Orthodontic technology has been widely applied in clinical practice, but many potential patients don’t pay enough attention to dental health. A complete set of methods for predicting dental malocclusion based on deep learning algorithms is constructed as follows: (1) based on self-collected open-mouth facial images, dataset of mouth together with its keypoints are constructed. Mouth region can be cropped and the correspondent keypoints identified through Haar cascade classifier and YOLOv8-pose algorithm respectively; (2) three-class segmentation of teeth are achieved is improved by self-Building a teeth segmentation dataset and basing on Mask RCNN algorithm, introduced group normalization and dropout regularization, added CA attention mechanism and transfer learning, used the NAG optimizer and focal loss; (3) Extracting single tooth outer contour, main axis, etc. geometric feature parameters, combining mouth keypoint, determining the tooth sequence, single tooth inclination angle and adjacent tooth spacing parameters are used for judged the dental malocclusion state. The experimental results show that the improved instance segmentation algorithm has an accuracy of 94.96%, which is 4.28%, 4.75% and 8.22% higher than Mask RCNN, Yolact and SOLOv2 respectively. The proposed method is suitable for selfie oral image teeth segmentation and dental malocclusion prediction.

Multichannel signal generators are used in many fields of science. For example, they are used to provide signals for ultrasonic phased arrays and usually depend on costly FPGAs or DSPs. We present a design based on the synchronization of multiple low-cost RP2040 microcontrollers to generate digital square wave signals (PWM) and a granularity of 4 ns. It can be scaled up for high output counts. The CPU clocks are synchronized, and PIO modules are used to generate synchronized interrupts across the system. This ensures a stable phase relation of all output signals with a remaining jitter of 0.17 ns. We demonstrate the generation of chirp signals by utilizing the DMA for hardware-level data transfer. This signal generator can utilized to control ultrasonic phased arrays and generate arbitrary test patterns for digital circuits.

Ransomware attacks have increasingly targeted critical infrastructure and large enterprises, evolving into multi-stage operations that involve sophisticated tactics such as lateral movement, data exfiltration, and file encryption. A novel approach for tracking these complex ransomware tactics through automated digital forensic techniques provides a significant advancement in detecting and analyzing ransomware attacks at every stage of their lifecycle. The methodology integrates machine learning models and forensic tools to automatically correlate network traffic, system logs, and memory dumps, offering a comprehensive view of ransomware behavior. The case study demonstrates how the system efficiently identifies ransomware patterns, enabling timely detection and mitigation of malicious activity. This automated approach not only enhances the accuracy of ransomware detection but also reduces the manual workload traditionally required for forensic investigations. The results highlight the potential of automated forensic techniques to transform how organizations respond to ransomware threats, providing a scalable and effective solution for modern cybersecurity challenges.

Levodopa provides effective symptomatic treatment for Parkinson’s disease. However, non-motor symptoms are often insufficiently relieved, and its long-term use is complicated by motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. To clarify mechanisms of levodopa-induced dyskinesia and pharmacological interventions aimed at reducing dyskinetic symptoms, we have here characterized the neurophysiological activity patterns in sensorimotor and cognitive-limbic circuits in dyskinetic rats, comparing the effects of amantadine, pimavanserin and the novel prospective antidyskinetic and antipsychotic treatment mesdopetam. Parallel recordings of local field potentials from eleven cortical and sub-cortical regions revealed suppression of narrowband gamma oscillations (NBGs) in sensorimotor structures by amantadine and mesdopetam in conjunction with alleviation of dyskinetic signs. Concomitant gamma oscillations in cognitive-limbic circuits were not directly linked to dyskinesia and were not affected by antidyskinetic treatments to the same extent, although treatment-induced reductions in functional coupling was observed in both sensorimotor and cognitive-limbic circuits, in parallel. In a broad frequency spectrum (1-200Hz), mesdopetam treatment displayed greater similarities to pimavanserin than to amantadine. These findings point to reduction of NBGs as a valuable biomarker for characterization of antidyskinetic treatment effects and provide systems-level mechanistic insights into the antidyskinetic efficacy of mesdopetam, with potential additional benefits for the treatment of Parkinson’s-related psychosis.

A document by SAMI ALMUAIGEL. Click on the document to view its contents.

A document by Ray Y. Shen. Click on the document to view its contents.

The enhanced fatigue resistance of superelastic Cu-Al-Mn shape memory wires were investigated via bamboo-like grain structure obtained by cyclic heat treatment (CHT). It was demonstrated that increasing the number of CHT cycles can promote the grain growth to a straight grain boundary, eliminating the triangular structure that generally caused brittle fracture. In particular, the 5CHT and 7CHT specimens displayed negligible residual strain subsequent to unloading, following exposure to cumulative strains ranging from 2% to 10%, thereby showcasing superior superelasticity. From the functional fatigue test, the fatigue life of the shape memory wire subjected to 5 CHT cycles exceeds 4650 cycles at 5 % strain, which is more than 5 times that of traditional polycrystalline quenched samples.

Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) have been recognized as receptors/co-receptors for human norovirus (HuNoV) and Tulane virus (TV). It has been reported that exposure of TV to free HBGAs in human saliva (HS) completely abolished viral binding and infectivity in LLC-MK2 cells as measured by ELISA. This is contrary to the clinical observations that HuNoV exposure to free HBGAs in HS in vivo does not diminish the viral infectivity. In this study, we tested whether pre-exposure of TV to free HBGA in HS inhibited viral binding and subsequent infection of cell culture by a more sensitive in vitro ligand based molecular assay and a cell culture-based qRT-PCR assay. In an in vitro HS-based binding assay, pre-incubation HS resulted in an 88% reduction in viral binding. In an in vivo cell culture-based replication assay, pre-exposure of TV to HS resulted in a significantly reduced viral replication only at earlier stage of infection. A 77.8%, 88.3%, 44.5%, and 14.8% inhibition of TV replication at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hpi., respectively. Our results suggest that free HBGAs in HS cannot provide adequate protection to prevent infection of HuNoV. This new hypothesis better explains the differences between clinical and past experimental observations, and why HBGA-secreting hosts are still susceptible to infection by HuNoV.

The frequent occurrence of oil spills not only results in the waste of petroleum resources, but also poses a serious threat to the marine ecological environment. Considering the large amount of crude oils with high viscosity, it is urgent to develop an adsorbent capable of efficiently reducing the viscosity for the cleanup of oil spills. Inspired by the “lotus effect” and “poikilotherm which utilize the solar energy for thermoregulation”, the low surface energy material polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polypyrrole (PPy) were loaded over the island nonwoven fabric to fabricate a novel crude oil adsorbent material. Wherein, the fluorine-free PDMS was used to hydrophobically modify the nonwoven fabric, endowing it with excellent oil-water separation performance, with a separation efficiency of up to 95%. After 10 cycles, the separation efficiency of PPy/PDMS modified nonwoven fabric (PPy/PDMS@NF) was still above 90%, demonstrating superior recyclability. In addition, the PPy/PDMS@NF possessed the self-cleaning capabilities. Under one sun illumination (1.0 kW/m2), the surface temperature of the PPy/PDMS@NF reached to 60.7 ℃, and its adsorption capacity for high-viscosity crude oil reached to 7 gcrude oil/gsorbent. Thanks to its environmental friendliness and excellent adsorption capacity, this work provides a new option for dealing with the high-viscosity marine oil spill.

Binuclear complexes have attracted extensive attention in fields such as catalysis due to their likely bimetallic synergistic effect. In this work, six bis-β-ketoimine binuclear titanium complexes 4a-4f containing different alkylthio sidearms and different configurations were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR and elemental analysis. The intermetallic distances of isomeric complexes 4a, 4d, 4e and 4f determined through DFT optimization were of the order 4a<4d<4e<4f, and were found to influence significantly the catalytic performances for ethylene (co)polymerization. These complexes could efficiently catalyze ethylene polymerization and ethylene/1-hexene or ethylene/1-octene copolymerization with high activity. Among the three binuclear titanium complexes 4a-4c with similar structure but different length of alkylthio sidearms, complex 4a containing the shortest methylthio sidearm exhibited the highest activity for ethylene (co)polymerization and comonomer incorporation, due to a smaller steric hindrance of methyl group in 4a and more open coordination space for vinyl monomers. Furthermore, among isomeric complexes 4a, 4d, 4e and 4f, complex 4a with the shortest bimetallic distance also exhibited the highest activity towards ethylene (co)polymerization, and the highest 1-hexene incorporation in comparison with its regioisomeric counterparts 4d, 4e and p-phenyl-bridged analogue 4f, due to a more appropriate bimetallic distance that is conducive to synergistic effect.

This article develops duality principles applicable to some originally non-convex primal variational formulations. More specifically, in a first step, we develop applications to a full complex Ginzburg-Landau system in superconductivity, including a magnetic field and respective magnetic potential. The results are obtained through basic tools of functional analysis, calculus of variations, duality and optimization theory in infinite dimensional spaces. It is worth emphasizing we have obtained convex dual variational formulations which may be applied to a large class of similar models in the calculus of variations. In the subsequent sections we also present a procedure for improving the convexity conditions of an originally non-convex primal formulation which is also applied to a Ginzburg-Landau type equation. Finally, in the last sections, we develop duality principles and related numerical examples for models in phase transition.

Background: There is a growing body of data to support the presence of sex disparities in outcomes of cardiovascular related hospitalizations. Despite this, there remains a paucity of data on relationships between sex and in-hospital outcomes in patients receiving a left atrial appendage occlusion device (LAAOD). Methods: We examined the 2016-2020 Nationwide Readmission Database to identify patients with Atrial Fibrillation receiving a LAAOD. Men were used as our control group, while women comprised our cohort. The primary outcome was inpatient mortality. Secondary outcomes included odds of mechanical ventilation use, all cause 30-day readmission, cardiogenic shock, pericardial complications, length of stay (LOS) and total hospitalization charges (THC). Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to adjust for confounders. Results: Among the patients with Atrial fibrillation receiving LAAOD (N = 59,655), 43% were Female. A Female sex was associated with higher odds of inpatient mortality (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.92, 95% CI 1.04 – 3.5), cardiogenic shock (aOR 4.07, 95% CI 1.82 – 9.1), mechanical ventilation use (aOR 2.02, 95% CI 1.4 – 2.9), all cause 30-day readmission (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.22 – 1.45), pericardial complications (aOR 2.5, 95% CI 1.83 – 3.3), longer LOS (1.34 vs 1.19 days, p<0.001) and lower THC ($116,330 vs. $121,1870, p<0.001) compared to male patients receiving a LAAOD. Conclusion: Among patients with Atrial Fibrillation receiving a LAAOD, a female sex was associated with higher odds of mortality, non-fatal adverse events, and lower resource utilization compared to male patients.

We investigated sewage samples from different wastewater treatment plants in Belgium for the presence of measles virus (MV). Samples from Brussels North were found to contain MV genotype D8. Twelve measles cases were reported at that time in the Brussels capital region, additional infections are likely occurring under the radar.

This study reviewed literature on plastic waste management challenges in Ghana and also identified innovative approaches to effectively manage plastic waste which are illegally dumped (fly-tipped) in forest reserves and public spaces. Fly-tipping exists because of the inability of the municipality to effectively implement sanitation bye-laws, which has compelled residents to complain of delayed collection of wastes in their neighbourhoods. This review also identified gaps in literature such as the ineffectiveness of the sanitation bye-laws at the municipal level. Our study strongly recommends the enforcement of environmental institutional mandates of Ghana Standards Authority, (GSA), Food and Drugs Authority (FDA) and suggestions regarding innovative funding options (eg. sanitation and pollution levy) should be enforced for the purposes for which they were created.

The voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) with a wide tuning range and low phase noise is extensively employed in domains such as 5G, 6G, and satellite communication. This article commences with the phase noise model to conduct an analysis of the multi-core VCO. Subsequently, the mode switching technology is elucidated. On this foundation, an X-shape compact equalizing on-chip transformer design based on the inductor sharing technique is proposed. The transformer with three modes is devised to enhance the output frequency range of the VCO. Distinct from the traditional capacitive coupling, the alteration of the effective inductance value is accomplished through the coupling between the inductors to complete the regulation of the oscillation frequency range. The proposed VCO structure adopts the 40nm process, achieving a 52.02% continuous frequency tuning range from 24.7GHz to 42.2GHz. When the bias is at 10 MHz, the phase noise varies within the range of -123dBc/Hz to -132dBc/Hz, while FoM and FoMT respectively fluctuate from 177dBc/Hz to 193dBc/Hz and 191dBc/Hz to 208dBc/Hz. Both phase noise and FoM are improved and the area is only 0.057 mm2.

Frontalis Suspension with Autogenous Fascia Lata: A Preferred Technique for Complex Ptosis Cases-Rubén Daniel Pérez López, Corresponding autor, leinad_p_l@comunidad.unam.mx, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. -Aleyra Paola Pérez López, aleyrapaola@icloud.com, Fundación Nuestra Señora de la Luz. I.A.P-César Fernando Gutiérrez Barrios, cesar.gutie10@comunidad.unam.mx, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.-Lysette Allende García, lysallende1008@gmail.com, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos.

Title: ST elevation myocardial infarction with right coronary aneurysm successfully treated with a drug-coated balloon-only strategyWord count: 493 wordsFirst author: Yu Sugawara, MDDepartment of Cardiology, Yamato-Kashihara Hospital, JapanCorresponding author:Yu Sugawara, MDDepartment of Cardiology, Yamato-Kashihara Hospital81, Ishikawa-cho, Kashihara-shi, Nara-ken, Japan 634-0045Phone +81-744-27-1071Fax: +81-744-27-4609E-mail: waegurorunsra@hotmail.co.jpKey clinical message:ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with a coronary aneurysm is rare, thus its treatment is not established. This case suggested that drug-coated balloon angioplasty may be considered for STEMI patients with coronary aneurysms.TextThe incidence of coronary aneurysm ranges from 0.3 to 5.3%.1 ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with a coronary aneurysm is rare; hence, no standard therapy and guidelines are established. Drug-coated balloons (DCBs) are innovative devices used in treating STEMI and large vessels (diameters ≥3.0 mm), allowing stent-less procedures with favorable outcome.2, 3We report on a 60-year-old man with hypercholesterolemia hospitalized for STEMI. His past history of Kawaski disease was unclear. Coronary angiography (CAG) demonstrated that the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was mildly ectatic, although no stenosis or occlusion in both LAD and circumflex artery was observed. However, CAG revealed total occlusion of the middle right coronary artery and circular calcified structure (Fig. 1). Thus, urgent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed. A 6Fr MachTM1 JR4.0 guiding catheter (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA) was placed and a 0.014-inch Sion Blue (Asahi Intecc, Akatsuki Cho, Japan) guidewire was introduced. Following thrombus aspiration and dilatation with a 2.0×15-mm balloon (Ryurei®, Terumo, Aichi, Japan), we employed intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) (OptiCross®, Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA) (Fig. 2). IVUS revealed a coronary aneurysm and 180-degree calcification at the distal site, plaque, and thrombus at the culprit site. The lumen diameter measured 2.45×2.87 mm, with a minimum lumen area of 5.47 mm2. A 360-degree vessel wall calcification was found at the proximal site, with a lesion length of 15.7 mm (Fig. 2 a-c). We obtained Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) grade 2-3 flow. There were small amounts of coronary thrombi at that time. Generally, drug-eluting stent implantation is considered for patients with STEMI. However, this was decided against because IVUS findings showed malapposition occurring in the follow-up period. In terms of lesion restenosis in chronic phase, the DCB strategy is superior to conventional plain old balloon angioplasty strategy. Furthermore, the use of DCB for STEMI is safer than that of 2nd generation drug eluting stents in terms of all-cause mortality and all adverse cardiac events.2Moreover, DCB may be an effective strategic choice in patients with large, de novo coronary lesions.3 Thus, a 3.0×20-mm paclitaxel DCB (SeQuent Please NEO®, Nipro, Osaka, Japan) angioplasty was performed following pre-dilatation with a 3.0×13-mm scoring balloon (Lacrosse aperta NSE®, Nipro, Osaka, Japan) to reduce the risk of target lesion failure. The final CAG revealed TIMI grade 3 flow (Fig. 3). Cardiac coronary computed tomography (CT) following PCI showed a saccular aneurysm with plaques and heavy calcification (Fig. 4). The peak creatine kinase level was 1243 IU/L (normal range, 56-244 IU/L). Echocardiography showed that the ejection fraction was 60% and that cardiac wall motion was almost normal; unfortunately, a right coronary aneurysm could not be detected. This patient was discharged 9 days after admission, and aspirin and warfarin were prescribed in the chronic phase.STEMI with a coronary aneurysm is not common, and its management is challenging. We evaluated the coronary aneurysm with multiple modalities (CAG, IVUS and cardiac CT). DCB angioplasty may be considered for STEMI patients with coronary aneurysms.Key words: Cardiac computed tomography, Coronary aneurysm, Drug-coated balloon, ST-elevation myocardial infarctionAuthor contributionYu Sugawara: Investigation and writing-original draftAcknowledgementsNone.Author and funding disclosures:Yu SugawaraFunding: None.Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.ConsentThe author has obtained written informed consent from patient.References1. Abou Sherif S, Ozden Tok O, Taşköylü Ö, Goktekin O, Kilic ID. Coronary artery aneurysms: A review of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2017;4:24. doi.10.3389/fcvm.2017.000242. Merinopoulos I, Gunawardena T, Corballis N, Bhalraam U, Reinhold J, Wickramarachchi U, et al. Assessment of paclitaxel drug-coated balloon only angioplasty in STEMI. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2023;16:771–9. doi.10.1016/j.jcin.2023.01.3803. Sciahbasi A, Mazza TM, Pidone C, Samperi S, Cittadini E, Granatelli A. A new frontier for drug-coated balloons: Treatment of “de novo” stenosis in large vessel coronary artery disease. J Clin Med. 2024;13:1320. doi.10.3390/jcm13051320Figure legendsFigure 1. The left anterior descending artery (LAD) shows mildly dilation but no stenosis in both the LAD and circumflex artery. The right coronary angiography revealing occlusion (yellow arrow) and the aneurysm’s silhouette (red arrows).Figure 2. Each line indicating intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) cross-sectional images.a. At the distal site, IVUS showing an aneurysm and calcification.b. Thrombus formation (white arrows) occurring at the culprit site, with a lumen diameter of 2.45×2.87 mm and a minimum lumen area of 5.47 mm2.c. The proximal site vessel exhibiting protrusion outward and 360-degree vessel wall calcification.Lesion measuring 15.7 mm in length (white line).Figure 3. Final angiogram showing a Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction grade 3 flow.Figure 4. Cardiac CT demonstrating a saccular aneurysm (red arrows) with plaque and severe calcification (yellow arrows).

The pulmonary artery sarcoma (PAS) is a rare malignant tumor of pulmonary artery (PA). The clinical symptoms and imaging findings are similar to those of pulmonary embolism, which is easily misdiagnosed. Here, we present a biopsie-confirmed case of primary PSA, who received target therapy with doxorubicin. This case highlights the importance of considering all relevant factors to make the correct diagnosis.

Objective: To elucidate the impact of lack of Palivizumab administration during off-season RSV periods on the RSV-related hospitalization among 29-34 weeks of gestational age (wGA) preterm infants. We utilized the summer of 2021 off-season RSV surge during the COVID19 pandemic. Methods: This multi-center retrospective observational study was conducted in 11 medical centers across Israel. We included infants > 1 year-old hospitalized with RSV infection between November 2017-August 2021. Patients were categorized into an in-season admissions group (November-March) and off-season admissions group (April-October). The primary outcome was the proportion of RSV hospitalizations among 29-34wGA infants in relation to total RSV admissions during the same season. Secondary outcomes included clinical severity parameters. Results A total of 3,296 infants were admitted during the RSV season, and 1,044 during the off-season. The proportion of 29-34wGA preemies was significantly higher in the off-season group compared to the in-season group (7% vs 2.1%, p<0.001). In the off-season group, we observed a significantly higher proportion of Jewish individuals (80.1% vs. 59.2%, p=0.001) and higher socioeconomic status (55.1% vs. 45.1%, p<0.001) compared to the in-season group. In the multivariable logistic-regression model, off-season hospitalization odds for 29-34 wGA preemies were significantly higher (2.6-fold, 95% CI:1.8-3.9, p<0.001) compared to in-season, irrespective of demographic covariates. Similar clinical severity parameters was observed between the groups. Conclusions Our results revealed a significantly higher proportion of infants born at 29-34 wGA among those hospitalized during off-season periods compared to in-season periods. These findings highlight the importance of including 29-34 wGA infants into future RSV immunoprophylaxis recommendations.

Feralization, the re-establishment of wild populations from domesticated ancestors, can involve multiple parallel character reversions, and potentially also rampant gene flow with cultivated and/or naturally wild material. It hence poses great challenges for infraspecific classification, which may impede crop development, but studies on these issues are rare. Ramie (Boehmeria nivea; Urticaceae) is an important fiber crop worldwide. It has been traditionally divided into 2-4 varieties, but these are controversial. Here, 78 wild and feral individuals were sampled from 12 Chinese provinces, plus 11 cultivated individuals from farmland. We employed an integrative taxonomy approach combining multiple lines of evidence from morphology, phylogenomics, and ecology to investigate the intraspecific subdivision of B. nivea. A chi-square test of qualitative morphological traits significantly distinguished three varieties within B. nivea: var. nivea, var. tenacissima and the recently described, var. strigosa, comprising respectively mainly cultivated, mainly feralized, and only naturally wild material. The morphological PCoA and random forest analyses both indicated differences between var. strigosa and the other two varieties. However, quantitative traits cannot distinguish the three varieties. No variety was monophyletic according to phylogenetic analysis of plastome data, whereas var. strigosa was weakly supported as monophyletic based on nuclear ribosomal DNA (18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-26S). Ecological niche simulation showed overlap between the potential distribution areas of var. nivea and var. tenacissima, but neither overlapped with var. strigosa. These analyses collectively demonstrate the distinctiveness of var. strigosa, but mostly did not fully separate var. nivea from var. tenacissima. Hence var. strigosa is a biologically meaningful variety, but var. tenacissima should, be synonymised within var. nivea. These results should aid the breeding and improvement of new varieties of ramie, and highlights the value of integrative taxonomic methods in examining infraspecific subdivisions within species that include cultivated and feralized material.

Title - Dual Sectoral Iris Prosthesis implantation in post-traumatic Aniridia.Running title - Iris Prosthesis in post-traumatic Aniridia.Contributors : - Sharma, Kumar Vijay1; Singh, Prabhjot1; Ambiya, Vikas1; Khullar, Srishti1; Kapoor, Gaurav1Department(s) and institution(s) : -1 Department of Ophthalmology, Armed Forces Medical College, PuneCorresponding author : -Prabhjot SinghArmed Forces Medical College, Sholapur Road, Pune (India) -411040E-mail- masounprabhjot@gmail.comAbstractThis case report details the innovative treatment of a severe traumatic iris defect in a 33-year-old soldier. Following an open globe injury during training, the patient experienced significant visual impairment despite initial surgical interventions. Conventional approaches proved inadequate due to extensive iris loss and intraocular lens instability. We employed a novel dual segmental aniridia prosthesis (SAP) implantation technique, achieving complete functional and aesthetic restoration. Postoperatively, visual acuity improved from 20/40 to 20/25, with reduced glare and enhanced night driving ability. At 6-month follow-up, no complications were observed. This case demonstrates the potential of multiple prostheses in managing complex iris defects, highlighting the importance of adaptive surgical strategies in challenging ocular reconstructions.

Title: Unusual presentation of Hemoglobin Hammersmith [HBB:c.128T>C, p.Phe42Ser] – A case from India with a review of literatureShort running title: Unusual presentation of Hemoglobin HammersmithCategory: Letter to editorAuthors:

Stomata on leaves mediate fluxes of carbon and water between terrestrial plants and the atmosphere. These fluxes are governed by stomatal function and can be modulated in many Earth system models (ESMs) by an empirical parameter within the calculation of stomatal conductance, the stomatal slope (g1M). Intuitively, g1M represents the marginal water cost of carbon, relating it to the emergent plant property of water use efficiency. Observations show that g1M can range widely across and within plant types in varying environments, and this distribution of g1M is not captured within ESMs which represent each plant type with a single g1M value. Here we examine how g1M influences photosynthesis using coupled ESM simulations by perturbing g1M to observed 5th and 95th percentiles for each plant type. We find that high g1M reduces photosynthesis nearly everywhere, while low g1M has regionally dependent responses. Under fixed atmospheric conditions, low g1M increases photosynthesis in the Amazon and central North America but decreases photosynthesis in boreal Canada. These responses reverse when the atmosphere responds interactively due to spatially differing sensitivity to increases in temperature and vapor pressure deficit. Stomatal function also influences photosynthetic response to changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), with lower and higher g1M modifying total global response to elevated 2x preindustrial CO2 by 6.4% and -9.6%, respectively. Our work demonstrates that atmospheric feedbacks are critical for determining the photosynthetic response to assumptions about stomatal function and some regions are particularly sensitive to choice of g1M.

In this study, we analyze the circulation patterns in Lake Tanganyika, a large, economically important water body in East and Central Africa, which has experienced significant warming in recent decades. Using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) model with a 2.1 km resolution grid and 16 vertical layers, we examine thermal stratification, wind-driven processes, and circulation dynamics. Our results show seasonal variations in surface water temperature caused by changes in air temperature and wind conditions. Primary upwelling occurs in the southern regions from May to August, while secondary upwelling is seen in the northern areas from November to February consistent with previous instrumental studies. Bathymetry affects both upwelling and downwelling circulation. Our findings highlight the interplay between atmospheric and hydrodynamic factors controlling nutrient distribution within the lake driven by internal circulation. These insights underscore the importance of continuous monitoring and collaborative management to protect Lake Tanganyika’s ecosystem amid climate change.