A document by Takayuki Morimoto. Click on the document to view its contents.

We investigate the incompressible inhomogeneous magnetohydrodynamic equations in R 3 , under the assumptions that the initial density ρ 0 is only bounded, and the initial velocity u 0 and magnetic field B 0 exhibit critical regularities. In particular, the density is allowed to be piecewise constant with jumps. First, we establish the global-in-time well-posedness and large-time behavior of solutions to the Cauchy problem in the case that ρ 0 has small variations, and u 0 and B 0 are sufficiently small in the critical Besov space B _ p , 1 3 /p − 1 with 1 3. Moreover, the small variation assumption on ρ 0 is no longer required in the case p=2. Then, we construct a unique global Fujita-Kato solution under the weaker condition that u 0 and B 0 are small in B _ 2 , ∞ 1 / 2 but may be large in H _ 1 / 2 . Additionally, we show a general uniqueness result with only bounded and nonnegative density, without assuming the L 1 ( 0 , T ; L ∞ ) regularity of the velocity.

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A document by Marco Marcasciano. Click on the document to view its contents.

Introduction:Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare autoimmune disease causing multifocal central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. It primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord, resulting in visual loss and paralysis.1,2Aquaporin-4 is a water channel protein densely expressed in the end-feet of astrocytes in the CNS. It has facilitated the distinction of NMOSD from other demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis1.Area postrema syndrome (APS) is a clinical presentation of NMOSD which is characterized by gastrointestinal manifestations like nausea and vomiting, even in the absence of neurological manifestations2.This results in a diagnostic dilemma and misdiagnosis, which can delay care. Added to this, some patients develop respiratory failure which can prove fatal3.

The Bivalent Evaluation Fear Hypothesis posits that fear of positive evaluation (FPE) and fear of negative evaluation (FNE) are two independent core characteristics of social anxiety. However, whether they rely on dissociable and/or shared neural mechanisms in the processing of social motivation remains unclear. By employing the Social Incentive Delay Task combined with EEG, we found that during the anticipation phase, individuals with high FPE exhibited ”generalized over-engagement toward evaluative situations”—enhanced conflict monitoring (N2) and motivational preparation (CNV) in response to both reward and punishment cues. In contrast, individuals with high FNE displayed ”specific threat vigilance with generalized motivational withdrawal”—demonstrating enhanced N2 specifically to punishment cues, along with reduced CNV to both reward and punishment cues, consistent with a profile of defensive motivational inhibition. During the feedback phase, both groups displayed a common deficit: reduced delta and theta oscillations in response to socially accepting feedback, indicating a shared impairment in deep reward integration. These findings demonstrate that FPE and FNE are associated with fundamentally distinct neuro-affective preparatory patterns during anticipation: one characterized by a generalized, vigilant over-mobilization, and the other by specific threat vigilance coupled with generalized reduction in motivational engagement. At the same time, the shared delta and theta deficits during the feedback phase constitute a core neural marker, which may underlie the common difficulty of both groups in translating positive social outcomes into adaptive motivational behaviors. This study deepens our understanding of evaluation fears and provides critical neural evidence in support of the Bivalent Evaluation Fear Hypothesis.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the most common chronic condition from childhood to adulthood and remains a major, often underestimated, contributor to impaired quality of life, school performance, and healthcare use. Although symptoms frequently begin early in life, pediatric AR is still underdiagnosed and inadequately treated, with important consequences for physical, emotional, and cognitive development. In this narrative review, we summarise recent evidence on the treatment of AR in children, highlighting age-specific challenges and evolving treatment concepts. International recommendations, particularly those from ARIA, support a stepwise, patient-centred approach focused on symptom control, safety, and long-term outcomes. Intranasal corticosteroids remain the cornerstone of therapy for moderate-to-severe disease, while second-generation antihistamines and intranasal antihistamines provide effective options for milder or intermittent symptoms. Fixed-dose intranasal steroid-antihistamine combinations are highly effective, providing options for children with more severe or uncontrolled AR. Allergen immunotherapy is the only disease-modifying intervention. Emerging strategies, including biologics and novel immunotherapy approaches, are promising but currently limited to specific contexts. Alongside pharmacological treatment, education, adherence support, and pragmatic environmental measures are essential to achieve sustained disease control. Ongoing gaps in the pediatric evidence-base highlight the need for age-adapted algorithms and long-term studies focusing on early intervention and disease modification.

Title Page Surgeon-Performed Ultrasound Maps the Spinal Accessory Nerve in Posterior Neck Lipoma SurgeryAuthors Anders Hammarström1, 2Helen Larsson1, 2Mathias von Beckerath³¹ Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, NU Hospital Group, Trollhättan, Västra Götalandsregionen, Sweden ² Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ³ Division of Ear Nose and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medical Unit Head, Neck, Lung, and Skin Cancer, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SwedenCorresponding author Anders Hammarström Lärketorpsvägen 20, 461 73 Trollhättan, Sweden Phone: +46 70 932 46 86 Email: anders.hammarstrom@gu.seKeywords Ultrasound-guided surgery; Spinal accessory nerve mapping; Head and neck tumor excision; Nerve preservation techniques; Posterior cervical triangle surgeryKey Clinical MessageSurgeon-performed ultrasound enables reliable preoperative mapping of the spinal accessory nerve in the posterior cervical triangle, even in patients with large lipomas, and may reduce the risk of iatrogenic nerve injury during tumor excision.

Interactional context is increasingly recognized as a key modulator of neural activity, yet its influence on sensorimotor dynamics is often examined using static or categorical contrasts. Here, we investigated whether and how interactional context systematically shapes the temporal organization of sensorimotor neural activity when the overt motor act is held constant. Using a scalable experimental design based on a rock–paper–scissors task, we examined mu (8–13 Hz), beta (13–30 Hz), and a composite mu+beta (8–30 Hz) event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) signals across four interactional contexts, ranging from no interaction to real-time hyperscanning. Time-resolved generalized additive models (GAMs) were applied at the single-trial level to characterize non-linear, non-stationary context effects aligned to a shared motor event (button press).Across all frequency bands, sensorimotor ERD/ERS trajectories diverged across contexts in structured and temporally specific ways. Context-related modulation was most robust in the post-action interval, unfolding across early, mid, and late phases of the response rather than as static amplitude differences. Mu- and beta-band dynamics exhibited complementary temporal sensitivities, while the composite signal emphasized post-action patterns shared across rhythms and preserved a graded ordering of contexts. Importantly, contrasts involving hyperscanning did not reveal qualitatively distinct dynamics, but rather amplified and extended patterns already present in simpler interactional contexts.Together, these findings support a continuity-based view in which hyperscanning constitutes the upper bound of a scalable interactional continuum rather than a methodological exception. Methodologically, the results highlight the value of time-resolved modeling approaches for bridging traditional single-brain paradigms and real-world social interaction, and theoretically, they reinforce accounts of sensorimotor cognition as dynamically organized by interactional context over time.

Anhedonia is a debilitating facet of major depressive disorder (MDD) linked to worse treatment outcomes. To investigate anhedonia-related alteration, an adaptation of the widely used gPPI toolbox was developed, which allows modelling of whole-brain functional connectivity between an unlimited number of regions. Using this network-gppi toolbox, connectivities between all 246 regions of the Brainnetome atlas were estimated for the fMRI data of 99 patients with MDD and 28 healthy controls acquired during a monetary incentive delay task. Resulting components, i.e., interlinked structures of thresholded connections ( p < .001), were statistically evaluated using network-based statistic (NBS). For reward consumption, both groups did not differ significantly ( pNBS = .082). However, the comparison with a subset of 54 anhedonic patients was significant ( pNBS = .017). Interestingly, anhedonic patients were found to have increased connectivities between the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex and multiple regions of the dorsal striatum, potentially indicating a more negative evaluation of the gained rewards. A trend was observed for the correlation between reward consumption connectivities and an anhedonic subscale of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (p NBS = .068). Most noteworthy, symptoms correlated positively with stronger connectivities between the caudate and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Given the role of the latter in rumination, this could possibly reflect an increased impact of negative self-related cognitions. Similar analyses for reward anticipation connectivities were not significant. Overall, the results could indicate that anhedonic patients might devaluate winning trials, so they are not too incongruent with existing negative self-related beliefs.

SUPERFICIAL CD 34 - POSITIVE FIBROBLASTIC TUMOUR OF AXILLA MIMICKING LYMPHOMADivya Adhikari 1, Aadhar Bagale 2, Aastha Chauhan 1, Himani Tiwari 1, Pratima Sigdel 1, Asmita Rayamajhi1, Narendra Pandit 31 Department of clinical oncology, Birat medical college teaching hospital, Morang, Nepal2 Nobel Medical college teaching hospital, Morang, Nepal3 Department of GI surgery, Birat medical college teaching hospital, Morang, NepalCorrespondence : Divya Adhikari, Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital, Morang, Nepal, 56613, Nepal. Email: adhidiv88@gmail.com

Prenatal diagnosis of fetal anencephaly during a mobile medical campaign in rural Morocco: A case reportHicham CharifGeneral Practitioner, Consultant PhysicianMobile Medical Unit, Azilal, MoroccoCorresponding author:Hicham CharifEmail: drhichamch@gmail.com

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In this study, we develop a model for dengue that incorporates spatial diffusion and Brownian motion to explore the stationary distribution and optimal control strategies for a stochastic dengue model. We begin by demonstrating the existence of a globally positive solution by constructing a Lyapunov function. We then determine sufficient conditions under which a stationary distribution exists and is unique for this positive solution. Following this, we implement control strategies to reduce the number of infected individuals and apply mosquito insecticides. By utilizing Pontryagin's maximum principle and the Euler-Maruyama method, we implement control strategies to reduce the number of infected individuals and apply mosquito insecticides. Finally, we conduct numerical simulations to validate our analytical findings. The simulations confirm the presence of a stationary distribution and reveal variations in the stationary distribution solutions across different spatial domains. Additionally, we examine the impact of varying noise intensities on the stationary distribution and assess the effectiveness of various control strategies for managing stochastic dengue fever.

A document by Abhyuday Kumar Yadav. Click on the document to view its contents.

Mast cell disorders (MCD), including mastocytosis and mast cell (MC) activation syndrome (MCAS), encompass a heterogeneous spectrum of diseases often presenting with debilitating manifestations. Variable clinical manifestations, ranging from otherwise asymptomatic cutaneous forms to recurrent anaphylaxis, pose significant challenges for timely diagnosis and effective management. Despite increasing recognition of MCD in Europe, diagnosis is frequently delayed, and therapeutic approaches remain inconsistent, potentially due to gaps and disparities in training. An European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) Task Force (TF) was created to address this need. Through iterative consensus, the TF members formulated ten expert-based recommendations outlining the minimum competencies that allergology and clinical immunology trainees should acquire regarding MCD. These include fundamental knowledge of MC biology, pathogenesis of clonality, recognition of systemic manifestations, diagnostic methodologies, pharmacological and preventive strategies, management of comorbid Hymenoptera venom allergy, pediatric aspects, communication skills, and how to acquire and consolidate expertise. This position paper underscores the need for harmonized competency-based training standards on MCD for Allergists and Clinical Immunologists across Europe. We advocate for the incorporation of these recommendations into national postgraduate curricula, aiming to foster earlier recognition, improve management, and ultimately enhance long-term outcomes for MCD patients.

The carbohydrate status of plants encompasses both energy resources (sugars and starch) and structural components of the cell wall, shaped by photosynthesis, environmental stress, and growth demands. Carbohydrates are spatially and temporally regulated through subcellular compartmentation, source–sink transitions, and shifts in sugar composition, all of which critically influence plant health and performance.Beyond their metabolic functions, soluble sugars such as sucrose, glucose, and fructose act as key signaling molecules and that integrate carbohydrate metabolism, transport, and energy status with plant defense responses. Dynamic regulation of sugar transporters and sucrose-cleaving enzymes enables rapid adjustment of carbohydrate allocation, providing both energetic resources and regulatory signals during biotic stress. In addition, the plant cell wall contributes to immunity not only as a physical barrier but also as a dynamic source of immune-eliciting oligosaccharides, thereby linking carbohydrate status to pattern-triggered immunity.This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding how carbohydrates coordinate metabolic, signaling, and structural defenses during plant interactions with pathogens and herbivores. Particular emphasis is placed on sugar-mediated priming of immune responses and the emerging potential of sugars and oligosaccharides as sustainable tools for crop protection and enhanced plant resilience.

Environmental variability is ubiquitous, yet how its magnitude, temporal autocorrelation, and synchrony across species shape the stability and trajectories of eco-evolutionary dynamics in adaptive ecological networks remain poorly understood. Here, we develop an adaptive mutualistic network model to examine how different features of environmental variability, together with ecologically mediated indirect effects, jointly shape network resilience and patterns of trait matching. Environmental variability generally reduces network resilience while increasing both trait mismatching and trait heterogeneity. Indirect effects enhance resilience and promote tighter trait matching both among interacting species and between species and their environment by stabilising abundance dynamics and indirectly constraining selection pressures. These effects depend on network position: peripheral species experience stronger indirect effects, leading to tighter between-species trait matching but weaker alignment with environmental optima, whereas core species experience weaker indirect effects, reduced interspecific trait matching, but stronger alignment between species traits and environmental optima. Increasing temporal autocorrelation and greater variability amplitude further erode resilience and trait matching by amplifying persistent environmental mismatches and suppressing indirect stabilising pathways, whereas higher cross-species synchrony buffers mutualistic networks by maintaining indirect effects. Together, our results demonstrate that environmental variability reshapes eco-evolutionary dynamics not only through direct environmental forcing, but also by modulating indirect interaction pathways embedded in network structure, highlighting the joint roles of indirect effects, topology, and trait matching in determining adaptive mutualistic network stability.