Note: Nanosupercapacitors, also called electrochemical supercapacitors or nanocapacitors, thus emerge as promising fuel sources with astonishingly fast charge release rates. Amazing fast charging. Created to improve power execution (high speed capability), they still rely on similar inherent breakpoints.About the electrical characteristics and the process of making a nanocapacitor structure using (metal-insulator-carbon-metal nanotube layers).  Due to the unique nanotube structure, this structure shows high capacitance and the possibility of extremely high integration density.  Nanoscale patterns and high aspect ratio are obtained by electron beam lithography to fabricate these vertical nanostructures.  This structure can be used to replace capacitors that use a silicon pillar structure in dynamic random access memory (DRAM) or as a nanoscale capacitor for various nanoelectronic devices.

Sadhu Sundar Singh and Christianity in India: Reinterpreting Legacy, Cultural Inculturation, and Mystical Syncretism AbstractThis paper performs a critical assessment of Sadhu Sundar Singh’s role in the contextualization and inculturation of Christianity within India and attends to his theological innovations and lasting legacy of spiritual synthesis. As a Christian mystic with a Sikh background, Singh represents a radical synthesis of Christ-centred devotion and Indian asceticism. The study will assess the theological parameters around Singh’s writings, the symbolic role he occupied as a cultural mediator, and the status of his reception within Indian and Western Christian communities. By placing Singh within the broader conversations around religious syncretism and Christian inculturation, the paper hopes to contribute to a understanding of how Indian Christianity can be both instrumental and authentic to the gospel and indigenous traditions. IntroductionThe development of Christianity in India has witnessed profound encounters with indigenous religious perspectives, leading to varied theological expression. One of the most iconic figures in this indigenizing process is Sadhu Sundar Singh (1889-1929). He lived a life and engaged in a ministry shaped by an abiding quest to reconcile Christian revelation with Indian spiritual sensibilities. He was born into a Sikh family in colonial Punjab. His remarkable conversion to Christianity at the age of sixteen was an event in his life that did not durable disconnect him from his culture, but initiated a spiritual journey of inculturation that ultimately reshaped the landscape of Indian Christian witness.As a Hindu sadhu, bedecked in Hindu attire, Singh portrays a radical reimagining of Christian discipleship by emphasizing simplicity, renunciation, and mystical union with the Christ. He offered a serious alternative to the Westernized ecclesial establishments that had dominated Indian Christianity during the colonial period. In this paper, I will outline Singh's theological contributions, his interpretive methods, and develop the significance and meaning of his life and teachings. I will argue that Singh is a valuable example of culturally integrative faith, a person whose vision interrogates contemporary assumptions about the permeability of religious boundaries and orthodox doctrinal purity. I. The Spiritual Formation of Sadhu Sundar Singh 1. Early Life and Mystical Awakening Sadhu Sundar Singh was born in 1889 in Rampur, a city in Punjab, into a well-educated and devout Sikh family. He had absorbed the scriptures of Sikhism and Hinduism deeply and developed a childhood sensibility toward metaphysical inquiry. However, he confronted deep existential crisis following the death of his mother and spiraled towards despair. In recounting this period in his autobiographical accounts, Singh stated that following a period of intense inner torment, he experienced an encounter with Christ that re-centered him on the spiritual journey and resulted in his baptism as a Christian.In short, the divine encounter did not just convert Singh in a doctrinal sense, but realigned the whole of his spiritual habitus. Singh's experience of divine intimacy eased the pain of family alienation. Singh's early reflections on theology were less concerned with ecclesiastical doctrine than the immediacy of Christ's presence, which led him to express a spirituality of inner transformation over doctrinal orthodoxy.2. Adoption of the Sadhu Vocation In a dramatic contrast to colonial Christian cultural patterns in India, Singh adopted the life of an itinerant sadhu—wearing the saffron robe, living a celibate lifestyle, and having renounced possessions—he sought to live a life engaged with Indian ascetic traditions. His Christian identity was not syncretistic, but a deliberate expression of Christian discipleship in an Indian idiom.Theologically, Singh's life of a sadhu expressed his belief that the gospel could be separated and detached from Western cultural forms—he believed that the gospel could be rooted in Indian cultural forms, images, idioms, and practices. The integration of sadhu spirituality with Christian mysticism provided an innovative form of witness that emphasized the experiential knowledge of God, moral purity, and radical simplicity. Singh's life was an enacted parable, allowing Indian audiences to meet Christ without cultural displacement. II. Singh’s Missionary Itinerancy and Global Impact 1. Mystical Evangelism and Narrative Theologies As Singh traveled as an itinerant evangelist throughout India, Nepal, and Tibet, he was engaged with villagers, monks, and mystics, who each presented a unique cultural context. Singh was intentionally non-coercive in his proclamation; although he travelled with mission goals, he did not have a formal sermon. He employed parables, analogies, and poetic images from within Indian tradition to disclose truths he understood in his Christian faith. His Christology leadership identified Jesus not merely as a teacher but as Satguru—the ultimate teacher. Jesus, as Satguru, revealed divine love and offered a sacrificial life to liberate the individual from karmic bondage.Singh's acceptance of storytelling, in engaging others, was not a simple pedagogy; it was also theological for Singh, as it allowed him to translate the message of Christ into the metaphorical, moral, and mystical language of Indian religious life. In retrospect, Singh negotiated the religious space between peoples by not resorting to polemics with other peoples, holding to the importance of interior transformation over outward ritual practices. As an evangelist for Christ’s message, he was a fascinating figure in interreligious dialogues—avant la lettre.2. Engagement with Western Christianity Singh’s voyages to the West—especially, to the United Kingdom, continental Europe, and the United States—were steeped in admiration and critique. Singh was seen by Western audiences as having ascetic discipline and prophetic charisma, but Singh questioned what he deemed the spiritual decadence of institutionalized Christianity in the West. Singh argued that Western Christianity had become suffocated within ecclesial bureaucracies and thereby lost its grasp of the radical simplicity & mystical depth of the gospel.Through lectures, interviews, and written works like At the Master’s Feet and The Visions of Sadhu Sundar Singh, he framed the image of Christianity as universal in its essence but contextual in its fluidity. Singh's critiques were prophetic, calling for Western Christians to recapture the contemplative heart of their faith—a message that found fertile ground with emerging spiritual movements across Europe and North America. III. Theological Syncretism and Cultural Inculturation 1. Christ as Satguru: Reimagining Jesus in Indian Terms Sadhu Sundar Singh’s theology is arguably most innovative in his retelling of Christ in Indian spiritual terms. One of the significant parts of this thought was the use of Jesus as the Satguru, a term that holds meaning in both Sikhism and Hinduism. In Sikh and Hindu traditions, the Satguru, or true spiritual teacher, is not simply a moral teacher, but an enlightened being who offers saving knowledge and liberating grace. By employing this term, Singh then offered a Christology that is felt and understood to Indians who think in terms of the guru-disciple relationship.This should not be viewed as a compromise in theology, but rather as an act of cultural and pastoral inculturation. Singh defined the Satguru not as a remote metaphysical principle, of which there is no argument in both Sikh and Hindu terminology, but as the incarnate Son of God who suffered, who loved, and who reconciled the world through the cross. In doing this, Singh presented a faith-based vision of God that did not contradict Indian spiritual intuitions, but fulfilled them—a vision and understanding of God that led to the ultimate liberation (moksha) through union.2. The Mystical Path and Ascetic Renunciation Singh's incorporation of Indian asceticism was not peripheral to his theology; it was central. For Singh, renunciation (tyaga) was a refusal of egoistic attachments that stop communion with God, not a rejection of the body (the world) in itself. This pattern resonates with the monastic undertones of both Hindu sannyasa, and Christian Mystics, connecting the two traditions with a spiritual bridge.His theology emphasized the via negativa - an interior journey of purification and detachment to ultimately arrive at the experience of divine love that cannot be possessed or put into words. In his own writings, Singh used the imagery of fire, light, and stillness to essentially encapsulate this experience of mystical ascent. His use of these metaphors allowed him to extend Christian spirituality and theology to possible interreligious resonance while firmly centering it on Christ. He was not merely borrowing Indian notions, but enveloping them into a radically Christocentric mysticism.3. The Parabolic Method and Symbolic Communication Singh's parables and cultural images served as a theological method by themselves. Singh, like Jesus who told parables to reveal the mysteries of God, wanted to use in-day images and images from Indian culture as tools to express transcendent truth. The Ganges River, the lotus flower, the relationship of the Guru and disciple—were all images used to get the gospel across in a way that transcended the abstract doctrinal debates and reached right to the heart of spiritual yearning.This approach put Singh at the forefront of the modern understanding of theological inculturation that was only developed later following the missiological discourse. Singh's writings and oral teachings could be considered as proto-contextual theology, efforts to articulate Christian truth in native peoples' expressions without losing the essential nature of the truth. For Singh, inculturation was not an attempt to come to terms with culture, but rather a theological necessity and requirement that originated in the incarnation itself, in which God became flesh, in a time, in a culture. IV. Enduring Legacy and Critical Reflections 1. Influence on Indian Christian Theology Sadhu Sundar Singh's intellectual and spiritual impact is still evident in Indian Christian thought today. His emphasis on cultural authenticity and mystical experience predated the subsequent trajectories taken by M. M. Thomas and Raimon Panikkar. Thomas's engagement with liberation theology and Panikkar's dialogical theology of religions were both influenced by Singh's vision of a faith that is rooted in a sense of being and belonging, and relational.In particular, Singh's life affirmed that he could be both fully Christian and fully Indian, avoiding the binaries created by the colonial Christianity he encountered. This has been especially relevant in the past decades of postcolonial theological reflection which continues to reckon with issues of identity. For many Indian Christians, Singh's model is liberating because he shows how one can commit to two sometimes competing spiritual heritages.2. Reception in Global Christianity In the Western tradition, Singh has frequently been received as a romantic, exotic mystic, or as a saintly ascetic. This reception has helped to popularize his writings, but it also has sometimes de-emphasized the theological richness and cultural intentionality of his project. Singh's critiques of Western ecclesiasticism, and of any spiritual authenticity resonated with early 20th century Christian mystics and later proponents of the contemplative renewal movement.Significantly, Singh's connection of mysticism, simplicity, and social marginality has resonated in the spirituality of Thomas Merton and Henri Nouwen. His writings continue to resonate with seekers of eleven force three different aspects of spirituality: contemplative prayer, interreligious dialogue, and living a life of radical discipleship. Singh has left his most pervading mark on Indian Christianity-as a prophetic sign of what it means to be a follower of Christ on Indian soil without cultural alienation.3. Theological Controversies and Challenges While Singh is widely recognized and popularized, his legacy has also had some complications. Some critics questioned the orthodoxy of Singh's mystical experience - specifically, his claims of visions and encounters with God. Others criticized what they considered to be his slightly theological openness to other traditions - which bordered on relativism.However, those critiques often did not fully grasp Singh's Christocentric mysticism. For Singh, Christ was not simply one among many, he was the living, revealing presence of God in all truth. His openness to truth in other traditions just indicated the possibility for fellowship in the cosmic lordship of Christ and an understanding that the mystery of the Divine cannot be captured in any one cultural or ecclesial form of expression. Conclusion: Theological Significance and Contemporary Relevance Sadhu Sundar Singh is a unique presence within the theological landscape of Indian Christianity. He straddles the contours of both the cultural captivity of the gospel and the doctrinal exclusivism of Christianity. His synthesis of Christian mysticism and Indian spiritual practice shows that inculturation is not simply an allowance to culture, but is, instead, an enfleshing of the incarnational logic at the heart of the Christian faith.In a time when Indian Christians are confronted with their own identity, their own marginalization, and their own post-colonial realization, Singh offers, instead, a prophetic model. An indigenous model that is unapologetically indigenous, contemplatively missional, and radically Christocentric. His life suggests it is possible to be Indian and Christian, not by suppressing cultural particularity, but by allowing the gospel to take root in the soil of local traditions, symbols and vocabularies, and historically rooted forms of spirituality.As we continue to live in an age of interreligious contact and spiritual pluralism, Singh's theology continues to resonate. His proclamation that "Christ does not lie confined in any culture but that He can be known for His intrinsic qualities in every language, ritual and longing" remains a theological gift of lasting significance. He is not only a guide for Indian Christianity but a guide for the church as it continues to forge a world that is both rooted and responsive, faithful and open, and mystical and incarnational. References・Johnson, W. J. (2006). The mystics of India. Hesperus Press. ・Panikkar, R. (1981). The unknown Christ of Hinduism. Orbis Books. ・Singh, S. S. (1930). At the master’s feet. Fleming H. Revell Company. ・Sundkler, B. (2000). Sadhu Sundar Singh: A biography of a modern saint. Oxford University Press. ・Thomas, M. M. (2000). The theology of liberation and Indian Christianity. WCC Publications.

Note: Cobalt nanowires with a diameter of about 93 nm  are made using the electro-deposition technique on an aluminum mold, using the galvano-static deposition method. The aluminum mold is made through multi-stage (monodizing) pure aluminum sheet. Fabrication of arrays of vertical cobalt nanowires aligned on flat surfaces and field emission (FE) by using them as electron cathodes.  These arrays are made by electrodeposition in the form of nanoparticles on Au substrates. Ti/Si are obtained at very low temperature (<100°C).

A dataset of Vertical Electrical Soundings by Schlumberger configuration (n = 37) encompassing a study area of 354 km 2 was utilized to compute Dar-Zarrouk parameters, namely Transverse Unit Resistance (Tr), Longitudinal Unit Conductance (Sc) for groundwater quality differentiation. The (Tr) and (Sc) values were grouped into three categories – Fresh, intermediate, and saline groundwater- for ease in identifying the formation water quality. The geoelectric model interpreted from the dataset reveals a sub-surface configuration made of five geoelectric layers, namely clay, medium-grained sand, medium to fine-grained sand, transition zone, and basal sandstone, lithology validated through cross-referencing with drill samples and resistivity values. The computed datasets were cross-referenced with drill cutting samples, field resistivity values, and aquifer zone thickness to enhance resolution and lower uncertainty for demarcating zones with enhanced possibility of obtaining fresh groundwater within a regionally saline aquifer. Effective utilization of Dar-Zarrouk parameters prevents overlap when deciphering zones for fresh, moderate, and saline groundwater prospects, unlike the electrical resistivity dataset(s) interpretation. Thus, the thematic map displays fresh groundwater prospects’ zone(s) in the study area without inter-mixing zones.

A document by Noora Al-Snan. Click on the document to view its contents.

Asif Amin 1, Zahin Shahriar1, Minhajul Hossain1, Rahatul Ishakh1,Shah Tanvir11Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh-

INTRODUCTION:Necrobiosis lipoidica (NL) is a relatively rare granulomatous skin disorder, associated with dermal collagen degeneration. When develops in the context of diabetes, it is specifically referred to as necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD).Skin involvement is commonly characterized by well-defined brownish-yellow indurated plaques with overlying telangiectasias, violaceous borders and atrophic center. It mainly affects the pretibial area but can also present in the upper extremities, trunk, genitalia, face and scalp (1, 2).Moreover, morphea (also known as localized scleroderma), is a rare and self-limited autoimmune skin disorder of excess collagen production and deposition, causing inflammation and fibrosis of dermis and subcutaneous tissues. Plaque type morphea as the most common form of localized scleroderma, initially presents as slightly elevated, reddish or purplish plaques that gradually expand outward in a centrifugal pattern. In the later stages of the disease, skin lesions develop into dyspigmented, atrophic and sclerotic plaques. Commonly involved areas include the trunk, as well as the inframammary and inguinal regions.Both necrobiosis lipoidica and morphea are non-infectious inflammatory dermatoses of unclear pathogenesis and etiology(1, 3). As of now, only four cases of concurrent necrobiosis lipoidica (NL) and morphea have been documented in the literature. One case was detailed in a case report, while the other three were included in a retrospective study (4, 5). Herein, we document a case of concomitant NL and morphea in a 43-year-old non-diabetic woman with a history of NL on her elbow, recently developed a plaque-type morphea on her trunk. We also review the literature on other dermatoses that have been reported to coexist with NL.

This study describes the management of placenta percreta using an innovative approach combining ultrasound-guided foam sclerosant injection with transvaginal resection and uterine repair. A 34-year-old patient, presenting with persistent vaginal bleeding and diagnosed with placenta percreta, underwent this minimally invasive treatment. The method proved effective in reducing blood supply, minimizing trauma, and accelerating recovery. Postoperative outcomes included minimal pain, rapid recovery, and high patient satisfaction. This case emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis, tailored intervention, and multidisciplinary collaboration in managing placenta percreta to ensure patient safety and preserve fertility.

Objective: To determine maternal bone mineral density changes during pregnancy in healthy women using REMS. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: UMAE Hospital de Gineco Obstetricia No.4 “Luis Castelazo Ayala,” IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico. Population: Women with singleton pregnancy. Methods: Bone mineral density was determined in all patients once in each trimester by REMS densitometry. Lifestyle and demographic data were collected by interview. Main outcome measures: Bone mineral density. Results: BMD was significantly lower in the second and third trimesters compared with the first trimester. A wide interindividual variation in BMD change was observed; therefore, women were stratified into a bone loss or bone gain group according to the BMD loss or gain rate from the first to third trimester. Binary logistic regression showed that no calcium + vitamin D (Odds ratio [95% CI]; 21.62 [4.72-99.03]; p< 0.0001) and no multivitamin use (Odds ratio [95% CI]; 11.00 [1.34-90.11]; p=0.025) were independent factors significantly associated with bone loss at the end of pregnancy. According to previous reports in postmenopausal women, two subpopulations are identified when the rate of bone loss is measured annually; thus, the bone loss group was stratified into slow and fast bone loser groups, considering a bone loss >3% during pregnancy as a cutoff. Fisher’s exact test showed that gravidity was significantly associated with fast bone loss (p=0.003). Conclusions: Decreased BMD during pregnancy is associated with no multivitamin use and no calcium + vitamin D use. In addition, an association between fast bone loss and the number of pregnancies was shown.

Objective Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is an otologic emergency and treated with steroid therapy. Despite adverse events (AEs) associated with long term steroid use being well evidenced, there is sparsity of literature regarding the AEs of short-course prescriptions in the SSNHL cohort, which limits the quality of patient counselling and informed consent. Method A literature search was performed on the Medline and Embase databases for studies assessing AEs in adults with SSNHL managed with oral (OST), intratympanic (ITS) and intravenous steroid therapy (IVS). Two authors screened titles, abstracts, and full-text articles, with conflicts resolved by a third reviewer. Forty-three papers were included. Results In systemic steroid therapies, hyperglycaemia and hypertension are reported in up to 29.8% and 37.9% of patients respectively. Patients with medication-dependent diabetes and hypertension are at higher risk. Gastric and mood disturbances affected up to 27.9% and 44.6% of patients respectively. ITS carried risks of otalgia (up to 54.3%), dizziness (up to 27.1%), perforations (up to 11.5%), and otitis media (up to 4.7%). Conclusion Comprehensive counselling is key in obtaining informed consent, especially in cohorts with diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension where monitoring of glucose and blood pressure is recommended. Gastroprotection should be considered. Future focus is required to study short-term steroid AEs and raise awareness amongst prescribing clinicians and patients.

Intuitive Eating (IE) is an approach often used for eating disorder recovery, and individuals with ADHD are at high risk for eating disorders. Individuals with Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may also have impaired interoceptive awareness (IA), and interoceptive awareness may be associated with intuitive eating. It is also possible for meaning-making through a meaning mindset to be associated with interoceptive awareness, which could in turn facilitate intuitive eating. This study examined the relationships among ADHD symptoms, IA, IE, and MM. In particular, the indirect effects of IA and MM as mediators between ADHD symptoms and IE were investigated. Seventy-six adults between the ages of 18 and 63 years (mean age: 32.78 years) with varying levels of ADHD symptoms (37 participants with diagnosed ADHD) completed online questionnaires that included the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, Intuitive Eating Scale-2, Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, and Adult Identity and Meaning Scale. Findings showed that higher

Anomaly-based detection offers an adaptive solution for identifying ransomware, capable of responding to new and highly obfuscated threats in real-time. The Behavior-based Sequence Anomaly Detection (BSAD) model was developed as a robust ransomware detection framework, relying on dynamic pattern recognition to address the limitations of static and signaturebased models. Through encoding and analyzing sequences of system behaviors, BSAD detects deviations indicative of ransomware activity with enhanced accuracy and minimal latency, even across complex and polymorphic strains. Implementing machine learning within BSAD facilitates real-time adaptation to diverse ransomware types, effectively reducing false positives while preserving a high detection rate in both cloud-based and on-premises deployments. Experimental evaluations demonstrate BSAD's resilience under variable load conditions, as it consistently outperforms heuristic and signature-based models in both accuracy and response time. Additionally, BSAD's low resource consumption and scalability support its application in environments with varying computational capabilities, highlighting its suitability for large-scale enterprise networks and resourcelimited systems alike. This approach advances cybersecurity frameworks by providing a proactive, autonomous solution to ransomware threats, contributing meaningfully to adaptive cyber defense.

Measurements in the South China Sea reveal the structure of the bottom boundary layer beneath onshore propagating highly nonlinear internal solitary waves of depression. Offshore directed free stream velocities beneath thirteen waves with durations of 10-20 minutes and velocities up to 1.4 m/s are consistent with the solitary wave solution to the Korteweg de Vries equation, as are phase velocities estimated from pressures and free stream velocities. The measurements indicate a thin layer during free stream acceleration, a thicker layer with an inflected velocity during deceleration, and a long lived sediment laden wake, after wave passage in the free stream, with velocities opposite those at maximum flow strength. Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes simulations with the k-ε turbulence model reproduce the measured velocities and turbulent Reynolds shear stresses accurately during acceleration and early deceleration. However, differences between the simulations and the measurements during late deceleration and in the wake suggest energetic large scale turbulence not represented by the simulations. This turbulence might be similar in origin to coherent vortices that have been observed in laboratory experiments and direct numerical simulations at much smaller Reynolds numbers, which have been attributed to absolute and global instabilities resulting from inflected velocity profiles.

Plateau lakes are often pristine and less disturbed ecosystems. Studying the interactions among microbial diversity, resistance genes, and nitrogen metabolism processes in these environments can provide profound insights into natural processes. This study investigated eight typical Plateau lakes and explored the distribution patterns of microbial communities and functional diversity across different fractions (pore sizes). It was found that particle-attached (PA) fractions exhibited significantly higher community diversity, while free-living (FL) fractions showed significantly higher functional diversity. Multiresistance, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS), and tetracycline resistance genes are the predominant types of ARGs in Plateau lakes. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) play a crucial role in the dissemination and risk transmission of resistance genes. A total of 64 potential hosts for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were identified, with Limnohabitans, Aestuariivirga, and Stenotrophomonas being the primary carriers of ARGs in both fractions. Furthermore, it was discovered that the dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) process dominates nitrogen metabolism in Plateau lakes, indicating a potential risk of nitrogen retention. The abundance of DNRA-related genes demonstrated a strong positive correlation with ARGs. Gammaproteobacteria were identified as the main hosts for the co-hosts of DNRA-related genes and ARGs. This research significantly contributes to understanding the ecological risks posed by the interaction between microbially-driven nitrogen metabolism and antibiotic resistance in less impacted Plateau lake ecosystems.

Nanomedicine has emerged as a promising frontier in combating neurodegenerative diseases, which include conditions like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s disease. The complexity of these diseases, often characterized by progressive neuronal damage and dysfunction, presents challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and disease management. Nanotechnology-based approaches offer innovative solutions by enhancing the precision and effectiveness of interventions. One of the key contributions of nanomedicine is targeted drug delivery, where nanoparticles are designed to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and deliver therapeutic agents directly to affected brain regions, minimizing systemic toxicity. These nanocarriers can be functionalized with ligands for specific cell targeting, ensuring that drugs reach their intended site of action. Furthermore, nanomedicine plays a crucial role in imaging and diagnosis. Nanoparticles are being developed as contrast agents for advanced imaging techniques, enabling early detection of neurodegeneration and monitoring disease progression with high sensitivity. In the realm of neuroprotection, nanoparticles deliver antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and neurotrophic factors to protect neurons from oxidative stress and inflammatory damage. Additionally, nanotechnology-based therapeutic agents include small-molecule drugs, peptides, and nucleic acids that modulate disease-related pathways at the molecular level. Personalized medicine is another advantage of nanomedicine, where treatments can be tailored based on individual genetic and molecular profiles. By minimizing side effects and enhancing drug efficacy, nanomedicine offers hope for improved management and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, potentially transforming how these conditions are diagnosed and treated.

With the increasing aging of the population and the increasing number of patients with cardiovascular diseases, how to improve the damage of myocardial cells caused by acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and improve cardiac function after infarction has attracted widespread attention. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are easy to obtain and proliferate, naturally lack MHC class II antigens, and have the function of promoting angiogenesis. They have become ideal seed cells for improving the prognosis of myocardial infarction in tissue engineering. This review mainly summarizes the biological characteristics of BMSCs and the chemical, physical, co-culture, and gene transfection methods for inducing BMSCs to differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like cells in vitro, and discusses the protective effects of BMSCs and their exosomes on the heart in myocardial infarction.

Objective: Determine effects of prenatal smoking and drinking on birthweight. Design: An ancillary study of a prospective, multinational cohort study (the Safe Passage Study) assessing fetal effects of alcohol. Setting: South African community of low socioeconomic status. Sample: Pregnant women with single, normal, liveborn infants (August 2007- January 2015). Methods: Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) was determined on multiple occasions during pregnancy and transformed into number of standard drinks (14 g pure alcohol) per day or binges (≥ 4 standard drinks per event). Cigarette exposure (PCE) was recorded from the number of days smoked per month and amount smoked on typical days. PAE and PCA, single or in combination, were expressed as continuous variables, exposure groups or trajectories, and compared with maternal and infant characteristics. Main outcome measures: BW z-scores (BWZs) and proportions of (severe) small-for-gestational age infants (SGA; < P10 (P3)) in relation to exposure metrics. Results: There were 4 098 participants (64.8% drinkers (63.3-66.3% CI), 63.0% smokers (61.4-64.34 CI), 45.8% dual users (44.3-47.3% CI); 739 SGA (18.0% (16.9-19.2%)) and 266 severe SGA (6.5% (5.8-7.3% CI)). BWZs were significantly lower with all exposure metrics, even low single use and when quitting during pregnancy. (Severe) SGA was increased with all exposure metrics, esp. with continued and/or dual exposure, even if low. Controlling for maternal variables which independently correlated with exposures and/or fetal growth, these findings persisted for exposure trajectories, and all dual exposure groups, but not for single exposure. Conclusions: Dual exposure to smoking and drinking (even low) reduces fetal growth.

Large tropical rivers act as important pathways of nitrogen transport from land to the sea, with the final river reaches potentially retaining nitrogen. In the present study, a mass balance approach was used to evaluate nitrogen retention over a two-year period from a 50 km reach of the Padma River in Bangladesh, approximately 150 km upstream of where the river discharges into the Bay of Bengal. The relationship between concentration and discharge was estimated from 58 nitrogen concentration and discharge measurements. Daily nitrogen flux was then calculated daily from the hydrological inflow and outflows of the reach, and total nitrogen (TN) retention was estimated based on the flux difference of TN inflows and outflows. To compare with mass balance estimates, nitrogen loss due to water retention (NLWR), sedimentation, potential denitrification (PDR), and nitrogen fixation (NFR) were estimated from the water column of the river. NLWR and sedimentation were estimated from the nitrogen concentration and discharge. PDR and NFR were measured using the acetylene inhibition method and upscaled using outflow discharge and water travel time. Up-scaled PDR and NFR were compared with hydrologic retention and sedimentation to assess the relative contributions of these processes to retention. Monthly mass-balance measurements showed a substantial seasonal variation in nitrogen retention. Estimated maximum retention values (tonnes per month) of NLWR, sedimentation, PDR, and NFR were all associated with the monsoons. However, the percentage contribution of PDR and NFR to TN retention was higher in non-monsoon months (post-monsoon, dry/winter and pre-monsoon), suggesting nitrogen retention mechanisms varied seasonally. TN retention via NLWR accounted for the largest portion of total TN retention in every season, always exceeding 50% of total TN retention. Sedimentation was second most important in monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, while PDR in submerged geomorphic units was second most important in dry/winter and pre-monsoon seasons. Net PDR in the water column contributed the least (1-6%) to total TN retention in all seasons.

In recent decades, natural fibers reinforced composites in various applications have significantly developed. One of the critical properties of hybrid composites is their fatigue behavior, which affects the lifetime and application range of these materials, especially when the composite is drilled. This study aims to analyze the fatigue behavior of the central open-hole kenaf/glass multilayer hybrid composites. For this purpose, pure and hybrid kenaf/glass four layers composite samples with different stacking sequences, with and without a central hole were produced, and their tensile strength was evaluated. Afterward, the optimized hybrid composite (GKKG) and two pure glass (G4) and kenaf (K4) samples were analyzed under the fatigue tensile test at three stress levels. The results showed that the four layers drilled pure glass sample exhibited the highest fatigue strength, enduring 115,000 cycles at a stress level of 50%. The drilled hybrid kenaf/glass sample (GKKG) also showed outstanding fatigue strength, bearing approximately 54,000 cycles at a stress level of 50%. The slope of the stress-logarithm(N) curve of the hybrid sample was considerably smaller than the pure glass. This indicates lower sensitivity of drilled hybrid composites reinforced with natural fibers to the fatigue loading.

An organosulfur compound has at least one carbon-sulfur (C-S) bond. All living things’ bodies contain organosulfur compounds in the form of proteins, peptides, enzymes, amino acids, vitamins, coenzymes, hormones, etc. Numerous plants contain organosulfur compounds, and for centuries, folk and traditional medicines have made use of their bioactive qualities. Almost all of the compounds detected from Aloe plants are organic compounds among which some of them are organosulfur compounds. Five organosulfur compounds have been reported from the genus Aloe. Aloe species have been found to contain thiamine/vitamin B1 (C 12H 17N 4OS +), pluridone (C 12H 12O 3S), methionine (C 5H 11NO 2S), cysteine (C 3H 7NO 2S), and 1-(phenylthioxomethyl) piperidine (C 12H 15NS). The compounds are grouped into various functional groups: sulfide (R-S-R), thiol (R-SH), and thioamide (R=SN). These compounds have potential biological activities that are used in medicine, food, cosmetics, etc.  The biological activities of organosulfur compounds are the same as those of Aloe species. This agreement shows that organosulfur compounds have roles in the applications of Aloe species. Therefore, organosulfur compounds from the genus Aloe are strongly recommended to be tested for their potential biological activities and how to extract, isolate, and specifically perform structural characterization.

Abstract a. Background: Percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects (ASD) using atrial septal occluders (ASO) is an established treatment method. However, rare complications such as device migration can occur, especially in unusual locations like the systemic circulation. b. Case Presentation: A 23-year-old male underwent percutaneous closure of a secundum ASD five

Due to COVID-19, home online fitness has surged, with sports and fitness mobile applications (SFMA) becoming crucial for promoting physical exercise among home-based university students. The purposes of this study were to examine the internal mechanisms of exercise motivation, exercise attitude, exercise self-efficacy, and SFMA use among home-based university students. This study included 826 home-based university students (males = 412, age M = 18.93, SD = 0.97) who responded to questionnaires assessing exercise motivation, exercise attitude, exercise self-efficacy, and SFMA use. The results showed that (1) frequent SFMA users exhibited higher exercise motivation, exercise attitude, and exercise self-efficacy than occasional or rare users; (2) exercise motivation directly and indirectly influenced SFMA use through exercise attitude and exercise self-efficacy. These results highlight a potential mechanism for SFMA engagement, emphasizing the psychological drivers of health behavior promotion.

Yeast strain development has been essential for improving efficiency, flavour diversity, and quality of beer fermentation. Such efforts often rely on laborious in vitro screening experiments. However, with the increasing availability of large-scale ‘omics’ data sets, it may be possible to replace or complement such experiments with in silico screening. Here, we briefly review the genetics associated with various desirable and undesirable traits in brewing yeast, and demonstrate how recent genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics data sets derived from the 1,011 yeast genomes project can be exploited for identifying strains with potentially desirable phenotypes. The discussed phenotypes are related to fermentation performance, formation of desirable flavours, and mitigation of off-flavours. Finally, we perform wort fermentations with five strains from diverse backgrounds, with diverse predicted phenotypes, to validate the in silico predictions. Most predicted phenotypes correlated well with the measured phenotypes, including formation of desirable compounds like isoamyl acetate and ethyl octanoate, as well as formation of undesirable compounds like 4-vinyl guaiacol, diacetyl, and ethanethiol. Together, the results indicate that utilizing large ‘omics’ data sets can be a very useful tool for both strain selection and development for beer fermentation, and naturally other food and beverage fermentations as well. Compared to more traditional in vitro screening, this has several benefits, including lower costs, more rapid results and possibility to include more strains. We hope this can inspire and yield improved and more diverse brewing strains to the industry.

Language models have emerged as powerful tools for generating human-like text, but their growing complexity presents significant challenges in balancing computational efficiency with ethical considerations. The need to optimize the inference process while reducing biases and hallucinations has driven the development of novel techniques that integrate both performance and responsibility into a unified framework. The introduction of the Dynamic Token Flow Mechanism (DTFM) addresses these dual challenges through a dynamic routing system that enhances token processing based on contextual relevance and ethical flags. By incorporating real-time ethical decision-making during the inference phase, DTFM not only reduces the computational load but also ensures more reliable and ethically aligned outputs. Experimental results reveal substantial improvements in inference efficiency, with a 25% reduction in token processing time, as well as a significant 33% decrease in biased outputs and hallucination rates. These findings demonstrate that DTFM successfully balances computational demands with the necessity of responsible AI, making it a promising innovation for the future deployment of language models across a wide range of applications. Through this mechanism, the architecture of language models becomes more scalable, efficient, and ethically robust, paving the way for its application in diverse real-world scenarios that require both speed and ethical rigor.