Selecting where to look is one of the primary tools for active learning about the world during infancy. Despite this, the determinants of infant visual attention and perceptual preferences remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of active experience in infant perception. We induced the stepping reflex in five-month-old infants (N=57, n=51). In a follow-up task, we measured their visual preference towards a coherent point-light walker when contrasted with a scrambled control. We found a positive correlation between the number of steps produced and the proportion of looking at the coherent point-light walker. This correlation was only significant in our female sample of infants, who have less leg mass (on average) than male infants. Our results highlight the importance of the frequency but also of quality of stepping when exploring relationships between visual experience and action experience during infancy. This work provides further evidence that the experience of the stepping reflex might contribute to the perception of biological of motion and to infant’s social-cognitive development.

Key Clinical MessageEarly recognition of Plummer-Vinson syndrome in patients presenting with dysphagia and iron-deficiency anemia is essential for preventing severe complications. A multidisciplinary approach is vital, particularly when PVS coexists with conditions such as thyro-cardiac disease and acute heart failure.

Asthma is a common chronic illness in children, contributing significantly to healthcare costs and morbidity. Despite the use of systemic corticosteroids (SC) as the standard treatment for acute asthma, their delayed onset and incomplete efficacy in reducing hospitalization have led to interest in inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) as adjunctive therapy. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combining budesonide (an ICS) with SC in children with acute asthma. A systematic search of databases identified 10 studies involving 1,588 children, of whom 794 received budesonide in addition to SC, while the remaining 794 received SC alone. The addition of budesonide was associated with a non-significant reduction in hospital admission rates (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.25–0.91, p=0.02) and length of stay. Studies with higher doses of budesonide (≥2mg) showed a greater but still non-significant improvement in asthma severity scores. While combining ICS and SC resulted in a potential cost-effective benefit, further trials with higher doses of budesonide are needed. Major limitations include the absence of studies involving MDI-based ICS delivery, limited data on lung function, and the lack of recent trials after 2020.

Vitamin C is a vital nutrient that functions as an antioxidant and is important as a co-factor and regulator of several immune system pathways. The role of vitamin C in the treatment of COVID-19 is largely debatable. We conducted this meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vitamin C in the treatment of COVID-19. We searched several electronic databases from inception to March 2023 to retrieve randomized controlled trials on the use of Vitamin C for COVID-19. RevMan 5.4 was used to calculate risk ratios (RRs) and Mean Differences (MDs) along with confidence intervals (95% CI) using a random-effects model. We included 9 randomized controlled trials in our meta-analysis. Vitamin C did not reduce the all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19 compared to the standard treatment [RR 0.86, 95% CI: 0.65-1.14; I 2=66%]. Vitamin C was found to be associated with an increased incidence of ventilation in COVID-19 patients when compared to standard treatment [RR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.18-1.59; I 2=58%]. There were no significant differences between both groups regarding the incidence of hospitalization [RR 1.00, 95% CI: 0.98-1.02; I 2=0%], incidence of recovery [RR 1.57, 95% CI: 0.45-5.50; I 2=52%], hospital mortality [RR 0.68, 95% CI: 0.44-1.06; I 2=0%] and length of hospital stay [MD -0.63, 95% CI: -3.04 to 1.78; I 2=81%]. Vitamin C administration did not reduce all-cause mortality in COVID-19 patients. Additional studies are required to evaluate the role of Vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 especially in ICU patients.

Because the existing research data cannot fully prove the advantages of single-site Da Vinci robotic surgery (RSS) compared with single-site laparoscopic surgery (LESS) in the treatment of gynecological diseases.We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and cost of RSS and LESS in the treatment of gynecological diseases.To provide theoretical basis for whether RSS can replace LESS in the treatment of gynecological diseases.A systematic search of three electronic databases for articles published up to December 31st,2023 was performed by computer.After literature screening,data extraction and quality evaluation according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.1 software.A total of 16 articles were included, including 14 articles on effectiveness, and 2 articles on cost.Among them,5 studies scored 9 points for quality evaluation,3 studies scored 8 points, and 8 studies scored 7 points.Compared with LESS, RSS was associated with a shorter total operative time for malignant tumor surgery[107 patients MD-24.01 min, 95% CI-32.40 to -15.62,p <0.00001],a less estimated blood loss[107 patients MD-53.60 ml, 95% CI-105.50 to -1.69,p =0.04],and there was no significant differences in postoperative hospital days and postoperative complications between the two groups. However,Subgroup analysis of TOT separately was carried out according to the time of study publication and different single point port and robotic surgical system. After 2020 and for using commercial single point ports other than the Da Vinci dedicated single point port, or using the fourth-generation Da Vinci SP surgical system, while neither total operative time was no significant difference between the two groups[1259 patients MD 16.91 min, 95% CI -9.38 to 43.19,p = 0.21][354 patients MD 34.13 min, 95% CI -16.75 to 85.01,p = 0.19 and 645 patients MD 13.79 min, 95% CI -26.85 to 54.43,p = 0.51,respectively].Therefore,the present meta-analysis supports that comparing with LESS,in gynecological malignant tumor surgery,RSS takes shorter total operation time,less estimated blood loss,and similar efficacy in postoperative hospital days and postoperative complications. Therefore,if the cost of RSS can be reduced,RSS is a feasible surgical method for patients undergoing gynecological malignant tumor surgery.With the fourth generation Da Vinci SP surgical system,the era of single-site robotic surgery may be ushered in after 2020.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation and systemic complications, which has a serious impact on patients’ quality of life and joint function. Early diagnosis, accurate monitoring of disease activity and prognostic assessment are essential for optimizing therapeutic strategies and improving patient prognosis. This article reviews recent advances in RA biomarkers covering the entire course of the disease, including predictive markers, diagnostic biomarkers, as well as disease activity and prognostic biomarkers. We also listed the multifunctional biomarkers and outline future directions for biomarker research in RA.

The black piranha (Serrasalmus rhombeus), a widely spread species in the rivers of the Amazon basin, plays a vital role as both key predator and important prey. Despite its essential contribution to ecosystem stability, there is a lack of information regarding its genetic diversity and population dynamics in the central Amazon region. As the Amazon continues to undergo environmental changes in the context of growing anthropogenic threats, such knowledge is fundamental for assist in the conservation of this species. This study is the first to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of S. rhombeus in the central Amazon region using high-resolution genomic data. We employed a Genotyping-by-Sequencing approach with 248 samples across 14 study sites from various tributaries, encompassing diverse water types (black, white and clear water) and characterized by 34 physiochemical parameters. The data reveals low diversity accompanied by pronounced signs of inbreeding in half of the sites and robust genetic differentiation and variation among sites and within-sites. Surprisingly, we also found evidence of higher dispersal capacity than previously recognized. Our analysis exposed a complex and high population structure with genetic groups exclusive to some sites. Gene flow was low and some groups presented ambiguous genealogical divergence index (gdi) signals, suggesting the occurrence of potential cryptic species. Moreover, our results suggest that the the population structure of black piranha appears more influenced by historical events than contemporary factors. These results underscore the need to give greater attention to this keystone species, for which no regulatory framework or conservation strategies is presently in effect.

Counting the number of people in a room is crucial for efficiently running smart buildings. It helps optimize space use, save energy, enhance security, and ensure occupant comfort. By knowing occupancy levels, businesses can better manage resources and reduce costs and environmental impact. Radar-based occupancy estimation is gaining attention in the scientific community due to its unobtrusive form of measurement which also avoids the privacy concerns associated with video imaging-based sensors. Prior research mostly focused on testing the feasibility of finding the correlation between the time-frequency mapped radar-reflected echoes with the number of people in a room. This paper proposes the utilization of a 24-GHz CW radar, leveraged with time-frequency mapping techniques using Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and power spectrum, to estimate human occupants. We utilized the time-frequency mapped scalogram images to train deep-learning models named DarkNet19, MobileNetV2, and ResNet18. Repeated measurements were carried out for about 4 hours and 40 minutes on different days, capturing data from varying numbers of occupant groups with sedentary positions (ranging from 1 to 7 occupants). The collected data was segmented using a 10-second window, resulting in a total of 1680 images of radar-reflected echoes of different occupants. Experimental results demonstrated that ‘DarkNet19’ superseded the other networks, achieving an accuracy of 92.7% on the CWT dataset and 92.3% on the power spectrum dataset. These findings suggest that Doppler radar time-frequency mapped images of reflected echoes with deep learning integration can be considered an effective solution for occupant counting in smart building applications.

Incorporating the magnetic core material in a lumped-element transformer model generally results in a nonlinear network with hysteresis. This network can be solved subsequently in time domain, yielding the transient response of the transformer. To directly obtain the steady-state solution, the method of harmonic balance is superior to such a transient analysis since it is a frequency domain approach capable of handling nonlinearities. For this reason, harmonic balance is derived theoretically and further applied to a dedicated single-phase transformer network based on a mutual and leakage flux approach. The nonlinear network element is represented by an energy-based dry-friction-like hysteresis model depicting the core material of the transformer. Finally, the results of harmonic balance are compared to measurements and the algorithm's efficiency is discussed.

Understanding how different ecological types within a species are formed and sustained is a key question in evolutionary biology. We examine this question through comprehensive resequencing of the genomes in a species of toad-headed agama (Phrynocephalus putjatai) endemic to the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, which exhibits considerable adaptive variation across three distinct habitats: desert, semi-desert, and meadow. We revealed the differentiation of these ecotypes started ~10,000 years ago and identified varying degrees of gene flow among them. The desert and meadow ecotypes originated from the semi-desert ecotype, and subsequently underwent directional selection in two contrasting habitats of desert and meadow. By analyzing the genomic basis of ecotype differentiation, we identified a single ~170-kb locus encompassing two tightly linked MYH genes, which may play a major role in facilitating the rapid adaptation to desert and meadow habitat in P. putjatai. This locus is likely to have experienced recent strong positive selection in both desert and meadow ecotypes and originated prior to their divergence. Our findings provide compelling evidence that the P. putjatai ecotypes recently diverged from a common source, and local adaptation to different habitats involves the sorting of ancestral genetic variation. This study underscores how selection acting on ancestral standing genetic variation can drive rapid local adaptation and diversification despite gene flow.

Capecitabine is a relatively new and first-line chemotherapeutic agent used for treating colorectal carcinomas. Despite its widespread use, there have been very few cases reporting its neuropsychiatric implications. Here we present a case of mania induced by capecitabine and oxaliplatin therapy in a middle-aged man without any prior psychiatric history.

In freshwater communities, organisms interact in a variety of ways, including predation, competition and parasitism. Parasites are ubiquitous, playing an important role in shaping freshwater communities. Endoparasites live within internal organs of their host, while ectoparasites, also known as epibionts, are confined to the external part of the host’s body. We conducted a series of experiments to examine the relationship between endoparasites and epibionts using the crustacean Daphnia magna as host, the rotifer Brachionus rubens as epibiont and three species of endoparasites. First, we tested host preference of the epibiont between Daphnia infected by endoparasites and uninfected Daphnia. Epibiont were found to attach more to uninfected Daphnia than to Daphnia infected by the yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata. On the other hand, epibionts attached more to Daphnia infected by the microsporidium Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis than to uninfected Daphnia. Second, we examined the effect of epibionts on the infection of Daphnia by endoparasites. Infection prevalence tended to be higher, though not significantly, in the presence of epibionts. For two of the endoparasites, M. bicuspidata and H. tvaerminnensis, infection intensity (i.e., parasite spore production) was higher in the presence of epibionts. The infection intensity of M. bicuspidata and the bacterium Pasteuria ramosa was affected by the time of death of the Daphnia (i.e., virulence). Finally, we examined the effects of endoparasites and epibionts on the survival and offspring production of the Daphnia. Both host survival and offspring production were negatively affected by the endoparasites, while epibionts did not seem to affect the fitness of their host.

Clinical Relapse versus Treatment failureThe case for surveillance for reappearance of minimal measurable disease in pediatric patients with higher risk B-ALL.Paul S. Gaynon1 and Linwei Li21. University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles CA 900892. University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Edinburg, TX 78541Despite impressive progress in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, an urgent clinical need remains. Patients still relapse and outcomes after relapse have changed little between 1996- 2006 and 2004 – 2014.1 Despite progress with late marrow relapse (1st remission (CR1) > 36 months), treatment of early relapse (CR1 < 36 months) remains unsatisfactory,2 especially in patients deemed higher risk at diagnosis, such as adolescents and young adults (AYA’s).3Progress to date derives from improved primary therapy. Further improvements in primary therapy have an ever-increasing price. Going from 50% to 70%, a 40% reduction in relapses, 5 patients need to be treated to prevent one relapse. Similarly, going from 75% to 85%, again a 40% reduction relapses, 10 patients need to be treated to prevent one relapse. With improving outcomes with primary therapy, we are facing an increasing number needed to treat for further improvement.4 All patients need to bear the burden of a novel intervention to benefit an ever smaller percentage. Not all interventions are successful.Recent experience suggests that we are reaching the limits of “intensification” of therapy, despite improvements in supportive care.5 For some patients such AYA’s, we may have surpassed tolerable limits. Querying the Pediatric Health Information system database, Gupta et al found a higher incidence of intensive care unit stays and increased toxicities in almost every organ system for AYA’s.6 Serious complications may prevent delivery of best care, resulting in relapse.Personalized molecularly targeted medicine is complicated by the vast interpatient diversity of ALL7 and intra-patient oligoclonality.8 Inhibition of a single driver pathway is unlikely sufficient for cure.9We have, however, newer modalities, such as inotuzumab,10,11 blinatumomab,12,13and chimeric antigen re-arranged (CAR) T-cells14,15that target large subsets of B-ALL. Blinatumomab has demonstrated value in relapsed B-ALL.12,13 Emerging experience has shown that blinatumomab and CAR T-cells work better at lower disease burdens.14-17 In 2017, blinatumomab was licensed for children and adults with B-ALL in 1st or second remission with measurable residual disease > 0.1%.18The presence of 25% marrow lymphoblasts blasts has long been the threshold for clinical marrow relapse. 19 Earlier reports showed that early detection of overt clinical relapse provides no clinical benefit.20,21 However, treatment fails, i.e., blast proliferation exceeds blast kill, prior to clinical relapse. We now have reliable technologies to identify low levels of re-appearing leukemia.22 Serial assessment of MRD and prompt intervention has yet to be tested systematically.In B-ALL, flow cytometry has largely overcome our inability to distinguish lymphoblasts from hematogones and recovery myeloblasts. Current flow cytometric or polymerase chain reaction technologies allows reliable detection of re-appearing lymphoblasts at levels 2 log10 below 1%.22 Next generation sequencing (NGS) allows detection 4 log10 below 1% and restaging of some patients called mistakenly classified MRD positive because of low numbers of low specificity targets.23 A new international consensus proposes that the confirmed presence of 1% lymphoblasts after the third month of therapy constitutes relapse or induction failure, if not preceded by a remission.24Flow cytometry, PCR, NGS, FISH, cytogenetics, and /or RT-PCR when relevant may be employed.Reappearance of MRD greater than some number predicts relapse in adult25 and pediatric trials.26Cheng et al report that reappearance of MRD reliably predicted relapse in their 30 patient cohort.27Early intervention may have clinical value. Wang et al reported on 1030 children who achieved MRD negative remission. One hundred fifty had MRD reappearance at a median time of 11 months. At 5 years, the EFS was 88.5% for continuously negative MRD and 38.4% for reemergent MRD. Eighty-five MRD reemergent patients subsequently relapsed at a median of 4.1 months. Reappearance of MRD was the most powerful adverse prognostic factor in multivariate analyses. An MRD cutoff of 0.15% gave the best discrimination. After reemergent MRD, 113 continued chemotherapy at their families’ choice and 37 underwent HSCT in CR1. The 2-year overall survival was 89% for HSCT and 46% for continued chemotherapy (p< 0.001); the cumulative incidence of relapse was 23% and 64% (p< 0.001).28MRD surveillance is not yet standard in pediatric ALL. However, MRD surveillance is already included in adult ALL guidelines.29,30 “Bone marrow aspirate can be considered as clinically indicated at a frequency of up to 3 to 6 months for at least 5 years.” 30In the past marrow sampling has been required as marrow and peripheral blood are unpredictably discordant in B-ALL. 31 Marrow aspiration is painful, and children often receive anesthesia. Marrow aspirates include a variable proportion of peripheral blood affecting the precision of MRD estimates. NGS may allow peripheral blood sampling.NGS has further lowered the limits of quantification to 10-6 and raised the possibility of peripheral blood monitoring in B-ALL.31 Rau et al found that end induction peripheral blood (PB) NGS was positive in nearly all cases marrow MRD by flow was positive at 0.01%. Muffly et al found that clinical relapse followed reappearance of peripheral blood NGS with a median of 90 days after HSCT and 60 days following CAR T therapy. Peripheral blood NGS surveillance of higher risk B-ALL patients seems worthy of investigation.Clinical features, molecular features, and response to therapy allow us to identify patients at greater or lesser risk of relapse.32 The adolescent and young adult population seems apt for a trial of such a strategy. Favorable cytogenetics are uncommon, and the marrow relapse rate is substantial.33 The burden of current therapy is already extreme and the efficacy of conventional salvage therapy poor.12Estimating a 20% relapse rate between 10 months and 36 months and q3month sampling, 8/10 patients would have 72 negative assays, and two relapsing patients might have 9 assays, for a total of 81 assays with about 1/40 being positive.Serial PB sampling adds little to the burden of treatment. Detection of confirmed treatment failure at an MRD level, allows immediate use of blinatumomab or CAR T-cells with a high probability to proceed to transplant MRD negative. Another round of toxic cytotoxic chemotherapy, much like the therapy that already failed, might be avoided. “If not now, when.”References1. Rheingold SR, Bhojwani D, Ji L, et al. Determinants of survival after first relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children’s Oncology Group study. Leukemia. 2024.2. Rheingold SR, Ji L, Xu X, et al. Prognostic factors for survival after relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): A Children’s Oncology Group (COG) study. In: American Society of Clinical Oncology; 2019.3. Freyer DR, Devidas M, La M, et al. Postrelapse survival in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is independent of initial treatment intensity: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Blood. 2011;117(11):3010-3015.4. Hasan H, Goddard K, Howard AF. Utility of the number needed to treat in paediatric haematological cancer randomised controlled treatment trials: a systematic review. BMJ open. 2019;9(2):e022839.5. van Binsbergen AL, de Haas V, van der Velden VHJ, de Groot-Kruseman HA, Fiocco MF, Pieters R. Efficacy and toxicity of high-risk therapy of the Dutch Childhood Oncology Group in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatric blood & cancer. 2022;69(2):e29387.6. Gupta A, Damania RC, Talati R, O’Riordan MA, Matloub YH, Ahuja SP. Increased Toxicity Among Adolescents and Young Adults Compared with Children Hospitalized with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia at Children’s Hospitals in the United States. Journal of adolescent and young adult oncology. 2021;10(6):645-653.7. Chang TC, Chen W, Qu C, et al. Genomic Determinants of Outcome in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2024:Jco2302238.8. Pieters R, Mullighan CG, Hunger SP. Advancing Diagnostics and Therapy to Reach Universal Cure in Childhood ALL. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2023;41(36):5579-5591.9. Kleppe M, Levine RL. Tumor heterogeneity confounds and illuminates: assessing the implications. Nature medicine. 2014;20(4):342-344.10. Dhillon S. Inotuzumab Ozogamicin: First Pediatric Approval.Paediatric drugs. 2024;26(4):459-467.11. O’Brien MM, Ji L, Shah NN, et al. Phase II Trial of Inotuzumab Ozogamicin in Children and Adolescents With Relapsed or Refractory B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Children’s Oncology Group Protocol AALL1621. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2022;40(9):956-967.12. Brown PA, Ji L, Xu X, et al. Effect of Postreinduction Therapy Consolidation With Blinatumomab vs Chemotherapy on Disease-Free Survival in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With First Relapse of B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Jama. 2021;325(9):833-842.13. Hogan LE, Brown PA, Ji L, et al. Children’s Oncology Group AALL1331: Phase III Trial of Blinatumomab in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Low-Risk B-Cell ALL in First Relapse. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2023;41(25):4118-4129.14. Lamble AJ, Myers RM, Taraseviciute A, et al. Preinfusion factors impacting relapse immunophenotype following CD19 CAR T cells.Blood advances. 2023;7(4):575-585.15. Park JH, Rivière I, Gonen M, et al. Long-Term Follow-up of CD19 CAR Therapy in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. The New England journal of medicine. 2018;378(5):449-459.16. Gökbuget N, Dombret H, Bonifacio M, et al. Blinatumomab for minimal residual disease in adults with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2018;131(14):1522-1531.17. Queudeville M, Stein AS, Locatelli F, et al. Low leukemia burden improves blinatumomab efficacy in patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 2023;129(9):1384-1393.18. Jen EY, Xu Q, Schetter A, et al. FDA Approval: Blinatumomab for Patients with B-cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Morphologic Remission with Minimal Residual Disease. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2019;25(2):473-477.19. Mastrangelo R, Poplack D, Bleyer A, Riccardi R, Sather H, D’Angio G. Report and recommendations of the Rome workshop concerning poor-prognosis acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children: biologic bases for staging, stratification, and treatment. Medical and pediatric oncology. 1986;14(3):191-194.20. Rogers PC, Bleyer WA, Coccia P, et al. Yield of unpredicted bone-marrow relapse diagnosed by routine marrow aspiration in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. A report from the Children’s Cancer Study Group. Lancet (London, England). 1984;1(8390):1320-1322.21. Rubnitz JE, Hijiya N, Zhou Y, Hancock ML, Rivera GK, Pui CH. Lack of benefit of early detection of relapse after completion of therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatric blood & cancer. 2005;44(2):138-141.22. Contreras Yametti GP, Ostrow TH, Jasinski S, Raetz EA, Carroll WL, Evensen NA. Minimal Residual Disease in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Current Practice and Future Directions. Cancers. 2021;13(8).23. Svaton M, Skotnicova A, Reznickova L, et al. NGS better discriminates true MRD positivity for the risk stratification of childhood ALL treated on an MRD-based protocol. Blood. 2023;141(5):529-533.24. Buchmann S, Schrappe M, Baruchel A, et al. Remission, treatment failure, and relapse in pediatric ALL: an international consensus of the Ponte-di-Legno Consortium. Blood. 2022;139(12):1785-1793.25. Raff T, Gökbuget N, Lüschen S, et al. Molecular relapse in adult standard-risk ALL patients detected by prospective MRD monitoring during and after maintenance treatment: data from the GMALL 06/99 and 07/03 trials. Blood. 2007;109(3):910-915.26. Paganin M, Fabbri G, Conter V, et al. Postinduction minimal residual disease monitoring by polymerase chain reaction in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2014;32(31):3553-3558.27. Cheng S, Inghirami G, Cheng S, Tam W. Simple deep sequencing-based post-remission MRD surveillance predicts clinical relapse in B-ALL.Journal of hematology & oncology. 2018;11(1):105.28. Wang Y, Xue YJ, Jia YP, Zuo YX, Lu AD, Zhang LP. Re-Emergence of Minimal Residual Disease Detected by Flow Cytometry Predicts an Adverse Outcome in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Frontiers in oncology. 2020;10:596677.29. Gökbuget N, Boissel N, Chiaretti S, et al. Management of ALL in adults: 2024 ELN recommendations from a European expert panel.Blood. 2024;143(19):1903-1930.30. Network NCC. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (Version 2.2024) 2024.31. Pierce E, Mautner B, Mort J, et al. MRD in ALL: Optimization and Innovations. Current hematologic malignancy reports. 2022;17(4):69-81.32. Hunger SP, Loh ML, Whitlock JA, et al. Children’s Oncology Group’s 2013 blueprint for research: acute lymphoblastic leukemia.Pediatric blood & cancer. 2013;60(6):957-963.33. Burke MJ, Devidas M, Chen Z, et al. Outcomes in adolescent and young adult patients (16 to 30 years) compared to younger patients treated for high-risk B-lymphoblastic leukemia: report from Children’s Oncology Group Study AALL0232. Leukemia. 2022;36(3):648-655.

Many investigations of plant defense theory fail to address how trajectories of trait evolution vary across levels of biological organization, even though the processes that shape trait correlations have the strong potential to shift within versus across species, as well as in different environmental and ecological contexts. In this work, we tested for correlations between multiple defensive traits (secondary chemistry, carbon to nitrogen ratio, domatia, leaf toughness, trichomes, and pearl bodies) across a common garden of twenty-one Vitis species and eighteen genotypes of the species Vitis riparia to identify when and where patterns of defense trait evolution persist or break down across biological scales. Additionally, we asked whether Vitis defense trait investment correlates with environmental variables as predicted by plant defense theory, using environmental metrics for each Vitis species and V. riparia genotype from the GBIF and WorldClim databases. We tested for correlations between defense trait investment, herbivore palatability, and environmental variables using phylogenetically informed models. Beyond a few likely physiological exceptions, we observed a lack of correlations between defense traits at both intra- and interspecific scales, indicating that these traits evolve independently of each other in Vitis rather than forming predictable defense syndromes. We did find that select traits vary with proximity to the equator, demonstrating support for plant defense theory’s prediction of higher investment in defenses at more equatorial environments for some, but not all, defense traits. Overall, our results challenge commonly held hypotheses about plant defense evolution, namely the concept of syndromes, by demonstrating that strong correlations between defense traits are not the prevailing pattern both across and within Vitis species. Our work also provides the first comprehensive evaluation of the evolutionary divergence in approaches that Vitis, a genus with significant agricultural value, have evolved to defend themselves against herbivores.

Background Use of medications to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasingly prevalent among women of reproductive age, but little is understood about their potential cardiometabolic effects in pregnancy. We aimed to examine associations between ADHD medication use and cardiometabolic conditions during pregnancy (gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes) and the pharmacological treatment thereof. Methods Linking statewide hospital and dispensing data, we conducted a population-based matched cohort study of women who gave birth between January 2014 and June 2021 in New South Wales, Australia (n=312,697). We compared the incidence of cardiometabolic conditions and cardiometabolic medication use during pregnancy among women who used ADHD medications during pregnancy (n=336) with a 1:10 matched cohort of unexposed women, and with women who used ADHD medications in the 12 months before pregnancy (n=252). We used Poisson regression models to calculate risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for sociodemographic and pregnancy-related factors. Results Compared with unexposed women, women who used ADHD medications during pregnancy had an increased risk of gestational hypertension (adjusted RR:1.76, 95% CI:1.20-2.57) and gestational diabetes (aRR:1.41, 95% CI:1.09-1.82), with slightly elevated risk estimates for preeclampsia (aRR:1.30, 95% CI:0.82-2.05) and cardiometabolic medication use (aRR:1.40, 95% CI:0.97-2.01). Compared with women who used ADHD medications before pregnancy only, risk estimates attenuated for all outcomes except gestational diabetes (aRR:1.76, 95% CI:1.06-2.93). Conclusions Women using ADHD medications had an elevated incidence of cardiometabolic conditions during pregnancy, but it remains unclear to what extent this is attributable to medications rather than the underlying ADHD.

The TYK2:p.Pro1104Ala (rs34536443) hypomorph variant has been associated with protection against numerous autoimmune disorders. Thus, its mechanism of action becomes of great interest. Here, consistent with the participation of activated immune cells in autoimmunity, we show that the variant regulates the levels of immune cells, and is associated particularly with higher levels of T and B lymphocytes, and especially the naïve (non-activated) compartment. Also, consistent with a protective function in autoimmunity, regulatory CD4+ T cell level was increased. Thus, this variant decreases the immune activation, protecting from autoimmunity. Our work identifies the cellular mechanism regulated by the TYK2:p.Pro1104Ala variant and supports TYK2 as a therapeutic target in autoimmunity.

The plant (system to be controlled) produces a periodic signal containing a broad spectrum of the Fourier harmonics. The first Fourier harmonic (sine-type signal) is assumed to be undesirable and should be removed by an external force, while other harmonics should be preserved. Because the measured plant data has an unknown amount of time delay and the sensitivity of the plant to external force is unknown, thus the amplitude and the phase of an anti-sine control force are unknown as well. We developed an adaptive controller described as a linear time-invariant system that can remove the first harmonic from the plant’s output by constantly adjusting its parameters of control force. That type of controller was requested to further extend the capabilities of a newly developed high-speed large-area rotational scanning atomic force microscopy technique where the sample is rotated and a tilt angle between the normal of the sample surface and the axis of rotation produces the parasitic first Fourier harmonic which significantly limits the scanning area.

A planar low profile 1 x 4 antenna array with a parasitic element is proposed and experimentally investigated for mm-wave 5G applications. The four-element array realizes an overall board size of 24 x 18.85 x 1.57mm3. The proposed prototype with a copper thickness of 0.05mm is fabricated on a single layer of Rogers substrate RT/Duroid 5880 having a dielectric constant of 2.2. A gain of 11.94dB has been achieved by this design for the four-element array configuration which was only 5.23dB for the single element design. The simulated bandwidth of the design achieved is 6.208GHz in the range of 27.723GHz to 33.931GHz which is considered to cover certain frequency componenets of n257 band of FR2 5G NR spectrum and some frequency ranges of Ka Band. The prototype has been fabricated and measured for different parameters and the measured and simulated results find a good agreement between each other. Further, the array provides the directional beam with half power beam width (HPBW) of 45 degree with a peak value in the direction of -30 degree. The broadband, high gain performance and simple deign of the developed antenna array finds its application in future millimeter wave 5G communications.

Sustainable Technologies and Their Impact on Community Resilience Aditya Chauhan 11 High School Student, Department of Science, GD Goenka Public School, Kashipur, India*Correspondence should be addressed to Aditya Chauhan; aditya.chauhanx2612@gmail.comCopyright © 2024 Made Aditya Chauhan.ABSTRACT: This research examines the impact of sustainable technologies on enhancing community resilience, focusing on innovations such as renewable energy, green infrastructure, and water management systems.  These technologies are becoming more valued as sustainable ways by which communities can mitigate the effects of climate change and natural calamities. The objective of this research study is to understand how the following key sustainable technologies impact on disaster risk management, climate resilience, and future economic and social stability: It is within this context that the present study evaluates the applicability of the above mentioned technologies in different Localities and jurisdictions and coverts systems and procedures which may effectively be adopted while implementing the technologies in the community planning. The studies show that these communities have enhanced vulnerability to environmental pressures, less dependence on the nonrenewable energy sources and lowered emission of greenhouse gases when using sustainable technologies. Besides, those technologies contribute to better economic and ecological efficiency, so they lay the groundwork for sustainable development throughout climate adversities.  KEYWORDS: Sustainable technologies, Community resilience, Renewable energy, Climate adaptation, Green infrastructure, Water conservation, Urban resilience1. INTRODUCTION Sustainability is essentially the creation and utilization of structures that are efficient in providing needs in the present without adversely affecting the human ability to provide for their needs in future generations. They include the physical, economic, and social aspects of the objective that seeks to put emphasis on the sustainability and resource optimization, minimal wastage and impacts to the environment. While on the other end, community resilience is the capacity of the community in assessment for, planning for, management of and recovery from, shock events that are either natural like disasters or manmade like an economic downturn\cite{Adger_2000}. This paper sought to define and examine what constitutes a resilient community in order to develop strategies that may reduce impact in the future. Sustainability and community resilience are of value when responding to such threats as climate change, fast urbanization, and increasing scarcity of resources. Sustainability supports the overall concept of resilience because of the importance of enhancing the readiness and ability of concerned communities in response to risks and in their capability to bounce back and develop with more vigor in the midst of unrelenting stress factors, and for the advent of a more sustainable world \cite{Hopwood_2005}. 1.1 Importance of Sustainable Technologies There is a range of sustainable technologies which meet the needs of the resilient communities necessary for sustaining the global environment. These technologies comprise of energy production technologies including generation of Green Energy which comprises of solar and wind energy Technologies(best practices for energy and climate); Green Infrastructures including permeable pavements and green roofs; Efficient Water management technologies which comprises of water conservation and efficient water use \cite{Geels_2007}. This helps in the possible minimization of the resources that are frequently replenished, also reduces the emission of green house gases, and complies with circular economy, which emphasizes reuse of resources and limited use of single use items. Alternatively from community resilience perspective, sustainable technologies provide workable solutions aimed at dampening the effects of climate born disasters such as floods and drought while at the same time enhancing energy security as well as the utilization of resources. Sustainable technologies are key to future proofing communities; not only do they help communities better cope with environmental and social challenges but they also provide those communities with the necessary tools and resources to succeed economically \cite{Lukas_2015}.  1.2 Relevance of the Topic in the Current Global ContextSustainable technologies and community resilience solve the most acute societal needs that are highlighted by the modern world, the consequences of climate change, rapid urbanization, and resource scarcity. Floods, hurricanes, wildfires, and droughts are extending and strengthening, and this phenomenon puts pressure not only on social groups but on infrastructural systems everywhere. At the same time, relations of energy, agriculture, and industry proceed in distinctly unsustainable manners provoking further deterioration of environments and recreation of unjust social orders. In this context sustainability technologies provide a pro-active approach within the dual mandates of mitigation and adaptation \cite{Sakashita_2017}. People have gradually woken up to the realization that it is now imperative to look for ways that organizations, businesses, as well as individuals decrease their negative effects on the environment and come up with structures that would be able to withstand future calamities proficiently. Finally, the concepts of the modern interstate cooperation like Paris Agreement on Climate Change and UN Sustainable Development Goals also of stress the understanding of sustainability as being the only way suitable for challenges of the future world . As countries strive for lowering their emission rates and empowering communities through equitable growth, there is a strong need for implementing sustainable technologies for the future of communities.

A design strategy towards stable fluorenyl radicals (FRs) is established by introducing donor-π-radical (D-π-R) conjugation between amine N atoms and FR centers through phenyl or 9-anthryl moieties. Four FRs with or without N atom containing protecting groups were designed and synthesized for comparison. X-ray crystallographic analysis displayed planar fluorenyl skeletons of CDP-FR and MA-FR, which form large dihedral angles with protecting groups. Even though, the increased bond-order of C-C and C-N bond be-tween radical center and N atoms by Wiberg bond analysis of all FRs confirmed the D-π-R conjugation. Time-dependent DFT calcula-tions based on frontier molecular orbital analysis further revealed the contribution of D-π-R structures as donor-acceptor effect on the lowest energy absorptions of carbazole and diphenylamine substituted CDP-FR and DPAA-FR. Therefore, beneficial from D-π-R conjugations, CDP-FR and DPAA-FR showed better photo-stability than TP-FR and MA-FR. Our study here provides a new strategy to design and synthesize persistent stable monoradicals.

Herein, catalytic oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine over NH2-MiL-88 (Fe, Ni) as the peroxidase-like nanozyme was performed, revealing high catalytic activity of the as-prepared nanozymes. The reactive oxygen species contributed in catalytic oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine over NH2-MiL-88 (Fe, Ni) were identified by investigating the effect of different scavengers on the catalytic oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine. The results revealed that oxygen vacancies (Ovs) and hydroxyl radicals are significantly contributed in nanozymatic reaction while by presence of 1O2, the catalytic oxidation reaction is not affected.  Considering the results, hydrogen peroxide and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine were adsorbed over the nanozymes and then the active metal center of the nanozymes affected on hydrogen peroxide to generate 0OH or O2⋅-. Afterward, the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine to its corresponding colored product was occurred by the reactive oxygen species.

The Maluku islands, known to possess rich biodiversity, are home to a wide variety of plant and animal species. During a botanical exploration in Aketajawe-Lolobata National Park, located on Halmahera Island, Musa balbisiana Colla, an unrecorded wild banana, was identified. This species had not previously been observed on the island. The results showed a detailed description of the species, including the distribution, habitat, color plates, and DNA barcodes.

The flowering phenology of P. atrodentata in the Himalayan area was examined to determine their trends. Historic data from herbarium specimens during the last century indicate that the blooming period in P. atrodentata has advanced by 16 ± 9.02 days, compared to its typical flowering time. In the meantime, P. atrodentata has been classified as Near Threatened. Furthermore, lectotypes have been assigned to the names in accordance with the regulations outlined in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants to establish the correct application of the name.

The spore morphology and perispore ornamentation of 14 plants of Hypodematium of China were carefully observed and photographed under light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) in this paper for the first time. The results showed that the perispore ornamentation of all species of the Hypodematium that were divided into six types by SEM were as follow: H. sinense, H. hirsutum, H. glanduloso-pilosum, H. confertivillosum, H. chingii, H. jianxiuii and H. zhangii with tuberculate ornamentations; H. squamuloso-pilosum with tuberculiform-rugulates ornamentations; H. fordii and H. shandongense with ringed and semi-ringed ornamentations; H. crenatum and H. gracile with ridged ornamentations; H. mengshanensis with auricular ornamentations; H. guilinense with reticulate ornamentations. These characteristics were stable in the intra-species with significant differences between interspecies. It not only provides an palynological important scientific basis for species identification and interspecific classification, but also provides a new data for the establishment of palynology of ferns, and provides a scientific basis for the biodiversity of Hypodematium, which is of great significance for the exploitation and conservation of its resources.