to build an empirical evidence base for dispersal in long-lived and wide ranging species. The black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla, hereafter ‘kittiwake’) is a long-lived northern hemisphere pelagic gull. Species assessments currently define discrete kittiwake colonies as closed populations; a precautionary approach potentially lacking in biological realism. Here, a historic dataset of host-parasite multilocus microsatellite genotypes and a well-established Bayesian inferential analytical program, BayesAss (BA3), were used to estimate recent dispersal and summer breeding movements among kittiwake colonies (collectively, colony ‘connectivity’). Data were from Atlantic kittiwakes (R. t. tridactyla) and its tick (Ixodes uriae) sampled in the High Arctic (northeast Canada; northwest Greenland; Svalbard; northern Norway), Atlantic Ocean (eastern Canada; Iceland; northwest France; western Scotland), North Sea (eastern Scotland) and Irish Sea (western Ireland). Despite uncertainty around dispersal estimates inferred from kittiwake microsatellites, results were indicative of dispersal occurring over large geographic scales and predominantly longitudinally, east to west. Tick microsatellite analyses (a proxy of kittiwake movements during the summer breeding season) grouped colonies in Iceland, Norway, Scotland and France separately from Newfoundland and Barents Sea colonies. Overall, colony connectivity was less likely to occur across the Atlantic Ocean. Non-linear negative relationships between geographic distance and colony connectivity suggest that spatial scale may be an important, but not the only, mechanism underpinning dispersal and breeding movements in kittiwakes. Results are discussed in the context of spatio-temporally relevant population metrics, ecological hypotheses, anthropogenic pressures, and the potential for data integration to improve species assessments and management strategies.

Climate change has increased the stress on water resources, making reliable predictions, particularly of low flows vital for sustainable management, challenging. This study evaluates 47 hydrological models in 125 catchments in the Republic of Ireland with the MARRMoT framework and uses two low-flow objective functions (inverse Kling–Gupta Efficiency and log-transformed Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency). The results show that the moderate complexity models (e.g., GR4J, HYMOD, Collie3) performed best in both the calibration and validation periods. By comparing objective functions, the log-transformed Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency demonstrated greater stability between the validation and calibration periods (mean difference = 0.007, SD = 0.093) compared to the inverse Kling-Gupta efficiency (mean difference = -0.204, SD = 0.233). The performance of the models was also evaluated against several catchment attributes that represent the climate, topography, land use, and hydrogeology of the catchment using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Higher model performance was generally associated with lower mean annual precipitation and higher potential evapotranspiration. Statistically significant positive correlations were also observed between model performance and catchment steepness, whereas negative correlations were found with base-flow index and reservoir storage. In general, our findings advocate for multi-objective calibration, ensemble modelling, and improved representations of the groundwater, wetlands, and urban hydrology process to improve the prediction of low flows.

Mistletoes occur worldwide, with most relying on birds to disperse their sticky seeds to suitable host trees. There has been considerable ecological research on these interactions, emphasizing those birds dependent on mistletoe fruit as their principal food source, but the origins and evolutionary trajectories of these dietary specialists have rarely been considered. Of the ten lineages of mistletoe fruit specialists, five are from the Tyrannida infraorder of South American songbirds comprising mannakins, cotingas, tyrant flycatchers and allies. Integrating current understanding of early songbird evolution with dietary information, two sets of findings emerged. First; dependence on mistletoe fruit is conserved over time, with strong evidence that the 137 mistletoe-dependent species in ten groups scattered among Neotropical suboscines arose from a rapid radiation in the late Oligocene and early Miocene. Although interpreted as a single origin of mistletoe fruit dependency, the degree of dependence was dynamic, mistletoe fruit specialists evolving from more generalised mistletoe-dependent lineages on five separate occasions as they radiated into the Americas from Gondwanan connections. Second, variation in diversity of modern mistletoe specialist frugivores can be explained by lineage age. Considering both representatives from the neotropical groups evaluated here and the other five families across modern birds, mistletoe fruit specialists initially spread rapidly, colonising new areas and speciating, then eventually becoming restricted to single regions represented by relictual lineages with divergent morphologies. After exploring the historic basis, evolutionary implications and ecological relevance of these findings, I consider alternative explanations and articulate testable predictions to corroborate or refute these inferences and guide future work.

Background: A good sense of smell is essential for physical and mental health, and social wellbeing; however, across the globe, regardless of the setting, national public health agendas never consider smell health. This review aims to summarise the wide-reaching impact of smell health in public health. Methods: Narrative review of the literature has been undertaken by leading opinion figures in the field of olfactory health. Results: The sense of smell should be promoted as an essential pillar of health, as it enables good nutrition and cognitive and psychological wellbeing. To improve smell health internationally, a focus on education and awareness, research, and targeted public health policies is needed. Conclusions: We recommend developing smell health educational programmes and awareness campaigns, introducing smell screening and developing and implementing smell health policies across sectors of society. Efforts are needed to ensure equity, diversity and inclusivity for all people, particularly given the current demographic as those seeking help are typically not from a diverse cross-section of the community.

Key changes in the pharmacoepidemiological research environment had a significant influence on the activities of the European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance (ENCePP) over the last decade. These changes included the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the increased access to data sources, the integration of real-world evidence (RWE) into regulatory and public health decision-making, and the emergence of new technologies and methods. This paper describes how ENCePP has evolved in this changing environment to strengthen pharmacoepidemiological methods and practice in Europe and globally. It also provides future perspectives for the network. Through a collaborative approach in non-interventional research, ENCePP will collectively continue to promote excellence for RWE generation, supporting the safe and effective use of medicines.

The evidence gap relating to the risk of congenital anomalies (CA) associated with first trimester medication exposure in pregnancy is well recognised. We describe the EUROmediCAT network and databases, and the methodological approach to pregnancy pharmacovigilance. Multidisciplinary expertise includes congenital anomaly diagnosis and epidemiology, pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacology and teratology. The EUROmediCAT central database comprises standardised data from 19 EUROCAT CA registries in 14 countries, including more than 40,000 CA cases 1995-2021 with first trimester medication exposure data recorded, and a population coverage of 14.6 million births, growing by more than 650,000 births per year. The distributed database enables federated data analysis across eight countries which can link CA registries to electronic healthcare data, with population coverage of up to 917,000 births per year for linkage to maternal prescriptions, of which 315,000 births per year for linkage also to data on all births. The databases have enabled a variety of study designs: case-malformed control studies, cohort studies, disease cohort studies, signal detection studies, prevalence and ecological studies, and medication utilisation studies. A key strength is that studies of CA risk can address accurately the specificity of risk by type of CA. EUROmediCAT presents a unique data and expert resource for tackling the enormous evidence gap regarding the safety of medication during pregnancy.

The pharmacological potential of marine alkaloids is enormous due to their diverse bioactivities. In this work, we performed a comprehensive computational analysis of marine alkaloids, including Calcardine C, Ernstine A, Naamine H, Naamine I, Naamidine J, Naamidine K, Phorbatopsin D, and Phorbatopsin E, in connection with Mycothiol S-conjugate amidase (MycoSCoA), an essential enzyme for Mycobacterium tuberculosis metabolism. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis and geometry optimization show that Naamidine J is the most stable compound; its low HOMO–LUMO gaps suggest high reactivity. According to electrostatic potential mapping, naamidine K has the highest charge distribution, which is in line with a higher binding potential. The strong intramolecular charge transfer of the lead compounds was further confirmed by Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis. Molecular docking studies show that Naamidine K and Naamidine J have the highest binding affinities with MycoSCoA (-10.6 and -9.3 kcal/mol, respectively). These substances use a range of hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions to create stable complexes. It is noteworthy that Naamidine J exhibited superior binding to 4EWL (-9.3 kcal/mol), which was sustained by a network of hydrogen bonds and π-interactions. The selectivity of the marine alkaloids was highlighted by the weakest interactions, which were shown by BOG and GOL. This in silico study highlights Naamidine K and J as promising candidates for further anti-tuberculosis drug development in general.

From Passive Monitoring to Active Control: Aggregation-Induced Emission-Driven Antimicrobial Nanotechnology for Long-Duration SpaceflightFeiyi Sun1,2, Nuomin Li1,3, Zheng Zhao2, Zicong Zhang2, Zuowan Zhou4,5, Xiaoling Xu4,5, Congwen Liu4, Qihuan Xiong6, Jianmin Tang6, Shiyong Yu7, Ying Zhang8, Ben Zhong Tang2,9,*, Yulin Deng3,*Dr. F.Sun, Dr. N. Li1Department of Comprehensive Basic Experiment, The Ninth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100101, China.Dr. F. Sun, Prof. Z. Zhao, Dr. Z. Zhang, Prof. B. Z. Tang2Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Aggregate Science, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, ChinaDr. N. Li, Prof. Y. Deng,3School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.Prof. Z. Zhou, Prof. X. Xu, Dr. C. Liu,4School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China.Prof. Z. Zhou, Prof. X. Xu5Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China.Mr. Q. Xiong, Mr. J. Tang6Changsha XiangJi-Hiden Technology Co., Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410000, ChinaDr. S. Yu7Beijing Genshu Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100041, ChinaProf. Y. Zhang8Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.Prof. B. Z. Tang9Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China.Correspondence: Ben Zhong Tang (tangbenz@cuhk.edu), Yulin Deng (deng@bit.edu.cn)Keywords: Tianzhou-9, Aggregation-induced emission, China space station, Antibacterial module

We estimated COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) against PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 hospitalisation in patients ≥60 years with severe acute respiratory infection, using a multicentre, test-negative case-control study across six European countries between September 2024 and May 2025. We included 352 cases (115 vaccinated; 33%) and 9 980 controls (5 024 vaccinated; 50%). VE was 42% (95%CI:15;61) 14–59 days post-vaccination, 32% (95%CI: -1;54) at 60–119 days, and 36% (95%CI: 2;60) at 120–179 days, and no effect thereafter. Among adults aged 60–79 and ≥80 years, we observed moderate VE against COVID-19 hospitalisation for up to 2 and 4 months, respectively.

Over the past decade, more than 600 rehabilitated Bornean Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) have been released into protected forests in Borneo. Releasing rehabilitant Bornean Orangutans into the wild is a standard conservation practice, yet monitoring post-release survival remains a challenge. Limited data exist on post-release survival, with many individuals classified as “missing but presumed dead” due to the absence of a carcass for confirmation. Detecting carcasses in tropical forests is particularly difficult due to dense vegetation and the narrow time frame for observing remains before complete decomposition or scavenger removal. Here, we report the first documented observation of an adult female Bornean Orangutan carcass decomposing process in the Danum Valley Conservation Area, Malaysian Borneo, on 21 May 2023. The approximately 30 kg carcass was monitored using camera traps and field observations. Decomposition was assessed using Payne’s (1965) decomposition framework, the Total Body Score (TBS) system, and Accumulated Degree Days (ADD) to evaluate the influence of ambient temperature on decay. Decomposition progressed to the dry-remains stage within six days, primarily driven by vertebrate scavengers such as the Asian water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator) and Blow flies (Calliphoridae spp). This rapid decomposition rate challenges existing knowledge on the rate of decomposition of medium-sized carcasses (>10 kg) and suggests that the common practice of weekly monitoring for post-release Orangutans may be insufficient. Understanding decomposition processes and scavenger activity in tropical forests can improve carcass detection, refine mortality estimates for released Orangutans and other endangered species, and enhance conservation strategies for this critically endangered primate.

Abstract Background Horses are used in various countries for multiple purposes and often play a crucial role in the livelihood of many communities. However, parasitic infections represent a significant threat to their health and productivity. Objectives:  This study aimed to identify gastrointestinal parasite species affecting horses using coprological methods and to assess the influence of certain factors (age, sex, and bioclimatic zone) on these infections. Study design: These samples were analyzed using flotation techniques to detect fecal parasitic forms (eggs, oocysts) and larvae. Methods: Between January and May 2024, fresh fecal samples were collected from 121 horses in Setif region (Northeastern Algeria). Prevalences were calculated for each gastrointestinal parasite and the influence of certain intrinsic (age, sex) and extrinsic (region) parameters on these prevalences was analyzed. We have found, namely Strongylus vulgaris (38.84%), Oxyrus equi (7. 44%), Parascaris equorum (24.62%), Anoplocephala spp. 6.61% and 5.79 were carriers of Eimeria leuckarti and 4.96% had Giardia duodenalis cysts Conclusions This study demonstrates that horses in the Setif region are commonly affected by gastrointestinal parasites, with a predominance of mixed infestations. Both helminths and protozoa were identified, with Strongylus vulgaris and Parascaris equorum being the most prevalent species. The variations in infestation rates across age groups, sex, and geographical zones highlight the influence of environmental and management factors.   Keywords : Horse, parasite, gastrointestinal, Algeria

Substantial interspecific variation in both drought responses and soil functioning among woody species poses significant challenges for predicting drought impacts on soil functioning in species-rich tropical and subtropical forests. However, critical knowledge gaps remain regarding how soil functions respond to drought across different plant species. We conducted a seedling greenhouse experiment to assess how drought impacts on eight rhizosphere soil functions related to carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling vary across 10 woody species from two habitats with contrasting soil water contents. We tested three hypotheses: (1) Compared to species specialized to the moist habitat, species specialized to the arid habitat exhibit greater soil functional resistance to drought; (2) Species with stronger drought-tolerant traits confer higher drought resistance to soil functions; and (3) Root and chemical traits are better predictors of soil functional responses to drought compared to leaf or other morphological traits. We found that soil functions of species adapted to the arid habitat or those possessing stronger drought-tolerant traits (e.g., lower leaf water potential at turgor loss point) did not show significantly greater resistance compared to their counterparts. Root traits, particularly chemical traits, are superior to leaf morphological traits in predicting interspecific variation in resistance and recovery of soil functions to drought. Specifically, species with lower root N:P ratios and root non-structural carbon concentrations consistently recovered faster in all four measured soil enzyme activities. These two traits accounted for over 50% of the variation in soil enzyme activity recovery rates among species on average. These findings significantly improve our understanding and prediction of drought impacts on soil functioning in species-rich forests.

This paper investigates the stability of perturbations near equilibrium states for the two-dimensional Boussinesq-magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) system with fractional horizontal dissipation in the domain Ω=T×R, where T=[0 ,1] is the one-dimensional periodic box. The absence of vertical dissipation, combined with the presence of fractional operators, presents significant challenges to the study of stability and long-time dynamics in the Boussinesq-MHD system. To address these issues, we leverage the orthogonal decomposition method in conjunction with multiple fractional anisotropic interpolation inequalities and a fractional Poincaré-type inequality within our analytical framework. We prove the global stability of the system when the initial data are sufficiently small in H 2 ( Ω ) . Moreover, as time tends to infinity, the oscillatory part of the solution converges exponentially to zero in H 1 ( Ω ) .