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In filamentous fungal fermentation, selecting suitable impellers and controlling fungal morphology are crucial for product yield. We previously demonstrated that the AGΔ-GAGΔ strain of Aspergillus oryzae, lacking both α-1,3-glucan (AG) and galactosaminogalactan (GAG), had improved hyphal dispersion, reduced culture viscosity, and increased recombinant protein production. Here, we applied computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using viscosity data to explore the importance of impeller design and strain engineering. High-performance impellers (HS100/HR100) were compared with the conventional flat-blade turbine and paddle (6FT/4FP). CFD analysis showed large gas cavities behind the blades and severe compartmentalization for both the wild-type and AGΔ-GAGΔ strains. HS100/HR100 had more homogeneous velocity and shear stress values than did 6FT/4FP. The AGΔ-GAGΔ strain had a wider shear stress distribution and reduced gas cavity in comparison with the wild-type strain. The simulation results agreed with measured volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficients ( KLa) and mixing times. Transcriptional analysis during HS100/HR100 cultivation revealed upregulation of the TCA cycle genes in AGΔ-GAGΔ in comparison with the wild type. Our findings suggest that the combination of an optimized stirring system and the AGΔ-GAGΔ strain can significantly enhance mixing. Furthermore, the improved mixing properties of AGΔ-GAGΔ may contribute to higher recombinant protein yields through an increased population of metabolically active cells.

This project develops a deep learning model utilizing the DINOv2 architecture to automatically classify abnormalities detected in video capsule endoscopy (VCE) frames. The focus is on ten specific abnormalities, assisting healthcare professionals in diagnosing gastrointestinal disorders efficiently.

An immobilized, cell-free system to produce isobutanol, a next-generation biofuel, was engineered to improve its production using biochemical approaches. A previously described approach involving random immobilization on suspended beads was superseded by a targeted, ordered cellulosome-based immobilization system that facilitated substrate channeling and minimized diffusion limitations. For this purpose, keto-acid decarboxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and formate dehydrogenase were genetically fused to a specific dockerin module, originating from different microbial species, each of which bound selectively to a complementary cohesin-bearing scaffoldin protein. Engineering of the fusions, as well as tuning the expression, was key to obtaining a working efficient multi-enzyme system. This system produced isobutanol at a titer of 5.92 g/L and 78.4% yield, which represented a marked improvement over previous results that used a cell-free method to produce this biofuel. This approach is promising, both as a starting point for further expansion of biofuel production and as a general enzyme-immobilized platform for producing biochemicals in vitro.

Matryoshka RNA viruses (MaRNAV) have been detected using bioinformatics and PCR approaches. They are associated with haemosporidian parasite infections, yet their prevalence and diversity in wild bird populations remain largely unknown. To investigate this, we examined blood samples from wild passerine birds and raptors in the San Francisco Bay Area. Samples were screened for haemosporidian infections followed by RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR to detect MaRNAV. Our analyses identified two novel MaRNAVs (MaRNAV-5 and -6) in various bird species harboring diverse Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon species. MaRNAV-5, associated with Haemoproteus, exhibited 71.3% amino acid identity to MaRNAV-4 and was found across 15 passerine species. MaRNAV-6, linked to Leucocytozoon, shared 72.9% identity with MaRNAV-3 and was found in 4 raptor species. Prevalence was 44.79% for MaRNAV-5 in infected passerines and 22.22% for MaRNAV-6 in infected raptors. These viruses were not found in uninfected birds and were consistently only in birds infected with haemosporidia. Sanger sequencing revealed high similarity of viral sequences across different bird species. Our findings indicate a high prevalence of MaRNAV among local wild birds, suggesting potential impacts on their health and ecology. We propose a life-cycle model for these viruses where the insect vector is the primary host, and the haemosporidian parasite acts as the virus vector to its next host. Further research is needed to determine the impact of these viruses in avian systems.

The relative contributions of past and present evolutionary processes in shaping population genetic differentiation can be difficult to ascertain, especially in highly mobile animals. The Northern Gannet (Morus bassanus; hereafter, gannet) is a migratory colonial seabird that is widely distributed across the North Atlantic Ocean. Despite strong dispersal abilities, decades of banding and tracking studies indicate that the North Atlantic is a barrier for seasonal migration of gannets: gannets breeding in North America winter along the southeastern coast of USA and Mexico, while European breeders winter along the western European and African coasts. However, telemetry recently revealed that some gannets migrate across the ocean, suggesting that trans-Atlantic gene flow is possible. We investigated patterns of genomic variation among gannets from 12 colonies across the species’ range using double digest restriction-site associated sequencing (ddRADseq). Indices of genetic differentiation, principal component analysis, a Bayesian clustering method, and discriminant analysis of principal components all indicated that gannets breeding in North America versus Europe differ genetically, in accordance with segregation at both breeding and non-breeding areas. However, Bayesian assignment methods indicated that low, unidirectional introgression occurs from Europe into North America, suggesting that the North Atlantic is a semi-permeable barrier to gene flow in gannets. Evolutionary modeling suggested that the two genetic populations originated in separate refugia during the Pleistocene and underwent secondary contact during the Holocene. These results are consistent with results of previous studies and provide direct evidence that seasonal migratory behaviour can influence population genetic structure in a highly mobile organism.

The dimensions of phylogenetic research have expanded to encompass the study of large-scale populations at the microevolutionary level and comparisons between different species or taxonomic units at the macroevolutionary level. Traditional phylogenetic tools often struggle to handle the diverse and complex data required for these different evolutionary scales. In response to this challenge, we introduce PhyloForge, a robust tool designed to seamlessly integrate the demands of both micro- and macro-evolution, comprehensively utilizing diverse phylogenomic signals, such as genes, SNPs, structural variations, as well as mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes. PhyloForge’s innovation lies in its capability to seamlessly integrate multiple phylogenomic signals, enabling unified analysis of multidimensional genomic data. This unique feature empowers researchers to gain a more comprehensive understanding of diverse aspects of biological evolution. PhyloForge not only provides highly customizable analysis tools for experienced researchers but also features an intuitively designed interface, facilitating effortless phylogenetic analysis for beginners. Extensive testing across various domains, including animals, plants, and fungi, attests to its broad applicability in the field of phylogenetics. In summary, PhyloForge has significant potential in the era of large-scale genomics, offering a new perspective and toolset for a deeper understanding of the evolution of life. PhyloForge codes could be found in GitHub (https://github.com/wangyayaya/PhyloForge/) and the program could be installed in Conda (https://anaconda.org/wangxiaobei/phyloforge).

Correspondence to:Robert.Lingard@scu.edu.auFaculty of HealthSouthern Cross University,Lismore, NSW, Australia AbstractRationale: While clinical research seeks to evaluate outcomes of various types, no framework has been identified that permits a sufficiently broad approach to evaluating clinical outcomes, in parallel with non-clinical outcomes. Aims and objectives: The objective of this paper is to examine a unifying framework for evaluating clinical outcomes in parallel with non-clinical outcomes by drawing on different understandings of the Common Good. The proposed framework must have broad application, accounting for the various types of outcomes that may emerge within different disciplinary approaches and identifying the benefits or harms that might be experienced by the clinical research participants. Method: Six, different definitions of the Common Good, originally described by Boltanski and Thévenot 1 are presented. The six conceptions of the Common Good identify organising principles by which an outcome is evaluated as beneficial or harmful. It also identifies the various ways that the researched persons, and the researchers, are subjectified. Academic literature that reported outcomes for persons living with dementia was purposively sampled to demonstrate the application of the six definitions of the Common Good. Results: A wide range of outcomes from clinical research may be evaluated in parallel, based upon the assumption that the Common Good may be expressed as a plurality of perceived goods extending beyond purely clinical, technically-measured outcomes. Further, the subjects of interventions may be described in non-clinical language, thus respecting the many roles that may be important to them as human persons and agents. Conclusion: Boltanski and Thévenot’s Economies of Worth framework allows research outcomes to be evaluated consistently against the six definitions of the Common Good. The definitions of the Common Good inhere six different Worlds: Civic, Domestic, Industry, Inspiration, Market, Opinion (or Celebrity). Each World is structured around a Higher Common Principle by which the Common Good is defined within that specific world. The example of research amongst people living with dementia demonstrates the robustness of this framework by identifying a wide range of non-clinical outcomes. These extend the understanding of the practical ways in which participants, their families and associates, researchers, and also organisations, are variously presented as subjects according to the different definitions of the Common Good.Implications: This theoretical approach has the potential to inform and support research in clinical settings and guide funding bodies in evaluation of research projects that give rise to clinical and non-clinical outcomes. A matrix that applies the structure of the definitions of the Worlds could be developed to support comparison of research outcomes arising from diverse objectives and methodologies.    KEYWORDSCommon Good, Interventions, Evaluations, Outcomes, Framework, Economies of Worth  1 | IntroductionThis paper identifies the absence of a framework to guide evaluation of clinical research outcomes alongside non-clinical outcomes. It proposes a unifying framework to support evaluation between projects and across disciplinary boundaries.  For example, a reading of current literature suggests that the outcomes of interventions and research amongst people with dementia and their carers are generally reported within disciplinary constraints. There is no overarching framework that has been applied to outcomes, regardless of their disciplinary embeddedness that accounts for clinical and non-clinical outcomes. It is assumed that research participants, researchers, and others are seeking to contribute to the Common Good, which often means presenting technical measures to justify the intervention. Outcomes are reported and are asserted to be good and beneficial to the participants, to the wider community, or to the research project itself. Alternatively, outcomes might challenge the rightness of previously held positions in order to ensure a good result. However, the assumptions that constitute the Common Good might not be made explicit, thereby preventing the evaluation of the different types of outcomes that might be of value when observed. Where technical, clinical definitions dominate, the human subjects receiving clinical interventions are confined to clinical definitions of who they are as patients. However, when clinical and non-clinical understandings are simultaneously considered in parallel, recognising the human subject as, for example, both a patient and a grandmother might enrich the interaction and suggest broader options for care. The example of research outcomes amongst people living with dementia, and their carers, is used to illustrate and ground this otherwise theoretical discussion.Definitions of the Common Good are taken from the theoretical work of social theorists, Boltanski and Thévenot1, that embeds these within the understandings of what is tacitly presented in common social interactions. The original description of the Economies of Worth (EoW) framework identified six different regimes, or Worlds of Valuing, by which the Common Good may be appealed to in ordinary interactions among agents who are seeking to justify their actions, or to defend their positions. Each World of Valuing is structured around a Higher Common Principle by which justice is defined. The definitions and descriptions of the Worlds of Valuing follow a common grammar, or pattern and structure. The definitions describe the ways in which subjects and objects are arranged in relation to each other. They further identify principles by which subjects are attributed greater or lesser status. They also propose tests by which a legitimate claim to justice may be made, according to the definition of the Common Good specified within a particular World of Valuing. Boltanski and Thévenot1 assert that there is a plurality of Worlds that exist simultaneously, and is referenced within social settings.Alternative frameworks have been applied in research with people living with dementia, for example. Low and Purwaningrum2 analysed the framing of dementia within a range of literature, media and social media to investigate presentations of dementia across a 20-year time span to 2018. They reported that dementia was generally negatively presented within the “biomedical, natural disaster and epidemic, military and fighting, the living dead and burden of care frames” and presented “more neutrally with the alternative mind-body frame” (Ref 2 p10). Their work provides a description of the ways in which dementia is represented across a range of texts in the English-speaking world in recent decades. Gerritson, Oyebode and Gove3 argue that people with dementia are variously subjectified and treated according to the ways in which they are perceived and portrayed by others. They considered the influence of explanatory models of dementia, including biomedical, bio-psycho-social, and spiritual conceptions, person-centred approaches, stereotypes and discursive understandings, media portrayals, and views of people living with dementia about themselves. The purpose of their work was to consider the moral implications of the ways in which people with dementia are viewed. Together, these works illustrate the complexity of work among people living with dementia and their carers. First, their results identify a wide range of representations of dementia and people living with dementia. One of the common themes in their findings is the influence of the biomedical model in defining people with dementia. However, representation of dementia is not limited to this technical perspective.  Second, the ways in which people living with dementia are represented have implications for the ways in which they are treated, both individually, and as a cohort. This may result in benefits, such as treatment-seeking behaviours3, or in harms, such as reducing a person to being perceived as “a damaged brain´(Ref 3 p.598). Third, their work was constrained to consider only people living with dementia and did not consider how others who are engaged with them are also subjectified. They also did not consider how this might impact the ways in which this wider cohort might be perceived. This includes carers, family, clinicians, care staff, and researchers, among others who might also be identified by their relationships to dementia and people living with dementia. Finally, no common, over-arching framework was identified or proposed that might unify approaches to work being undertaken amongst people living with dementia and their carers. It also did not accommodate the context of wider social arrangements engaging different agents and their roles when interacting with people with dementia. While each of these other frameworks has merit, having been derived empirically, neither takes the next step to provide a coherent theoretical approach. Their work might acknowledge the presence of clinical and non-clinical outcomes of importance but does not account for them.The purpose of this brief paper is to propose a unifying framework for the reporting of research outcomes that is based in different, but defined understandings of the Common Good, following the theoretical work of Boltanski and Thévenot1. We assert that this theoretical approach will enable broad application to the various types of outcomes that emerge from within different disciplines. Further, it provides a robustness that extends application to the range of agents and entities engaged with people living with dementia and their carers, that is, to family and friends, clinicians, researchers, and organizations, among others. Application of this framework within the context of dementia-related work has already been reported. Oldenhof, Potma & Putters4 applied the framework to consider the justificatory work of managers in the Dutch health care sector who had responsibility for overseeing small-scale group homes for people living with dementia. Their study identified the managers’ work of justifying actions, and defending and forging compromises, in the course of their duties. While identifying the varied work that managers found necessary to engage in, the study observed that the work of justification was achieved through discursive and material outputs, such as leaflets and budgets. Also, in consequence of the work of the managers, the persons with dementia were variously subjectified as clients, friends and members of families, members of civil society, and consumers. A different approach to the framework developed by Boltanki and Thevenot1 was adopted by Schneider et al.5, who sought to understand the subjective reality of domiciliary staff for people with dementia who were living in their own homes. Their analysis identified the activities and objects of importance to carers’ experiences. Their study provided a descriptive analysis of what was important to domiciliary workers but did not assign the objects of significance to the categories of the Common Good, as identified in the EoW framework. We argue that while providing a description of what was important to the workers has value, there is benefit to be gained by making explicit the assumptions of the Common Good that remain otherwise implicit.2 | Definitions of the Common GoodIn this paper, we seek to focus on persons living with dementia, and their carers, as the entities of primary interest, rather than on managers, or other staff. Six different definitions of the Common Good are described. Each definition and the associated principles and concepts identifies a World of Valuing, which is applied to inform the ways that a person with dementia is variously subjectified. Additionally, implications for evaluating specific ‘good’ outcomes are illustrated. The World of Industry is described first as it is within this World of Valuing that technical measures support the assertion of good clinical outcomes. The other five Worlds are presented as offering alternative good outcomes, though not subjected to the same rigours of scientific and technical judgement. Published articles were purposively sampled to provide a preliminary ‘proof of concept’ that different appeals to justice, consistent with the six different definitions of the Common Good, support the identification of a broad range of just outcomes for persons living with dementia. The discussion does not assume that authors of the sampled studies were aware of the EoW framework. Rather, it assumes that reporting of outcomes may be evaluated consistently with the categories provided by the framework. Table 1 lists key features of the Worlds of Valuing when applied to work amongst people living with dementia, and their carers.TABLE 1 GOES HEREThe World of IndustryTechnical and scientific measures and assessments support the World of Industry1 (Ref 1 pp.203-211). This World is structured around the Higher Common Principle of efficiency in order “to respond usefully to needs” (Ref 1 p.204). In this World, those who function well are greatly valued, and the professionals and specialists who hold technical knowledge and skills have especial status. Justice is served within this World when tests and measures prove that functionality and reliability have been promoted. A breakdown of systems and subsequent inefficiency is judged as contrary to the principles of this World. Research outcomes can claim to serve the Common Good, according to the World of Industry, when they are supported by technical data and validated by technical experts. Research outcomes that fail technical tests, or that reduce people to technical objects, do not satisfy the criteria of justice defined by the Industrial World.The study by Scher et al.6 illustrates clinical research outcomes that were evaluated consistently within the World of Industry. In their study, carers were asked to rate the relevance, usefulness, and acceptability of an animation that addressed the issue of grief when a loved one received a dementia diagnosis. The value of the research outcomes was clearly established by statistical measures. Relevance of their intervention was validated with 94% support from participants (Ref 6 p.368). However, the measures to determine usefulness and acceptability fell short of the benchmark of 75% (with a 95% confidence interval of 59-87%) (Ref 6 p.375). Further evidence to support the statistics was found in qualitative analysis of textual responses. Thus, the research can be argued to have served the Common Good when the matter of relevance was considered, but in a limited way for the qualities of usefulness and acceptability. Clinical interventions may be tested and found to be beneficial but may also be evaluated as producing adverse outcomes. These may be signified by the technical measures, but also by reducing the human subject to a ‘technical object.’ A negative outcome, “being researched on like guinea pigs” (Ref 7 p.574), was identified by the work of Mann and Hung7, who described their co-research between a lay researcher living with dementia (Jim Mann) and an academic researcher (Lillian Hung). Being subjectified as a ‘guinea pig’, while consistent with the World of Industry, signifies an adverse outcome in which instrumentalisation results in a denial of the dignity of human persons. Thus, the Worlds of Valuing provide a framework for identifying benefits and harms arising from interventions. The following five Worlds describe how non-clinical research outcomes might be evaluated from within their particular definitions of the Common Good. In this way, the technical valuing of the World of Industry may be placed in parallel with other systems of logic, thereby extending the observation of outcomes to include non-clinical outcomes of value. The World of CivicsThe World of Civics1 (Ref 1 pp.185-193) defines the Common Good according to the Higher Common Principle that places value on the collective. In this World, individuals are collected into organisational structures, which give them worth. Those who rule within the collective, or act as its representatives, hold elevated status within this World. Appeals to justice are consistent with conceptions of unity and solidarity, and are antithetical to isolation and individualism. Research among people living with dementia and their carers may be evaluated as good and just when it supports the collectivities to which people living with dementia, and their carers, belong. An outcome may be declared to serve the Common Good when it strengthens participation in organisations, strengthens policies and procedures, acknowledges official offices, meetings and democratic processes. An outcome that does not serve the Common Good is one that disenfranchises people, isolates them, or erodes trust in the collective.Participation in groups that promoted empowerment for people with dementia was shown to promote identity and the development of new opportunities for social participation and skills development in the investigation into the social integration of people with early-stage dementia by Hagan and Campbell8 (Ref 8, p.2366).  The group identity supported engagement with political processes influencing policy outcomes in Northern Ireland and was protective against isolation. This study serves as an example of good, non-clinical outcomes consistent with the Civic World’s description of the Common Good.            Grubb & Frederiksen9 highlighted tension when volunteers sought to represent vulnerable persons, including persons living with dementia, and their carers, to municipal authorities. Their analysis identified policy, organisational structures, and authorized representatives engaged in a dispute to expand a program. The dispute they identified was between the assertion that the expanded program would serve the needs of the vulnerable citizens with dementia, and the assertion that the proposed program was not truly representing public needs but was “entangled” with “organizational positioning” on the part of the volunteers. In this case, agreement about how the Common Good might be served was not achieved, and the negative evaluation of the program resulted in its discontinuation.The Domestic WorldThe Domestic World1 (Ref 1 pp.164-178) does not restrict itself to household considerations. Its central interest is in relationships that reflect “engagement according to tradition” (Ref 1 p.165). Those who hold ranks and titles, who are embedded in hierarchical structures, and who have connections are of especial worthiness according to this World. Appeals to respect and honour, in contrast to shame and dishonour, are consistent with the Common Good, as defined within this World. For a research outcome to be evaluated as good within this World, it must contribute to customs and conventions and uphold the lines of traditional authority. Outcomes that are deemed to challenge tradition, or that might be deemed impolite or embarrassing will be judged as not serving the Common Good.While writing about ‘clients’, Oldenhof, Postma & Putters4 clearly identified people living with dementia as 'family members’. As such, other relatives were invited to paint or decorate a client’s room. Acknowledging a person’s home, personalizing it, and encouraging family involvement are evaluated as positive, though non-clincial, outcomes aligned with the Domestic World. Vetter, Donelan, Guzikowski, et al.10 moved beyond clinical language to recognise “caregiver preparedness to care for their family members” (Ref 10 p.1246) thus validating a wider range of social definitions for their study cohort (family members and people living with dementia). Complexity in the Domestic World was described in the work of Zhang, Clarke & Rhynas11 amongst Chinese families. People living with dementia and their family carers were interviewed to understand their perspectives of family-based care. The research identified that for some families, home-based care strengthened a sense of family. This is regarded as a positive outcome from within the context of Domestic valuing. However, in other families, both the person living with dementia, and the family carers, reported that the person living with dementia was “useless” and that death was a good alternative (Ref 11 p. 2829).  These responses are evaluated within the Domestic World as a failure to value elders. Thus, research findings may be evaluated as positive or negative, according to the ogic that is defined within a specific World of Valuing.The World of InspirationThe World of Inspiration1 (Ref 1 pp.159-164) contrasts with the World of Industry because it values what cannot be controlled because of the outpouring of inspiration. In this World, those who are in tune with the spiritual and imaginative are valued, along with the fantastical and phantasmal. Visionaries and eccentrics are applauded, whereas those who are grounded, rigid and boring are of little value. Research outcomes that serve the Common Good consistent with this World support creativity, lived experiences, and questing. Research outcomes that deny the ineffable and intuitive are not justified as serving the Common Good from within the World of Inspiration.The quotation from a research participant that was used in the title of the report written by Hutmacher and Schouwink 12 suggests an exploration of the Common Good, according to the World of Inspiration: “it is the beautiful things that let us live” (Ref 12 p.403) The creative activities that spouses, relatives and friends of people living with dementia engaged in varied between research participants and included playing music, making cards, keeping a journal or diary, walking in the forest, or making a film documentary. This research gave rise to outcomes consistent with the World of Inspiration insomuch as it gave value to the lived experience of people engaging in creative and imaginative activities leading to personal discoveries and helping them to “embrace their destiny” (Ref 12 p. 403). By this assessment, research outcomes that engage the creative spirit may be justified as consistent with the Inspired description of the Common Good. The Market WorldThe Market World1 (Ref 1 pp.193-203) is ordered around the Higher Common Principle of competition, which is not focused on economics, per se, but on satisfying desires to acquire and possess. Those who possess rare and desirable commodities are regarded as being of high worth, whereas those who fail, or lose are of little worth. Justice is achieved, according to this World, when monetary value supports the claim that a good deal has been done. A lack of emotional detachment when engaging in the market is a necessary feature of this World, as it is protective against being possessed by the possession. Research outcomes that result in the acquisition of desirable goods may be judged as good according to the Market World, whereas outcomes that result in a loss of value do not satisfy the criteria of justice.The systematic review of “the economic cost of dementia” reported by Cantarero-Prieto et al.13 found differences in the health-care costs for people with dementia varied between the EU, and the US. The severity of dementia meant a greater cost burden, according to their findings, thus defining aspects of dementia by monetary costs. They concluded that more work on economic matters in relation to dementia “would provide information to allow a [sic] better decision-making about public-health priorities in dementia” (Ref 13 p.2653). Consideration of Market-oriented thinking was demonstrated in the cost-benefit analysis of a program offered to Australian veterans with dementia14, for which dollar values were estimated for overall program delivery, for individual sessions, and for individual participants per session.  Together, the work of Cantarero-Prieto, and of Meyer, Golenko, Cyarto, et al.14 serve the Common Good, as defined within the Market World, where a monetary value was able to be assigned to different aspects of dementia, and associated interventions. The World of OpinionThe World of Opinion, or Fame1  (Ref 1 pp.178-185) may also be referred to as the World of Celebrity. Its central principle is the reality of public opinion, which evaluates the Common Good according to current, and changing public sentiment. Those who maintain high public visibility, public adoration, and reputation have high value within this World, whereas those who are unknown or forgotten are of little worth. Research outcomes that are sensational, fashionable, or backed by a high-profile ‘celebrity’ are consistent with the definition of good within this World. Outcomes that do not capture the public imagination, or that remain relatively unknown do not serve the Common Good defined within this World. Johnstone15 critically examined the ways in which Alzheimer’s disease was applied to influence the euthanasia debate. This study illustrates elements of the World of Opinion in two ways.  First, the opinions of someone with a high public profile, Baroness Mary Warnock, were employed to influence the outcome of the debate as she sought to promote euthanasia in response to the suffering resulting from Alzheimer’s disease. According to the World of Opinion, Baroness Mary Warnock was a person of high status, thus influencing what might be regarded as a good outcome in the debate. Second, the study sought to understand how public opinion was influenced by specific components of the debate of Alzheimer’s disease and euthanasia. For example, it identified “morally loaded language” associated with euthanasia that suggests beneficence to the public (Ref 15 p.388). The paper challenges the good that proponents of euthanasia implied when using their morally loaded language, or that was explicit in the public opinions of high-profile persons.3 | Justification, Fairness, Violence and LoveThe act of justification is described by Boltanski and Thévenot as one possible action from a field of four actions that also includes acts of Fairness, Violence, and Love (Figure 1, adapted from 16). Justification is defined as appeal to a form of the Common Good within the context of a dispute. Fairness is an action that involves appeal to the Common Good, but in the absence of dispute, such as when the necessity of washing the bodies of people with dementia is presented as an obvious action, though it still needs to be undertaken respectfully17 (Ref 17 p191). Acts of Violence do not necessarily involve physical action. They are actions, in the context of a dispute, that seek to evade justice by shutting down discourse and appeals to any form of the Common Good 1,18 (Ref 1 pp.37-38; Ref 18 pp.72-73). A review of articles studying abuse of older persons with dementia identified a range of abuse subtypes including psychological abuse, physical abuse and neglect19. The varied usage of the terms ‘violence’ and ‘abuse’ was also noted in the research. However, under the framework proposed here, the actions identified as abuse by Fang & Yan19 would be included under the broad category of Violence. Finally, acts of Love are defined as those acts that do not require justification, but simply seek to accomplish good. A simple example is the giving of a gift without even the suggestion of needing praise or gratitude in response. FIGURE 1 GOES HERE4 | Future Research and Validation This framework requires validation by scoping the various outcomes of clinical and non-clinical research outcomes across a range of disciplines focused on providing interventions to address human need. Within the specific context of addressing dementia, identification of outcomes should evaluate whether the outcomes may be regarded as positive and beneficial, or as negative and harmful. As stated earlier, outcomes are attributed to a variety of entities related to the research, for example: by people living with dementia, by carers and families, by the researchers, or by community groups and organisations. A scoping review should therefore also identify who benefits (or is harmed) by the outcomes. From this review, a matrix may be developed that identifies the range of outcomes that are regarded as important in the reported literature. It should also identify the assumptions of the Common Good that underlie the reporting of the outcomes, the entities to whom the outcomes are attributed, and an evaluation of whether the outcomes are considered positive or negative. Validation will be achieved when such a matrix is embedded as a guiding tool in research projects. The matrix would guide researchers when identifying the range of outcomes that might be intended. The practical adequacy of this framework will also be evident when applied to identify gaps in the delivery of interventions that address clinical and non-clinical outcomes.Finally, the framework, outlined here, may also be expanded to include other Worlds of Valuing that were described subsequent to the initial work of Boltanski and Thévenot. These include the Project-Oriented World (or Network World)20 oriented around the principle of flexibility, the Green World21 centred on the principle of Sustainability, and the World of Diversity22 focused on the principle of Inclusion. Including these other Worlds has the potential to expand the range of the good outcomes (or harms) that might be achieved and identified for clinical and non-clinical research and their outcomes.  Further, they broaden the ways in which those engaged with research may be understood, thus extending the range of social roles that they occupy. As for example, persons with dementia were described, not just as research subjects, but as parents, and citizens, and creative spirits. Thus, the benefit of this pluralistic approach to defining persons engaged with research, works against a reductive view of what constitutes them as persons. Simultaneously, it identifies the various types of Good that may be achieved when evaluating interventions and consequent outcomes arising from clinical and non-clinical contexts. The application of a holistic framework such as this has the potential to unlock benefits (and harms) associated with research and community projects that may otherwise go unnoticed, unvalued, and even dismissed. REFERENCES1.         Boltanski L, Thévenot L. On justification: economies of worth. Princeton University Press; 2006.2.         Low L-F, Purwaningrum F. Negative stereotypes, fear and social distance: a systematic review of depictions of dementia in popular culture in the context of stigma. BMC Geriatrics. 2020;20(1):477. doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01754-x3.         Gerritsen DL, Oyebode J, Gove D. Ethical implications of the perception and portrayal of dementia. Dementia. 2016;17(5):596-608. doi:10.1177/14713012166540364.         Oldenhof L, Postma J, Putters K. On justification work: How compromising enables public managers to deal with conflicting values. Public Administration Review. 2014;74(1):52-63. doi:10.1111/puar.121535.         Schneider J, Pollock K, Wilkinson S, Perry-Young L, Travers C, Turner N. The subjective world of home care workers in dementia: An "order of worth" analysis. Home Health Care Serv Q. Apr-Jun 2019;38(2):96-109. doi:10.1080/01621424.2019.15787156.         Scher C, Crawley S, Cooper C, Sampson E, Moore K. Usefulness and acceptability of an animation to raise awareness to grief experienced by carers of individuals with dementia. Dementia. 2021;21(2):363-379. doi:10.1177/147130122110412597.         Mann J, Hung L. Co-research with people living with dementia for change. Action Research. 2018;17(4):573-590. doi:10.1177/14767503187870058.         Hagan RJ, Campbell S. Doing their damnedest to seek change: How group identity helps people with dementia confront public stigma and maintain purpose. Dementia. 2021;20(7):2362-2379. doi:10.1177/14713012219973079.         Grubb A, Frederiksen M. Speaking on behalf of the vulnerable? Voluntary translations of citizen needs to policy in community co-production. Public Management Review. 2022;24(12):1894-1913. doi:10.1080/14719037.2021.194566510.       Vetter M, Donelan K, Guzikowski S, et al. The needs of family caregivers of persons living with dementia cared for in primary care practices. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 2023;29(8):1243-1246. doi:10.1111/jep.1391911.       Zhang X, Clarke CL, Rhynas SJ. A thematic analysis of Chinese people with dementia and family caregivers’ experiences of home care in China. Dementia. 2019;19(8):2821-2835. doi:10.1177/147130121986146612.       Hutmacher F, Schouwink K. “It is the beautiful things that let us live”: How engaging in creative activities outside of standardized interventions helps family members of persons with Dementia. Dementia. 2021;21(2):396-409. doi:10.1177/1471301221104180413.       Cantarero-Prieto D, Leon PL, Blazquez-Fernandez C, Juan PS, Cobo CS. The economic cost of dementia: A systematic review. Dementia. 2019;19(8):2637-2657. doi:10.1177/147130121983777614.       Meyer C, Golenko X, Cyarto EV, et al. Weaving Evidence into Action for Veterans with Dementia (WEAVE): Evaluation of implementation into long-term care practice. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 2023;29(6):903-914. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.1385215.       Johnstone M-J. Metaphors, stigma and the ‘Alzheimerization’ of the euthanasia debate. Dementia. 2011;12(4):377-393. doi:10.1177/147130121142916816.       Albertson N, Diken B. Mobility, justification, and the city. Nordic Journal of Architectural Research. 2001;14(1):13-25. 17.       Pols J. Washing the patient: Dignity and aesthetic values in nursing care. Nursing philosophy. 2013;14(3):186-200. doi:10.1111/nup.1201418.       Boltanski L. Love and justice as competences: three essays on the sociology of action. English ed. Polity Press; 2012.19.       Fang B, Yan E. Abuse of older persons with dementia: A review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 2016;19(2):127-147. doi:10.1177/152483801665018520.       Boltanski L, Chiapello E. The new spirit of capitalism. Verso; 2005.21.       Lafaye C, Thévenot L. Une justification écologique?: Conflits dans l'aménagement de la nature. Revue Française de Sociologie. 1993;34(4):495-524. doi:10.2307/332192822.       Lingard RG. Students, citizens and seekers: An exploration of justifications for university chaplaincy and the consequent subjectification. Journal of the Tertiary Campus Ministry Association. 2013;5(1):25-26.    CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENTThe authors have no conflict of interest to declare.     Table 1. Summary of the six Worlds of Valuing, and how they might guide evaluation of outcomes related to dementia research. WORLD OF VALUING: Higher common principle: the valuing of… How to test the validity of a claim of good: How might the person living with dementia be subjectified? Other people and objects that might be found within this World: CIVIC … the collective Representation ·       Citizen ·       Voter ·       Member ·       Clubs and social groups ·       Residents’ committees ·       Memberships DOMESTIC … tradition and hierarchy Upholding tradition ·       Elder ·       Vulnerable person ·       Family member ·       Parents, children, and carers ·       Traditions and ancestries ·       The family home INDUSTRIAL … technical measures and efficiency Technical measures ·       Patients (with diagnosis) ·       Expert on own condition ·       Research participant ·       Clinicians & scientists ·       Standardised tests and measures ·       Guidelines and procedures INSPIRATION … the outpouring of inspiration Outpouring of inspiration (defies testing) ·       Mad person ·       Spiritually insightful ·       An inspiration ·       Visions and delusions ·       Ghosts ·       Priests and spiritual people MARKET … competitiveness Monetary value ·       Customer ·       Consumer ·       Cost to the economy ·       Providers ·       Budgets and accounts ·       Service agreements OPINION … celebrity status Public opinion ·       Famous identity (formally or currently) ·       Spokesperson ·       Media manager ·       Accolades ·       Celebrities and notable people ·       Social media posts

The issue of mean-square delayed consensus of nonlinear multi-agent systems (NMASs) suffered from denial-of-service (DoS) attacks under Markov switching topologies and dynamic event-triggered control (DETC) is studied. Firstly, the networks among agents are inevitably attacked because the communication networks are open access. DoS attacks that are destructive, stealthy and easy to realize are considered. Secondly, DoS attacks can result in random changes of the communication topologies, which are assumed to be uncertain nonhomogeneous Markov switching (UNMS) topologies with partially unknown transition rates (TRs). Then, in order to reduce unnecessary signal transmission, the adaptive control law and DETC are adopted. The sufficient conditions of mean-square delayed consensus of NMASs in term of random analysis method and distributed control theory are explored. Finally, the exactness of the results and the effectiveness of the methods are validated by the example given.

The North American boreal forest is a massive ecosystem, and its keystone herbivore is the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus). Hares are exposed to considerable environmental extremes in diet and weather, food availability, and predation risk. Gut microbiomes have been suggested to facilitate adaptive animal responses to environmental change, but severe environmental challenges to homeostasis can also disrupt host-microbiome relationships. To better understand gut microbiome contributions to animal acclimation, we studied the fecal bacterial microbiome of wild hares across two types of extreme environmental change that are integral to their natural history: (1) seasonal transitions between summer and winter, and (2) changes over the ~10 year “boom-bust” population cycles that are characterized by shifting food resource availability and predation pressure. When compared to summer, hares in winter had lower bacterial richness and were depleted in twenty families (including Oxalobacteraceae and Christensenellaceae) but enriched for Ruminococcaceae (a family which contains plant fibre degrading microbiota) alongside nine other bacterial groups. Marked bacterial microbiome differences also occurred across phases of the population cycle. Bacterial microbiomes were lower in richness and compositionally distinct in the peak compared to the increase or decline phases of the population cycle. Direct measures of host physiology and diet quality (fecal fibre contents) most strongly supported food resource availability as a mechanism underlying phase-based differences in bacterial communities, but fecal fibre contents could not fully account for bacterial microbiome variation across phases.

The early detection of gastrointestinal abnormalities is critical for effective patient management, particularly in conditions such as bleeding, polyps, and ulcers. This study proposes an innovative approach to multi-class abnormality detection in video capsule endoscopy by utilizing an enhanced InceptionResNetV2 model integrated with attention mechanisms. The model leverages the power of deep learning to analyze frames captured by video capsule endoscopes, focusing on ten distinct classes of abnormalities: Angioectasia, Bleeding, Erosion, Erythema, Foreign Body, Lymphangiectasia, Normal, Polyp, Ulcer, and Worms. The training dataset is enhanced using data augmentation techniques, which strengthens the model's resistance to overfitting. The proposed system is trained on a dataset provided as part of a research challenge and evaluated using various performance metrics, including confusion matrices and AUC-ROC curves. Results indicate that the attention mechanism significantly enhances the model's ability to classify abnormalities accurately, achieving a validation accuracy of 92.2%. This research advances the field of medical imaging by offering a scalable and effective solution for automated gastrointestinal abnormality detection, ultimately aiding clinicians in enhancing diagnostic precision and treatment outcomes.

A document by wei yu. Click on the document to view its contents.

Premise: Plants, particularly those with limited distribution ranges and small population sizes, are expected to be severely impacted by changing climatic conditions. Sesamum species are ideal for Species Distribution Modeling (SDM) in the context of climate change due to their narrow distribution ranges, agricultural and economic significance, sensitivity and adaptability to environmental conditions, wide geographic range, and potential to inform policy and adaptation strategies Methods: We used Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) Model to quantify global ecological niche breadth of species in the genus Sesamum and to assess how bioclimatic and soil heterogeneity indices impact the future (to the year 2080) suitable distribution ranges of the genus Sesamum. We also quantified which environmental variables contribute most to driving the patterns and suitable geographical ranges for Sesamum. Results: Maxent models accurately predicted suitable habitats for Sesamum species. Precipitation patterns, especially seasonal extremes, were key determinants of species distribution. Temperature also influenced habitat suitability, with specific requirements varying among species. These findings highlight the complex interplay between climate and edaphic factors in shaping species distributions. Species with broader niches have larger geographic ranges. However, future climate change is predicted to reduce niche breadths for most species (74%), with some facing substantial range contractions. In contrast, a few species (11%) are projected to expand their ranges, while other species (15%) will experience negligible impacts. Phylogenetic analysis did not reveal significant patterns in extinction risk and niche breadth evolution. Conclusion: This study highlights the vulnerability of Sesamum species to climate change, with projected reductions in range sizes necessitating urgent conservation efforts. Prioritizing species such as S. forbesii and S. sesamoides, alongside targeted actions such as habitat restoration and long-term monitoring, is crucial to prevent population decline and potential extinction.

Objective: Perinatal depression (PND) is a common yet undertreated complication during pregnancy, necessitating an exploration of dietary patterns as a potential preventive and management strategy for PND. This study investigates the correlation between anxiety and depression scores with various food components and nutrient intake in late pregnancy, aiming to provide evidence-based dietary recommendations for the prevention and treatment of PND. Methods: A total of 297 women in the advanced stage of pregnancy were evaluated using a dietary frequency questionnaire and screened for symptoms of anxiety and depression. The consumption of 12 food groups and nutrients was calculated, alongside the collection of biochemical blood indicators and obstetric clinical data. Results: 1.Unemployed pregnant women exhibited a significantly higher likelihood of experiencing anxiety (P < 0.05). Those without health insurance, unemployed, or with an educational attainment below university level had a significantly increased probability of depression (P < 0.05). 2.Employment status and education level were identified as influential factors in dietary patterns. 3.Pregnant women with high anxiety scores displayed a heightened rate of cesarean sections (P < 0.05). 4.Nut and seed intake showed a significant negative association with depression (P < 0.05, OR = 0.937). 5.Thiamine intake was significantly positively associated with anxiety (P < 0.05, OR = 3.707), whereas dietary fiber intake was significantly negatively associated with depression (P < 0.05, OR = 0.801). 6.Anxiety was found to be significantly positively associated with perinatal complications (P < 0.05, OR = 2.400) and strongly correlated with depression (P < 0.05, OR = 17.147). Conclusion: Special attention should be given to unemployed pregnant women, who lack health insurance, have lower educational attainment, or exhibit symptoms of anxiety. Early screening for perinatal psychological disorders is recommended for timely intervention. Dietary supplementation with nuts, seeds, and fiber, along with improved glucose metabolism, may help prevent and manage PND.

Key benefits of 5G SA networks are wide and far but most importantly can be categorized in one of the following - ultra-low latency, network slicing, massive machine type communications and standalone architecture, while also addressing the technical hurdles, including spectrum availability, core network migration, device compatibility, and operational complexity. Propose improvements for efficient migration to 5G SA and focus on seamless interoperability, standardization efforts, and automation technologies. 5G SA mode was first discussed in Release 15 of 3GPP which was the first 5G standard. To facilitate a smoother transition to 5G SA, this paper proposes several improvements, focusing on enhancing seamless interoperability between legacy and new systems, advancing standardization efforts across industry stakeholders, and leveraging automation technologies to streamline network operations.

Aims To determine in patients with clinical and radiological N0 necks in primary parotid carcinoma: 1.) Rate of occult node positivity post-neck dissection 2.) Outcomes following elective neck dissection +/- radiotherapy. 3.) Factors predicting recurrence and mortality following treatment. Methods A retrospective study on patients diagnosed with malignant neoplasm of the parotid between 01/2007 – 12/2018 from 3 UK tertiary centres. Results 134 patients were identified. 6% (4/62) of patients who underwent neck dissection for radiologically N0 neck had positive lymph nodes. There was no statistically significant feature associated with recurrence and disease-related mortality, but recurrence was associated with an increased risk of mortality (HR 1.444). Conclusion This study has demonstrated a low rate of occult nodal disease in N0 parotid malignancy and suggests that high-grade disease has a higher risk of nodal disease and recurrence. These patients may benefit from elective neck treatment, but more prospective data is required.

IntroductionLimb body wall complex (LBWC) is a rare multiple fetal malformation characterized by large abdominal or chest wall defects, scoliosis, limb abnormalities, umbilical cord abnormalities, and craniofacial abnormalities. An extensive epidemiological study has indicated that the prevalence of LBWC ranges between 1 in 14,000 and 1 in 31,000 pregnancies 1. In this case report, we describe a case of LBWC identified at 26 weeks of gestation, featuring a ”premature rupture of membranes” and exhibiting all the defining traits of this syndrome.

Title: Suitability Of Robotic-assisted Surgery For Hepatic Peribiliary Cysts: A Case ReportAuthors: Seiya Yamamoto1(E-mail:seiya.yamamoto1029@gmail.com), Akihiko Ueda 2(E-mail: akihikoueda93@gmail.com), Kenta Saito2(E-mail: kentaxis777@gmail.com), Shuji Takiguchi2(E-mail: shujitakiguchi@gmail.com)1.Nagoya City University West Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi 462-8508, Japan2.Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, JapanCorresponding Author: Kenta Saito, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan. E-mail: kentaxis777@gmail.comKey Clinical Messages：This study evaluates robotic-assisted surgery for hepatic peribiliary cysts, demonstrating its suitability through a successful minimally invasive subsegmentectomy on a symptomatic woman. Robotic surgery proved effective, offering less invasive options with reduced complications and recovery times, and may be preferable for managing potentially malignant hepatic cysts.Summary:Although hepatic peribiliary cysts are generally benign, surgery may be required if the cysts are growing or cause bile duct stenosis. However, few studies have reported the use of robotic surgery for removing hepatic peribiliary cysts. This case report describes a woman in her 50s with a cystic lesion in liver segment III that increased from 33 to 45 mm in 2 years. The patient was asymptomatic; however, robotic subsegmentectomy of segment III was performed owing to concerns about potential malignancy. The cyst was lined by a single layer of cylindrical epithelium without cytological atypia, and was pathologically diagnosed as a hepatic peribiliary cyst. Hepatic peribiliary cysts can be monitored if the cyst was diagnosed correctly and the patient has no symptoms. However, surgery is warranted if malignancy cannot be ruled out or the patient is symptomatic. Minimally invasive robotic surgery may be a good option for hepatic peribiliary cysts.Keywords: Hepatic peribiliary cysts, Robotic surgery, Minimally invasive surgery, Hepatectomy, Case reportBackground:Hepatic peribiliary cysts are benign lesions that are thought to occur when inflammation causes obstruction of the secretory channels of the peribiliary glands around large bile ducts [1]. The age at the time of diagnosis of hepatic peribiliary cysts is in the 60s, and men are more frequently affected than women [1]. Although hepatic peribiliary cysts are benign, surgery is sometimes indicated when the cyst obstructs the bile duct and causes jaundice or cholangitis [2, 3] or when the cyst increases in size and is difficult to distinguish from other malignant cystic tumors [4]. However, it is difficult to definitively diagnose hepatic peribiliary cysts as malignant, and minimally invasive surgery should be chosen when there is a possibility of benign disease. Furthermore, minimally invasive robotic surgery has recently become popular and has been shown to be safe for liver resection [5].In the present case, we chose surgery as a treatment strategy for a growing hepatic peribiliary cyst that was difficult to distinguish from a tumor with malignant potential. The patient underwent robot-assisted hepatic subsegmentectomy with good outcomes.Case Presentation:

Achieving coherent, contextually adaptable language generation in automated models has historically faced challenges linked to limited semantic depth and the absence of dynamic responsiveness to context shifts. Introducing a novel framework for context-aware neuron interactions enables language models to process complex contextual information with enhanced semantic alignment and adaptability, marking a significant step forward in addressing this limitation. Through methodical evaluation of neuron-level activation patterns, this study reveals how dynamically responsive neurons facilitate structured, hierarchical language processing that reinforces semantic coherence across diverse and shifting contexts. The proposed framework was implemented within a contemporary language model to observe and quantify neuron clustering, interaction strengths, and semantic continuity metrics, illustrating the model's refined adaptability and consistency in response to input complexity. Results demonstrate that context-aware neuron interactions contribute to a model's capacity to maintain meaningful language generation across extended sequences while preserving both local and global contextual fidelity. The findings demonstrate the potential of adaptive neuron dynamics as a foundational design element for advancing the performance and contextual sensitivity of language modeling architectures.

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) encompass a group of infectious diseases that disproportionately affect impoverished populations in tropical and subtropical regions. Despite their significant burden on public health, NTDs have historically received limited attention from the pharmaceutical industry, leaving a critical gap in drug discovery and development. This review highlights the challenges and advancements in the field of drug development for NTDs, focusing on diseases such as leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and schistosomiasis. Traditional approaches have relied heavily on repurposing existing drugs, but recent breakthroughs in genomic and molecular biology have opened new avenues for targeted drug design. Publicprivate partnerships, open-source drug discovery platforms, and global initiatives have also played a crucial role in accelerating the development of novel therapeutics. However, substantial barriers remain, including limited funding, inadequate infrastructure in affected regions, and the need for innovative delivery mechanisms to ensure access to life-saving treatments. Addressing these challenges is imperative to reducing the global burden of NTDs and improving health outcomes in vulnerable populations. This abstract calls for continued collaboration and investment in the discovery and development of effective, affordable, and accessible treatments for NTDs.

Deep learning techniques have revolutionized the field of medical image analysis and diagnosis, offering unprecedented accuracy and efficiency in the interpretation of complex medical data. This paper reviews the application of various deep learning architectures, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), in the context of medical imaging modalities such as X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans. We discuss the critical preprocessing steps, such as data augmentation and normalization, that enhance model performance. The integration of deep learning with other artificial intelligence methodologies, such as transfer learning and reinforcement learning, is also explored, highlighting their potential to improve diagnostic capabilities. Furthermore, the challenges associated with the implementation of deep learning in clinical settings, including data privacy, interpretability of models, and the necessity for large annotated datasets, are addressed. Case studies demonstrate the successful deployment of deep learning algorithms in detecting diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular conditions, and neurological disorders. The paper concludes by emphasizing the transformative impact of deep learning on medical diagnostics, the ongoing research needed to overcome current limitations, and the future potential for these technologies to support healthcare professionals in delivering timely and accurate patient care.

A document by Kamal Acharya. Click on the document to view its contents.

We propose a transfer learning approach with a Swin Transformer model for automatic classification of gastrointestinal abnormalities in capsule endoscopy images. The fine-tuning was done by using a pretrained Swin Transformer, where the same model was trained on ten classes of gastrointestinal abnormalities which include Angioectasia, Bleeding, Erosion, and several others. The fine-tuned model might achieve an overall accuracy of 0.8976 on the validation set, with class-wise precision between 0.32 and 0.98, and F1 scores in the range of 0.45 to 0.98. Out of the mentioned classes, Ulcer boasts the highest F1 score of 0.95, and Worms also has an impressive score of 0.98. Erythema has the lowest F1 score and is considered to be a region where improvements are necessary. These results demonstrate the possibility of the Swin Transformer to advance automatic detection of gastrointestinal conditions in early diagnosis and reduce burdens associated with manual reviewing in clinical practice. .

A rare case of colonic mixed neuroendocrine -non neuroendocrine neoplasm (MiNEN) treatment by Cisplatin-Etoposide