This study proposes a novel framework for analyzing Vehicle-Integrated Photovoltaic (VIPV) systems, integrating optical, thermal, and electrical models. The model modifies some already existing fixed PV system methodologies for VIPV applications, to assess received irradiance, PV module temperature, and electrical energy production; it is available as an open-source MATLAB tool, enabling simulations via a smartphone. A key innovation is the integration of meteorological data and real-time driving, dynamically updating vehicle position and orientation every second to compute irradiance. Different time resolutions are explored as alternatives to high-frequency simulations to optimise computational efficiency. Additionally, the thermal model, enhanced by vehicle speed and wind effects, and thermal inertia, significantly improved temperature and power output predictions. Furthermore, the study examines the impact of passenger load and operational scenarios on energy production and consumption, providing a comprehensive evaluation of VIPV system performance. Sustainability assessments compared VIPV integration in electric and internal combustion engine vehicles, highlighting its potential to reduce emissions, as a first step towards a future comprehensive life cycle assessment. The framework has been applied to a minibus case study at the University of Palermo campus. The obtained results are analysed and discussed, enabling the validation of the proposed approach.

Stretchable alternating current electroluminescent (ACEL) devices that emit multiple colors are essential for soft electronics and displays. However, traditional ACEL devices face critical challenges in color tunability and stretchability. This study introduced tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq 3) into the emitting layer for the construction of a multicolored ACEL device, which achieves color-tunable emissions from blue to red (464-588 nm) by adjusting the mass ratio of Alq 3 to ZnS-based phosphors. Polydimethylsiloxane was integrated as a flexible matrix and Ag nanowires as stretchable electrodes to endow the device with mechanical stretchability up to 240% while maintaining stable emission under 50% strain. Structural and photophysical characterizations have confirmed that the incorporation of Alq 3 does not affect the crystallinity of the phosphors but regulates emission through charge transfer. Patterned multicolor display arrays and a customizable ”CMSOD” emblem have been fabricated, highlighting potential applications in information displays. This work presents a straightforward method for fabricating stretchable ACEL devices with tunable color output through organic-inorganic hybrids, offering an alternative ACEL device for soft optoelectronics with colorful displays.

A document by Avyukt Jindal. Click on the document to view its contents.

Heading time stability is essential for stable production of barley under the recent changes in climate. In this study we sought to identify QTLs regulating heading time and stability, using RILs derived from a cross between two Japanese cultivars, Kashimamugi and Ishukushirazu, both of which are early heading cultivars with spring growth habit, but differ in heading time stability. QTL analysis was performed by detecting genome-wide SNPs and InDels by MIG-seq, and detected three heading time QTLs ( QHd.ouj-2H, QHd.ouj-4H, and QHd.ouj-5H). Among these, HvCEN and HvPHYC were considered to be the causative genes for QHd.ouj-2H and QHd.ouj-5H, respectively, while the gene underlying QHd.ouj-4H remains unknown. QTL analysis failed to detect QTLs for heading time stability, but analysis of the three heading time QTLs revealed that heading time stability was affected by the HvPHYC genotype with an early allele causing instability. In addition, the effect of HvPHYC varied depending on the QHd.ouj-4H genotype, indicating interaction between HvPHYC and QHd.ouj-4H in which an early allele of QHd.ouj-4H suppresses heading time instability caused by an early allele of HvPHYC. Since early-maturing cultivars are widely cultivated to avoid abiotic stresses, these results facilitate the breeding of barley cultivars under the changing global climate.

End-group halogenation strategy in banana-shaped Y-series non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) play a crucial role in the development of organic solar cells (OSCs). Compared to fluorinated end-groups, chlorinated end-groups offer advantages such as simpler synthesis, lower cost, and higher open-circuit voltage ( V OC). In this study, we replaced the benzothiadiazole (BT) unit in Y-series molecules with an acenaphtho[1,2-b]quinoxaline imide (AQI) structure and utilized IC- p2Cl and IC- o2Cl isomers as end-groups respectively to synthesize two shamrock-shaped NFAs, AQI16 and AQI17. Further investigations revealed that the substitution position of chlorine atoms plays a critical role in modulating the π-π stacking and crystallinity of the materials. Besides, end-group isomerization significantly influences the photophysical and photovoltaic properties of the materials. D18:AQI16 combination achieved an outstanding power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.90%, which is obviously higher than that of AQI17 based device (15.14%). This work highlights the impact of isomerization caused by halogen substitution positions on the photovoltaic properties of shamrock-shaped NFAs.

This work proposes the use of conditional flow-based generative models to learn an approximation of the distribution of the critical points of a cost function. This approximation is used to incrementally identify all critical points, in the feasible domain of said function, by iteratively alternating the sampling of the distribution and the retraining of the model with the newly discovered points. This paper will focus, in particular, on the identification and conditional generation of all local minima in the case in which the value of the cost function is subject to some uncertain parameters. The target application is the study of complex dynamical systems. It will be shown that when the cost function represents the potential of a dynamical system, the proposed flow-based model can be used to generate minima conditional to their degree of stability or metastability. In dynamical systems subject to uncertainty in the dynamics, the existence of the minima and their stability characteristics are a function of the uncertain parameters. Thus, the proposed model architecture incorporates a conditional variable that can be the value of the uncertain parameters or a label indicating a characteristic of the critical points. The proposed conditional flow-model allows the generation of points with the desired characteristics. This is of extreme importance in the analysis of equilibrium states and possible transitions, controlled or uncontrolled, to other equilibrium states. Some illustrative examples of functions with hundreds of local minima are used to test the potentialities of the proposed approach. It will be shown that the use of a generative approach is advantageous to explore more complex landscapes compared to a basic random local search algorithm. When applied to the analysis of the uncertain five body problem, the proposed generative model is shown to successfully identify all dynamical equilibrium solutions under uncertainty. Finally when trained on the dynamical stability properties of the critical points, the model can successfully differentiate between stable and metastable solutions. These results show that, for certain types of system, the flow-based model can be trained to find equilibrium points more efficiently than a simple random search. Moreover, we demonstrate that conditional flow-based models are capable of one-shot sampling for specific values of uncertain parameters or characteristics of the equilibrium points.

Introduction: Youth in Morocco face multiple mental health challenges, yet limited evidence exists on what drives their well-being. This study aims to qualitatively explore the key factors influencing youth mental health in Morocco through youth and stakeholder perspectives, and to understand the level of youth engagement in mental health, and its barriers and enablers. Methods: We conducted a qualitative exploratory study using semi-structured interviews with key informants from various stakeholder groups involved in youth mental health. The study focused on three main areas: the drivers of youth mental health and well-being in Morocco, the level of youth engagement in mental health, and its barriers and enablers. Data was analyzed using a thematic analysis approach, and a causal loop diagram was developed to explore the interrelationships between the drivers. Results: We conducted semi-structured interviews and focus-group discussions with 65 participants, including youth representatives, parents, and policymakers. Findings revealed that youth well-being is shaped by individual, familial, social, and structural factors. Participants emphasized the role of positive parenting and mental health awareness in promoting well-being. Educational spaces were identified as key sites of stress due to violence, bullying, and lack of support. Social media was identified as both a source of support and a driver of anxiety and low self-esteem, providing access to help while also fostering social comparison and self-isolation. Stakeholders acknowledged that youth engagement in mental health initiatives was increasing. However, youth participation in formal decision-making and policy processes remained limited. Barriers included a lack of structured participation pathways, and persistent power dynamics, whereas facilitators included capacity-building and ensuring meaningful, non-tokenistic engagement. Conclusions: Youth mental health policies and programs in Morocco must reflect young people’s lived experiences. Meaningful youth engagement is essential to building advocacy, skills, and ownership of mental well-being, and ultimately improving mental health outcomes for Moroccan youth.

Carbonate mineral production and dissolution regulate atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations via modulation of the ocean alkalinity content. The anthropogenic rise in atmospheric CO2 reduces calcification rates and enhances calcium carbonate dissolution, which increases ocean alkalinity, counteracts acidification, and stimulates ocean CO2 uptake. However, carbonate dissolution takes place primarily in the deep ocean, so this feedback is slow, maintaining ocean CO2 uptake over millennial timescales. Here we present evidence that seawater alkalinity concentrations on the continental shelf are increasing on annual-decadal timescales, at a rate that is orders of magnitude faster than the deep ocean feedback. Biogeochemical model analyses suggest this fast feedback results from calcium carbonate dissolution in the shelf seafloor driven by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Earth-system modelling indicates that shelf carbonate dissolution has been accelerating since the 1800s and may account for up to 30% of the missing ~0.3 Pg C yr-1 in ocean model carbon budgets.

Root system architecture (RSA) determines the plant’s ability to anchor to soil and absorb water and nutrients, thereby affecting productivity and stress tolerance. In this study, we investigated phenotypic variation for seven root traits at the seedling stage, performed a genome wide association study (GWAS), and identified novel quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and candidate genes using a germplasm collection representing global barley diversity. Traits heritability ranged from 0.70 to 0.88. Domestication and breeding syndromes were detected for seminal root number (SRN), which increased from 4.2 roots in wild accessions to 5.9 in landraces to 6.3 in modern cultivars. Similarly, root growth angle (RGA) widened from 42.9° in wild accessions to 60.3° in modern cultivars. Lateral root density and length increased from wild barley to cultivars, while average seminal root length (ARL) shortened. GWAS identified 106 QTLs explaining 25% to 61% of the phenotypic variation per trait. Candidate genes at GWAS peaks included ARABIDILLO-related, WD-40-related, exocyst complex component, and serine-protease encoding genes for SRN; UDP-glycosyltransferase and pectate lyase for RGA; and jasmonate receptor and F-box encoding genes for ARL. Our findings provide valuable insights for molecular biologists and breeders to design and implement root architecture ideotypes in new cultivars, enhancing their adaptability to challenging environments.

Dysregulated copper ion homeostasis is a key factor in disrupting the immune microenvironment of diabetic wounds. However, conventional copper delivery systems are limited by unstable release kinetics and transient therapeutic effects. To address these challenges, this study introduces a long-acting copper ion-releasing hydrogel (GelMA@HKUST-1) based on a metal-organic framework (HKUST-1), designed to promote diabetic wound healing by modulating neutrophil function. In vitro analysis demonstrated that copper ions released from the hydrogel significantly suppressed hyperglycemia-induced neutrophil extracellular trap (NETosis) formation, while restoring immune function through the promotion of neutrophil apoptosis. In antibacterial assays, although the hydrogel exhibited limited direct bactericidal activity, it effectively reduced bacterial burden and enhanced host immune defense by inhibiting NETosis and accelerating neutrophil apoptosis. Additionally, in vivo studies revealed that the porous structure of HKUST-1 enabled sustained copper ion release for over one week, significantly accelerating wound healing in diabetic mice without causing systemic toxicity. This study proposes a dual regulatory mechanism for copper-mediated immunomodulation—balancing NETosis inhibition and apoptosis activation to optimize antibacterial efficacy—providing a novel therapeutic strategy with prolonged action and improved safety for diabetic wound management.

Emergency Airway Management in a Patient with Epiglottic Myxolipoma: A Case ReportWei Peng1†, Hong Yuan1†, Yang Xiao2, Xinzhi Zhao1, Ming Zhang2, Chun Chen2*1Department of Anesthesiology, China Three Gorges University Affiliated Yiling Hospital, Yichang, China2Department of Anesthesiology, Yichang Central People’s Hospital Affiliated to China Three Gorges University, Yichang, ChinaORCIDhttps://orcid.org/0009-0006-9761-7876（Wei Peng）https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9204-9869 (Yang Xiao)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8610-3048(Ming Zhang)https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0473-7237 (Chun Chen)AbstractPatients with epiglottic lipomyxoma may be asymptomatic. In such cases, anesthesiologists may overlook epiglottic lesions during preoperative evaluation for non-otolaryngological surgeries, potentially resulting in a critical airway obstruction or ventilation difficulty after anesthesia. This highlights the necessity of a multimodal approach to airway assessment during preoperative evaluation.KeywordsDifficult Ventilation; Positioning; Epiglottic Myxolipoma; Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome1 IntroductionPharyngeal lipomas are most commonly found in individuals around the age of 60, with a male-to-female ratio of 5:1, and an extremely low incidence rate[1-3]. Myxolipoma is a rare variant of lipoma, and myxolipoma of the epiglottis is an exceptionally rare tumor in the pharyngeal region. Only a few cases have been reported in the literature, both domestically and internationally. Most lipomas of the pharyngeal region grow slowly and often present with no specific clinical symptoms. Some cases may manifest solely as sleep-related snoring, leading to delayed or even erroneous diagnoses[4]. As the tumor enlarges, symptoms gradually worsen, predominantly presenting as upper gastrointestinal and/or airway obstruction. In advanced stages, symptoms may include dysphagia, dysphonia, and airway obstruction, potentially impacting cardio-pulmonary and cerebral functions[5; 6]. The preoperative diagnosis of an epiglottic myxolipoma poses significant challenges for anesthesiologists[7]. This article reports a case involving a patient with a giant epiglottic myxolipoma who developed an emergent airway during induction of general anesthesia. Ventilation was improved by adjusting the patient’s position, and successful intubation was achieved under fiberoptic bronchoscope guidance without any severe adverse outcomes. The details of this case are presented below.

The impact of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine on innate immunity is not well understood. However, it has played a pivotal role in reducing COVID-19 severity and mortality. Recent findings have revealed that vaccine efficacy is influenced not only by the effective activation of adaptive immunity, but also by the modulation of innate immunity. This study evaluates the natural killer (NK) cell response and its relationship with type I interferon (IFN-I) gene expression in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients who had previously received the anti-spike vaccine, as well as in unvaccinated patients. Vaccinated individuals showed a higher frequency of NK CD56 dimCD16 - cells and increased IFN-α2 and IFN-ω mRNA expression (p < 0.05). By contrast, unvaccinated patients displayed a predominance of NK CD56 dimCD16 + cells and reduced IFN-I gene expression (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between IFN-I levels and the frequency of NK CD56 dimCD16 - cells and a negative correlation between IFN-I levels and NK CD56 dimCD16 + cells. Furthermore, despite having more comorbidities, vaccinated patients had faster SARS-CoV-2 clearance, which reinforces the immunological advantage conferred by vaccination. Together, these findings suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine can modify the innate immune response by enhancing the NK cell response and increasing the magnitude of IFN-I production during SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Objective: To elucidate the incidence, risk factors, and clinical characteristics of uterine torsion in pregnancies complicated by adenomyosis, which remains unstudied to date. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: University Hospital Tertiary Perinatal Centre Population: Pregnant women with adenomyosis who underwent caesarean section at our institution. Methods: Adenomyosis was diagnosed via magnetic resonance imaging and/or transvaginal ultrasonography before and/or during early pregnancy. Uterine torsion was defined as >45° rotation around the uterine long axis during a caesarean section. We compared the clinical characteristics, adenomyotic features (extent, location, and size), and surgical details of women with and without uterine torsion. Main Outcome Measures: Incidence of uterine torsion, its association with adenomyosis lesion characteristics, and its impact on surgical procedures. Results: Uterine torsion was identified in 6 of 70 women (8.6%) with adenomyosis, all asymptomatic. All torsion cases involved focal-type adenomyosis, representing 13.6% (6/44) of such cases. The torsion group required significantly more supraumbilical skin incisions (50.0% [3/6] vs. 0% [0/64], P<0.001) and atypical uterine incisions (83.3% [5/6] vs. 23.4% [15/64], P=0.0062) compared to the non-torsion group. Conclusions: Asymptomatic uterine torsion has a notably high incidence (8.6%) in pregnant women with adenomyosis undergoing caesarean section, with focal-type adenomyosis emerging as a potential key risk factor. Torsion significantly complicates caesarean delivery, often necessitating non-standard surgical approaches. Consequently, in pregnancies complicated by adenomyosis, preoperative assessments and intraoperative strategies that take uterine torsion into account are crucial.

Objective: To investigate potential risk factors for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) among nulliparous and parous women with a history of gastric bypass. Design: Population-based cohort study. Setting: Nationwide, Sweden. Population: Singleton pregnancies in women with a history of gastric bypass, delivery year: 2014-2021 (n=8155). Methods: Risk factors of interest were surgery-to-conception interval and surgery-to-conception weight change in kg, early-pregnancy BMI, pregnancy weight gain (gestational age-specific z-scores), maternal age, Nordic born, smoking during pregnancy, and education level. Adjusted risk ratios (aRR) of SGA with 95% confidence intervals (CI) by parity were estimated using logistic regression with marginal standardization. Main Outcome Measure: SGA (<10th percentile). Results: The risk of SGA birth was 13% overall, 19.4% in nulliparous, and 9.8% in parous pregnancies. Increased SGA risk was observed in women who entered pregnancy with BMI 18.5-24.9 vs. BMI 25-29.9 (nulliparous: absolute risk 27.3% vs. 19.2%, aRR [95%CI] 1.38 [1.15, 1.66]; parous: 13.6% vs. 9.4%, 1.39 [1.13, 1.71]), had low vs. adequate pregnancy weight gain (nulliparous: 24.1% vs. 18.0%, 1.26 [1.01, 1.57]; parous: 14.1% vs 7.5%, 1.90 [1.52, 2.38]), or smoking vs. non-smoking during pregnancy (nulliparous: 32.6% vs. 17.2%, 1.85 [1.56, 2.21]; parous: 18.9% vs. 8.0%, 2.34 [1.95, 2.80]). No associations were found between surgery-to-conception interval/weight change, being Nordic born, or education level and having an SGA infant. Conclusion: Women who underwent gastric bypass and either entered pregnancy with a BMI 18.5-24.9, had low weight gain, or who smoked during pregnancy are at higher risk of delivering an SGA infant and therefore may require closer monitoring.

In this paper, we will be taking an overview of a set of results from study of P. Oxy. 90, or Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 90, and giving a verdict as to if P. Oxy. 90 truly contains meaningful text or not.

This study benchmarks the GFN family of semi-empirical meth- ods (GFN1- xTB, GFN2- xTB, GFN0- xTB, and GFN-FF) against density functional theory (DFT) for the evaluation of opti- mized molecular geometries and electronic properties of small organic semiconductor molecules. This work offers a sys- tematic assessment of these computationally efficient quan- tum chemical methods and their accuracy-cost profiles when applied to a challenging class of systems, characterized, for instance, by extended π-conjugation, conformational flexi- bility, and sensitivity of properties to subtle structural changes. Two datasets are evaluated: a QM9-derived subset of small organic molecules and the Harvard Clean Energy Project (CEP) database of extended π-systems relevant to organic photo- voltaics. Structural agreement is quantified using heavy-atom RMSD, equilibrium rotational constants, bond lengths, and angles, while electronic property prediction is assessed via HOMO–LUMO energy gaps. Computational efficiency is as- sessed via CPU time and scaling behavior. GFN1- xTBand GFN2- xTBdemonstrate the highest structural fidelity, while GFN-FFoffers an optimal balance between accuracy and speed, particularly for larger systems. The results indicate that GFN- based methods are suitable for high-throughput molecular screening of small organic semiconductors, with the choice of method depending on accuracy-cost trade-offs. The find- ings support the deployment of GFN approaches in compu- tational pipelines for the discovery of organic electronics and materials, providing information on their strengths and limi- tations relative to established DFT methods.

The results show that the different fertilization treatments significantly increase the soil nutrient content compared to CK, with the MF2 treatment having the highest. In contrast to the CK treatment, soil organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium and total nitrogen were significantly increased in the MF2 treatment by 5.84%, 112.16%, 52.13% and 16.88%, respectively. Compared to CK, F, MF1, MF2 and SF treatments decreased soil bacterial diversity and richness, while MF1 and MF2 treatments increased soil fungal diversity and richness. The BG and ALP activities in the MF2 treatment increased by 95.32% and 22.38%, respectively, compared to the F treatment, while the NAG and CBH activities in the SF treatment increased by 44.10% and 17.18%, respectively, compared to the F treatment.For the microbial community, the MF2 treatment increased the relative abundance of the soil bacteria Chloroflexi and Acidobacteria, and the soil fungi Mortierellomycota and Basidiomycota. The results of the structural equation model (SEM) indicated that in soils amended with mature cow manure, the quantity of water-stable aggregates with a diameter greater than 0.25 mm (R0.25), soil organic matter (SOM), β-Glucosidase (BG) activity, and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity were the primary factors influencing the soil bacterial Chao1 index and Shannon index, while R 0.25 and ALP activity were the main factors affecting the fungal Observed species index. Overall, 50%chemical fertilizer combined with decomposed cow manure (MF2) exhibited highest soil fertilization and microbial diversity, it could be a proposing approach to sustainable development of local dryland farming system.

The Internet of Things (IoT) introduces numerous security challenges that require effective solutions. IoT security patterns offer a practical approach to addressing recurring security issues; however, their impact on edge gateway metrics, such as energy consumption, CPU usage, and load, remains largely unexplored. This study empirically evaluates six IoT security patterns-Personal Zone Hub, Trusted Communication Partner, Outbound-Only Connection, Blacklist, Whitelist, and Secure Sensor Node-in three IoT-edge applications: smart home, smart city, and healthcare. We evaluated the patterns individually and in combination, subjecting them to cyber threats. Subsequently, we analyzed their impact on energy consumption, CPU usage, and load. To address observed resource trade-offs, we also propose a Deep Reinforcement Learning-based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) that dynamically selects security patterns based on real-time conditions. Tested against various threats, including DoS Hulk, Slowloris, DDoS, and GoldenEye, this adaptive approach optimizes security and resource efficiency by selecting the most suitable patterns for each scenario. The findings demonstrate that pattern selection has a significant impact on resource metrics, and the DRL-based system maintains robust security while minimizing energy and CPU overhead. Based on these findings, we provide guidelines for developers to improve IoT-edge security by optimizing resource consumption.

Background: Individuals diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encounter a myriad of limitations and challenges throughout their lives, exerting a detrimental effect on their quality of life. A significant number of these challenges can be mitigated through the utilization of a self-care application, which empowers patients to effectively manage their symptoms. The adoption of health applications is increasing. The objective of this study is to identify the data elements and functional requirements of a self-care application for IBD. Material and methods: This applied study was conducted using a descriptive approach. The research tool employed was a researcher-designed questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The study population included general practitioners, internists, and gastroenterology specialists at Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. A total of sixteen individuals were selected for this study. The analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and the SPSS software. Results: Among the 101 functional requirements that were listed in the questionnaire, 91 items were approved by the physicians, 9 items required further review, and 1 item was eliminated. The items requiring further review primarily encompassed personal, medical, and health information, including the father’s name, marital status, place of residence, hazardous job categories, job type, and mobile phone number, with a score between 50 and 75%. The email field, which had a score below 50%, was removed. In the laboratory section, urinalysis scored between 50-75%, requiring further review. In the medication section, cefixime and fenugreek supplements also required further review. The remaining items were approved. Following a thorough reevaluation, it was determined that the items requiring further review had been identified. Conclusion: The functional requirements were confirmed in the form of personal information, medical and health groups, education on general disease information, nutrition, medications and strategies for reducing anxiety, medication reminders, visits and tests and colonoscopy; recording medical documents, observing normal test ranges, discussion panel, and calculating BMI. This emphasis on patient participation in their health and the use of the application indicates the need to determine the functional requirements for such patients. The determination of these requirements will increase awareness and better management of the disease.

We introduce a novel theoretical framework that reconceptualizes spacetime as a dynamic medium with variable properties rather than a curved manifold. This approach explicitly incorporates observer dependence into the fundamental structure of spacetime, offering a potential bridge between quantum mechanics and general relativity. By developing a formalism based on a relational metric tensor and displacement field equations, we derive several testable predictions that distinguish this model from existing theories. These include modified gravitational lensing effects, asymmetric gravitational time dilation, quantum decoherence-gravity correlations, and observer-dependent quantum interference patterns. We analyze the theoretical consistency of the framework and discuss its philosophical implications for our understanding of physical reality.

This research was conducted as part of the ExploraVision 2024 Challenge with results unknown at the time of publication. As a scientific proof of concept towards the advancement of academia rather than a business proposal of the same topic which was worked on in a group setting, there are no conflicts of interest to declare as I am the sole contributor in this regard of literature.

A document by Arsh Jha. Click on the document to view its contents.

This research was conducted as part of the Technology Student Association (TSA) Biotechnology Challenge 2024 following the annual theme: Microplastics. We, Arsh and Ridhima, were the primary authors and contributors to this work. This solution was awarded 2nd place at the North Carolina TSA State Competition. With this in mind, the style and structure of the following paper slightly deviate from standard formal conference research papers. This presents a proof of concept and a potential design rather than a scientific process towards a proposed solution. There are no conflicts of interest to declare.

A document by Arsh Jha. Click on the document to view its contents.