AbstractThis paper explores the role of social media in facilitating youth activism and shaping social movements in South Asia, focusing on Bangladesh and India. Digital platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have transformed the landscape of political engagement, enabling young people to organize, communicate, and mobilize support for various causes. This study examines how youth activists in Bangladesh and India utilize social media to raise awareness, challenge socio-political issues, and mobilize mass participation. The paper also considers the challenges, including censorship, misinformation, and digital divides, which impact the effectiveness of social media-driven activism. The findings suggest that, despite limitations, social media has become a crucial tool for youth-led movements in South Asia, enhancing visibility and engagement in social causes.IntroductionIn recent years, social media has emerged as a powerful tool for activism, particularly among youth in South Asia. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have allowed young people to express their views, organize protests, and raise awareness on issues ranging from environmental protection to political accountability. In Bangladesh and India, where traditional avenues for political participation are often limited, social media provides a space for youth to engage in activism and promote social change.This paper explores the role of social media in youth activism within Bangladesh and India, focusing on the methods and impacts of digital platforms in mobilizing social movements. By examining case studies of youth-led movements, this paper sheds light on the opportunities and challenges that digital activism presents in the region.Youth Activism and Social Media in Bangladesh and IndiaBangladeshIn Bangladesh, social media has played a significant role in youth-led movements, particularly in response to political and social issues. The 2018 “Road Safety Movement,” led predominantly by students, is a prominent example. Following the death of two students in a traffic accident, young people took to the streets, demanding safer roads and greater accountability from the government. Through social media, they organized large-scale protests, shared real-time updates, and raised awareness about the need for road safety reforms. Platforms like Facebook and Twitter were instrumental in disseminating information, allowing the movement to gain widespread support both domestically and internationally (Rahman, 2020).IndiaIn India, social media has similarly empowered youth to engage in activism and challenge societal issues. The 2012 “Nirbhaya Movement” following a high-profile case of sexual violence marked a turning point in digital activism. Youth activists used social media to mobilize protests, share stories of gender-based violence, and demand legal reforms. More recently, the 2020-2021 Farmers’ Protest saw extensive use of digital platforms to rally support, counter misinformation, and garner international attention. Young activists leveraged Instagram and Twitter to share updates and organize solidarity marches, amplifying the movement’s visibility (Patel, 2021).Mechanisms of Digital ActivismOrganizing and Mobilizing SupportSocial media enables youth activists in Bangladesh and India to organize and mobilize support quickly and efficiently. Digital platforms allow activists to bypass traditional gatekeepers such as political parties and media outlets, reaching large audiences directly. For instance, during the Road Safety Movement in Bangladesh, Facebook and WhatsApp were used to coordinate protest locations and times, enabling real-time communication among participants. This accessibility and speed of communication facilitated high levels of engagement, particularly among students who formed the movement’s core support base (Rahman, 2020).Raising Awareness and Influencing Public OpinionSocial media also serves as a powerful tool for raising awareness and shaping public opinion on social issues. In India, the #MeToo movement gained traction on Twitter and Instagram, as young women and men shared their experiences with harassment and abuse. This online engagement brought visibility to gender-based violence, sparking discussions about societal norms and workplace policies. Hashtags and viral content allow activists to draw attention to issues that may otherwise go unreported in mainstream media, creating a platform for marginalized voices to be heard (Mukherjee, 2019).Countering Censorship and MisinformationWhile social media allows activists to bypass traditional media channels, it also presents challenges in the form of censorship and misinformation. In Bangladesh, the government has occasionally restricted access to social media during protests, limiting activists’ ability to communicate and mobilize support. Additionally, misinformation and fake news can undermine social movements by creating confusion and discrediting legitimate causes. In India, the Farmers’ Protest faced significant misinformation on social media, with activists working to counter false narratives and ensure accurate information reached supporters (Singh, 2021).Case Studies of Youth-Led Social MovementsBangladesh: The Digital Youth Force of the Road Safety MovementThe 2018 Road Safety Movement in Bangladesh exemplifies how social media can amplify youth activism. Following the tragic accident, students used Facebook and Twitter to voice their demands, organize protests, and share updates on police responses. This movement demonstrated the power of digital platforms to mobilize young people across the country and bring attention to governance issues. Despite government efforts to block social media access, youth activists used VPNs and alternative channels to continue their advocacy, showing resilience in the face of digital repression (Rahman, 2020).India: The Farmers’ Protest and Youth InvolvementIn India, the Farmers’ Protest highlighted the role of social media in connecting activists with both local and international audiences. Youth activists played a significant role in organizing solidarity events, sharing live updates from protest sites, and countering misinformation campaigns. Social media platforms like Twitter and Instagram provided a space for dialogue and solidarity, amplifying the voices of young activists who championed the cause of the farming community. This digital engagement not only increased awareness but also demonstrated the capacity of social media to foster cross-generational support for social movements (Patel, 2021).Challenges to Digital Youth ActivismCensorship and Government SurveillanceIn both Bangladesh and India, governments have occasionally used censorship and surveillance to restrict digital activism. During periods of political unrest, authorities in Bangladesh have shut down social media platforms to limit information flow. This suppression restricts activists’ ability to organize, communicate, and mobilize support, presenting a significant barrier to digital activism (Ahmed, 2020).In India, government surveillance and legal action against social media users involved in protests have created a climate of caution among youth activists. Laws such as the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules have introduced increased oversight of online content, raising concerns about freedom of expression and privacy. This environment of surveillance can discourage young people from openly participating in activism online, hindering the effectiveness of digital movements (Mukherjee, 2019).Digital Divide and Access LimitationsThe digital divide remains a significant challenge for social media-driven activism in South Asia. In rural areas of both Bangladesh and India, limited internet access and digital literacy prevent many young people from participating in online activism. This divide restricts the reach of social media campaigns to urban, educated populations, limiting the inclusivity of digital movements. Addressing the digital divide is crucial to ensuring that social media activism can reach and mobilize all segments of society, including marginalized rural communities (Singh, 2021).Spread of MisinformationMisinformation poses a challenge to the credibility and impact of social media-driven activism. During the Farmers’ Protest in India, misinformation spread widely on social media, creating confusion and division among supporters. Activists have responded by fact-checking and disseminating accurate information, yet combating misinformation remains an ongoing struggle. The spread of fake news can weaken public trust in social movements and divert attention from the issues at hand (Ahmed, 2020).Recommendations for Enhancing Digital ActivismEnhancing Digital Literacy and AccessImproving digital literacy and internet access in rural areas can help bridge the digital divide, making social media activism more inclusive. Governments and NGOs should invest in digital literacy programs to empower young people in rural areas with the skills needed to participate in online advocacy. Expanding internet infrastructure in underserved regions would enable more equitable access to digital platforms, strengthening youth engagement across diverse communities.Promoting Responsible Use of Social MediaEducational campaigns focused on responsible social media use can help mitigate the spread of misinformation and increase the credibility of social movements. Training programs for youth activists on identifying credible sources and countering misinformation could enhance the effectiveness of digital campaigns. Additionally, partnerships with fact-checking organizations could support activists in maintaining accurate information within social media-driven movements.Supporting Legal Protections for Digital ActivismTo protect freedom of expression online, both Bangladesh and India should consider implementing legal frameworks that safeguard digital activism. Advocacy for internet freedom, transparency in content moderation, and protection from unwarranted surveillance would empower youth activists to engage in online movements without fear of reprisal. International organizations and human rights groups can play a role in promoting digital rights and supporting youth-led social movements.ConclusionSocial media has become a vital tool for youth activism in South Asia, providing a platform for young people in Bangladesh and India to voice their concerns, mobilize support, and raise awareness on socio-political issues. While digital activism presents significant opportunities for social engagement, it also faces challenges such as government censorship, misinformation, and the digital divide. Addressing these barriers is essential for maximizing the potential of social media to foster youth-driven change in South Asia.As social media continues to shape the future of activism, it is crucial for policymakers, educators, and community leaders to support digital literacy, advocate for online rights, and create inclusive platforms for social engagement. Empowering youth through digital activism not only strengthens democratic participation but also fosters a more informed and active citizenry capable of driving positive change.ReferencesAhmed, F. (2020). Censorship and Digital Surveillance in Bangladesh: Implications for Youth Activism. Journal of South Asian Studies, 14(3), 215-229.Mukherjee, S. (2019). Social Media, Misinformation, and the Role of Digital Activism in India. Indian Journal of Communication, 26(1), 98-112.Patel, R. (2021). Youth Engagement and the Power of Social Media in India’s Farmers' Protest. South Asian Journal of Political Science, 19(4), 312-328.Rahman, H. (2020). The Impact of Social Media on Youth-Driven Movements: A Case Study of Bangladesh’s Road Safety Movement. Bangladesh Journal of Sociology, 17(2), 187-202.Singh, A. (2021). Digital Activism and the Digital Divide: Barriers to Inclusivity in South Asian Social Movements. Asian Journal of Social Media Studies, 13(2), 134-151.

AbstractThis paper investigates the structural inequalities impacting healthcare access for marginalized communities in rural Sri Lanka and Bhutan. Despite governmental efforts to promote equitable healthcare, rural areas continue to face challenges due to socio-economic disparities, geographic isolation, and limited infrastructure. By examining case studies and analyzing policy frameworks, this study identifies the primary barriers to healthcare access for marginalized groups, including ethnic minorities and low-income populations. Recommendations emphasize the need for policy reforms that address these structural inequalities, enhance healthcare infrastructure, and improve healthcare literacy to ensure that all communities have equitable access to essential health services.IntroductionAccess to healthcare is fundamental to human well-being, yet structural inequalities persist in many rural areas of South Asia, particularly in Sri Lanka and Bhutan. These inequalities disproportionately affect marginalized communities, including ethnic minorities, low-income populations, and remote rural inhabitants, preventing them from receiving adequate healthcare services. While both countries have made strides toward improving healthcare access, rural regions continue to face significant barriers due to socio-economic disparities, geographical challenges, and insufficient healthcare infrastructure.This paper explores the structural factors that limit healthcare access for marginalized communities in rural Sri Lanka and Bhutan. It examines the social, economic, and policy-based obstacles to equitable healthcare and assesses the impact of these inequalities on health outcomes. By analyzing case studies, this paper provides insights into potential policy reforms and community-driven initiatives that could reduce healthcare disparities in these regions.Healthcare Access in Rural Sri Lanka and BhutanSri LankaSri Lanka’s healthcare system is relatively well-developed compared to other South Asian countries, offering free public healthcare services. However, healthcare access in rural areas remains limited due to geographic isolation, insufficient medical facilities, and shortages of healthcare professionals. Ethnic minorities, particularly in regions affected by civil conflict, experience additional barriers to healthcare access. Tamil communities in the Northern and Eastern Provinces, for instance, face language barriers and lack adequate representation in healthcare policy, which affects their ability to access necessary services (Perera, 2021).BhutanBhutan’s healthcare system is based on the principle of Gross National Happiness, aiming to provide universal healthcare to all citizens. However, rural regions face significant healthcare disparities due to mountainous terrain, which complicates access to medical facilities, and a limited number of healthcare providers. Marginalized communities, such as ethnic minorities and those living in remote areas, often have to travel long distances to access even basic healthcare services. Despite government efforts to improve healthcare access, the lack of infrastructure in rural areas remains a significant barrier (Dorji, 2020).Structural Barriers to Healthcare AccessGeographic Isolation and Infrastructure ChallengesIn both Sri Lanka and Bhutan, geographic isolation is a major factor contributing to healthcare disparities. In Sri Lanka, rural areas in the Northern and Eastern Provinces are difficult to access, with limited transportation infrastructure exacerbating the challenge of reaching healthcare facilities. The legacy of civil conflict has left these regions with damaged infrastructure, which further complicates healthcare access for ethnic minority communities. Health outcomes are negatively impacted as individuals are often unable or unwilling to travel long distances to seek medical care (Fernando, 2020).Bhutan’s mountainous terrain creates additional obstacles for healthcare access. Many rural villages are accessible only by foot, with limited road connectivity to healthcare facilities. As a result, residents of remote areas must endure significant travel times to reach basic medical services, discouraging regular healthcare visits and delaying treatments. This isolation not only affects access to healthcare but also hinders the delivery of essential medical supplies and services in these regions (Dorji, 2020).Socio-Economic DisparitiesEconomic status plays a crucial role in determining healthcare access in both Sri Lanka and Bhutan. In Sri Lanka, marginalized communities, particularly low-income families in rural areas, face financial constraints that limit their ability to access healthcare services. Although public healthcare is free, indirect costs such as transportation, medication, and lost wages due to travel time can deter individuals from seeking medical care. Low-income families are less likely to pursue preventive healthcare, resulting in worse health outcomes and increased vulnerability to diseases (Perera, 2021).In Bhutan, socio-economic disparities affect healthcare access, with poorer communities struggling to afford out-of-pocket expenses for certain medical services not covered by the government. Additionally, the concentration of healthcare facilities in urban areas further marginalizes rural residents who lack the resources to travel for specialized treatments. This economic divide exacerbates health inequities and disproportionately impacts marginalized groups (Wangchuk, 2019).Cultural and Language BarriersCultural and language differences also play a role in limiting healthcare access for marginalized communities. In Sri Lanka, Tamil-speaking communities often encounter language barriers when accessing healthcare services, as many medical professionals primarily speak Sinhalese. This language barrier complicates communication between patients and healthcare providers, leading to misunderstandings and decreased quality of care. Additionally, cultural stigmas related to mental health and reproductive health prevent some individuals from seeking necessary services (Fernando, 2020).In Bhutan, cultural beliefs surrounding traditional medicine affect healthcare utilization. Many rural communities rely on traditional healers and may view formal healthcare services as secondary. While the government has integrated traditional medicine into the national healthcare system, some residents still hesitate to seek modern medical treatments, especially for preventive care. This cultural preference for traditional medicine affects health outcomes and contributes to delayed medical intervention (Dorji, 2020).Case Studies: Community Health InitiativesSri Lanka: Community Health Workers in Rural RegionsIn response to healthcare disparities, Sri Lanka has implemented a community health worker program targeting rural regions, particularly those affected by past conflicts. Community health workers (CHWs) provide basic healthcare services, conduct health education programs, and facilitate preventive care initiatives. In Tamil-majority areas, CHWs are trained to bridge the language gap and promote culturally sensitive healthcare practices. Studies indicate that CHWs have improved healthcare access by providing primary care services and referrals in remote communities, helping to address the healthcare needs of marginalized populations (Perera, 2021).Bhutan: Mobile Health Clinics in Remote VillagesTo address geographic isolation, Bhutan has introduced mobile health clinics that travel to remote villages, offering basic healthcare services, vaccinations, and health education. These clinics, often staffed by healthcare professionals and trained volunteers, provide services that would otherwise be inaccessible to rural residents. Mobile health clinics have proven effective in increasing healthcare access for marginalized communities, reducing the need for long-distance travel, and promoting preventive healthcare practices in remote areas (Wangchuk, 2019).Recommendations for Improving Healthcare AccessExpanding Healthcare Infrastructure and Transportation ServicesTo address geographic barriers, both Sri Lanka and Bhutan should invest in expanding healthcare infrastructure in rural areas. Building additional healthcare facilities and improving transportation infrastructure can enhance accessibility for marginalized communities. In Sri Lanka, focusing on rebuilding infrastructure in post-conflict regions, such as the Northern and Eastern Provinces, would improve access for ethnic minorities. In Bhutan, constructing accessible road networks to connect remote villages with healthcare facilities would reduce travel times and encourage healthcare utilization.Increasing Financial Support and SubsidiesProviding financial support for healthcare-related expenses can help low-income communities access necessary services. Both countries could establish healthcare subsidy programs that cover transportation costs and out-of-pocket expenses for marginalized groups. Implementing voucher systems or direct subsidies for travel expenses would reduce financial barriers and increase the likelihood of rural populations seeking medical care.Culturally Inclusive Training for Healthcare ProvidersTraining healthcare providers in cultural sensitivity and language skills is essential for improving healthcare access in diverse communities. In Sri Lanka, healthcare workers should receive training in Tamil language and cultural competency to better serve Tamil-speaking communities. In Bhutan, integrating cultural awareness into healthcare training can help bridge the gap between traditional and modern medical practices, encouraging rural residents to seek formal healthcare services without fear of stigma.Strengthening Community Health ProgramsExpanding community health programs, such as community health workers and mobile health clinics, can significantly improve healthcare access in rural areas. By training more CHWs and deploying mobile clinics to remote villages, both countries can enhance healthcare service delivery for marginalized populations. These initiatives should be supported with adequate funding and resources to ensure sustainability and effectiveness in reaching underserved communities.ConclusionStructural inequalities continue to limit healthcare access for marginalized communities in rural Sri Lanka and Bhutan, resulting in disparities in health outcomes. Geographic isolation, socio-economic challenges, and cultural barriers hinder equitable access to healthcare services, disproportionately affecting low-income and ethnic minority populations. While both countries have implemented initiatives to address these issues, further efforts are needed to reduce healthcare disparities and promote inclusive healthcare access.By expanding healthcare infrastructure, increasing financial support, and fostering culturally sensitive healthcare practices, Sri Lanka and Bhutan can work towards achieving healthcare equity for all citizens. Addressing these structural inequalities is essential for improving health outcomes, fostering social cohesion, and promoting sustainable development in rural South Asia.ReferencesDorji, P. (2020). Challenges of Healthcare Accessibility in Rural Bhutan. Journal of Health and Social Policy, 14(3), 187-201.Fernando, R. (2020). Healthcare Disparities and Ethnic Minorities in Sri Lanka. Asian Journal of Public Health, 22(2), 210-225.Perera, S. (2021). Community Health Worker Programs in Rural Sri Lanka: Bridging the Gap in Healthcare Access. Journal of South Asian Studies, 16(1), 143-157.Wangchuk, T. (2019). Mobile Health Clinics as a Solution to Rural Healthcare Inequities in Bhutan. Bhutan Medical Journal, 11(4), 305-31

AbstractThis paper examines the socio-economic impacts of climate-induced displacement on livelihoods in the coastal regions of India and Pakistan. Rising sea levels, frequent flooding, and extreme weather events have increasingly forced communities to relocate from coastal areas, impacting traditional livelihoods, particularly in agriculture and fisheries. This study explores the challenges faced by displaced communities, including loss of income, disruption of social networks, and limited access to new economic opportunities. Through an analysis of case studies and government policy frameworks, the paper discusses the role of adaptation strategies, community resilience, and governmental support in mitigating the adverse effects of displacement. Recommendations include enhancing social support systems, investing in skill development for displaced individuals, and strengthening climate adaptation policies to protect vulnerable populations.IntroductionClimate change poses a significant threat to the livelihoods of coastal communities in South Asia, particularly in India and Pakistan, where densely populated coastal regions are highly vulnerable to rising sea levels, storm surges, and flooding. Climate-induced displacement has become a pressing issue, forcing communities to relocate and adapt to new environments with limited resources. This displacement disrupts traditional economic activities, particularly in agriculture and fisheries, affecting the socio-economic fabric of coastal regions.This paper examines the impact of climate-induced displacement on livelihoods in the coastal areas of India and Pakistan, exploring how displacement affects income sources, social structures, and community resilience. It also evaluates government policies aimed at addressing the challenges faced by displaced populations and offers recommendations for improving support mechanisms and adaptation strategies.Climate-Induced Displacement in Coastal RegionsIndiaIn India, coastal regions such as the Sundarbans in West Bengal and parts of Odisha and Gujarat are particularly vulnerable to climate-induced displacement. Rising sea levels and frequent cyclones have led to soil erosion, salinization of agricultural lands, and destruction of fishing habitats, resulting in significant livelihood losses for local communities. Studies indicate that climate-induced displacement in these regions has not only disrupted traditional livelihoods but also increased poverty rates as displaced populations struggle to find alternative sources of income (Bhattacharya, 2020).PakistanPakistan’s coastal areas, especially in Sindh and Balochistan, face similar challenges. Coastal communities dependent on fishing and small-scale agriculture have been forced to relocate due to increased flooding, sea-level rise, and the degradation of arable land. In Karachi and surrounding areas, climate-induced displacement has exacerbated urban overcrowding and strained existing resources, while rural displaced populations struggle to adapt to new environments with few employment opportunities (Qureshi, 2021).Socio-Economic Impacts on Displaced CommunitiesLoss of Traditional LivelihoodsThe displacement caused by climate events has led to the widespread loss of traditional livelihoods, particularly in agriculture and fishing. In India, coastal farmers face decreased productivity due to soil salinization, while fishermen experience declining fish stocks and habitat loss. The displacement of these communities disrupts local economies and increases dependency on government assistance and informal labor, often resulting in lower income and unstable employment (Das, 2021).In Pakistan, fishermen displaced from the Indus Delta region report reduced access to fishing grounds and market opportunities. The shift from self-sustaining livelihoods to informal labor roles has led to economic instability and increased poverty among displaced populations. Women in particular face challenges in securing work outside their traditional roles, impacting household income and food security (Shah, 2020).Social Disruption and Mental Health ChallengesDisplacement often disrupts social networks and support systems, leading to increased social isolation and mental health challenges among displaced populations. In coastal India, communities that have relocated to urban areas frequently experience social marginalization and difficulties in adapting to urban lifestyles, which differ significantly from traditional, community-oriented rural environments (Bhattacharya, 2020).In Pakistan, displaced communities face similar struggles, with the loss of cultural ties and community cohesion affecting mental health. The stress associated with displacement, coupled with the uncertainty of securing stable employment and housing, has led to an increase in anxiety and depression among affected individuals, particularly among elderly and female members who are more vulnerable to social isolation (Khan, 2019).Limited Access to New Economic OpportunitiesFor many displaced individuals, finding new income-generating opportunities in resettled areas is a significant challenge. In India, coastal migrants who move to urban centers often lack the skills needed for urban labor markets, which limits their ability to secure stable employment. The lack of access to vocational training or educational programs further restricts their options, leading to dependency on low-paying, informal jobs (UNDP, 2020).In Pakistan, displaced coastal communities face similar barriers, with limited job opportunities in rural resettlement areas and inadequate infrastructure to support economic development. Displaced women, in particular, encounter gender-based barriers in accessing work, as traditional social norms often prevent them from pursuing employment in non-traditional sectors. This economic marginalization exacerbates poverty among displaced families and limits their ability to rebuild livelihoods (Qureshi, 2021).Government Policies and Adaptation StrategiesIndia’s Climate Adaptation PoliciesIndia’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) includes measures to address climate-induced displacement and promote adaptation in vulnerable communities. State-level programs in West Bengal and Odisha have focused on strengthening coastal infrastructure, promoting climate-resilient agriculture, and enhancing community-based adaptation strategies. However, these policies have been criticized for their limited reach and effectiveness in addressing the specific needs of displaced populations, particularly in terms of providing alternative livelihood options (Das, 2021).Pakistan’s National Climate Change PolicyPakistan’s National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) emphasizes the need for climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction in coastal areas. While the government has implemented some projects aimed at improving coastal resilience, such as mangrove restoration and flood control infrastructure, these efforts are often underfunded and lack community involvement. Additionally, the policy does not adequately address the socio-economic needs of displaced populations, leaving many without sufficient support to rebuild livelihoods (Shah, 2020).Recommendations for Supporting Displaced CommunitiesExpanding Vocational Training and Education ProgramsProviding displaced individuals with access to vocational training and education programs can equip them with the skills needed to adapt to new economic environments. Both India and Pakistan should invest in training programs that cater to displaced populations, focusing on skills that are in demand in urban centers or resettlement areas. These programs could include training in areas such as construction, small business management, and digital literacy, which can open up diverse employment opportunities for displaced individuals.Strengthening Community-Based Resilience ProgramsCommunity-based resilience programs can empower displaced populations to engage in adaptation efforts and maintain social cohesion. Governments and NGOs in India and Pakistan should support initiatives that involve community members in decision-making processes, promoting local ownership of adaptation projects. For example, coastal mangrove restoration and sustainable aquaculture initiatives can help displaced communities restore natural resources while providing new income opportunities.Improving Social Support Systems and Mental Health ServicesTo address the psychological and social challenges faced by displaced individuals, both countries should strengthen social support systems and provide mental health services in resettlement areas. Establishing community centers that offer counseling, peer support, and recreational activities can mitigate feelings of isolation and help individuals cope with the stress of displacement. These centers could also serve as platforms for community engagement and empowerment, supporting the development of social networks in new environments.Enhancing Climate Adaptation Funding and Infrastructure InvestmentIndia and Pakistan should increase funding for climate adaptation projects, particularly in rural coastal areas vulnerable to displacement. Investment in resilient infrastructure, such as flood defenses, drainage systems, and elevated housing, can reduce the risk of displacement and protect livelihoods. Governments should also explore public-private partnerships to fund adaptation projects, leveraging resources from both sectors to expand the reach and effectiveness of these initiatives.ConclusionClimate-induced displacement poses significant socio-economic challenges for coastal communities in South Asia, particularly in India and Pakistan. The loss of traditional livelihoods, disruption of social structures, and limited access to new economic opportunities underscore the urgent need for comprehensive adaptation strategies. While both countries have implemented policies aimed at addressing climate risks, additional efforts are required to support displaced populations and foster resilience.By investing in vocational training, enhancing social support systems, and strengthening community-based adaptation efforts, India and Pakistan can improve the socio-economic well-being of displaced communities and promote sustainable development in vulnerable coastal areas. Addressing climate-induced displacement is not only a matter of environmental justice but also a crucial step toward achieving inclusive growth and resilience in the face of climate change.ReferencesBhattacharya, S. (2020). Climate-Induced Migration and Livelihood Disruption in Coastal India. Journal of South Asian Environmental Studies, 18(2), 145-160.Das, P. (2021). Challenges and Opportunities in Coastal Resilience for Displaced Communities in India. South Asia Policy Review, 14(1), 89-104.Khan, M. (2019). Mental Health Challenges Among Displaced Populations in Pakistan. Journal of Social Health, 22(3), 245-260.Qureshi, A. (2021). Climate Change and Coastal Displacement in Pakistan: Socio-Economic Impacts. Asian Journal of Environmental Policy, 10(4), 217-234.Shah, R. (2020). Adaptation and Resilience Among Climate-Displaced Communities in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Development Studies, 15(1), 99-115.UNDP. (2020). Supporting Climate Resilience and Economic Adaptation in South Asia: A Policy Report. United Nations Development Programme.

AbstractThis paper examines the role of women in political participation and decision-making in Nepal and Sri Lanka, two South Asian countries where socio-cultural norms, economic factors, and policy initiatives influence women’s involvement in governance. The study explores the barriers women face in achieving political representation, assesses the impact of governmental reforms aimed at promoting gender equality, and analyzes the contributions women make to local and national politics. Through an analysis of case studies, this paper highlights both the progress and persistent challenges faced by women in political roles. Recommendations include strengthening legal frameworks, addressing socio-economic barriers, and fostering community-driven initiatives to support gender-inclusive governance.IntroductionPolitical participation is a vital aspect of democratic governance, yet women in South Asia face unique challenges in accessing political roles and decision-making platforms. Nepal and Sri Lanka have both made strides toward gender-inclusive governance, yet socio-cultural barriers, economic constraints, and limited representation still hinder women’s full participation. This paper explores the role of women in political participation and decision-making in these two countries, focusing on the factors influencing women’s involvement in politics, the barriers they encounter, and the policy interventions that have shown promise.By examining case studies from Nepal and Sri Lanka, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the socio-political landscape for women in these countries and to offer recommendations for enhancing gender-inclusive governance.Women’s Political Participation in Nepal and Sri LankaNepalIn Nepal, the adoption of a new constitution in 2015 marked a turning point for women’s political representation, mandating that women occupy at least 33% of seats in Parliament and in local government bodies. This quota system has significantly increased women’s visibility in politics, with a record number of women elected to local councils and national offices. However, challenges such as social stigma, financial dependency, and lack of political experience continue to impact women’s effectiveness in political roles. Nepali women, especially those from marginalized communities, often face resistance from traditional power structures that limit their influence in decision-making processes (Khadka, 2020).Sri LankaSri Lanka, despite being the first country in the world to elect a female head of state, has struggled to achieve broader gender parity in political representation. Women occupy only a small percentage of parliamentary and local government seats, primarily due to socio-cultural barriers and political patronage that favor male candidates. The government introduced a 25% quota for women in local councils in 2017, which has increased women’s participation at the grassroots level but has had limited impact at the national level. Women in Sri Lanka often face challenges related to party politics, where male-dominated structures limit their access to leadership roles (Jayasinghe, 2021).Barriers to Women’s Political ParticipationSocio-Cultural Norms and Gender StereotypesIn both Nepal and Sri Lanka, deep-rooted socio-cultural norms and gender stereotypes contribute to low female representation in politics. In Nepal, traditional gender roles assign women to domestic responsibilities, limiting their time and resources to engage in political activities. Furthermore, women from certain ethnic and caste groups experience additional discrimination, making it challenging to gain public support or party backing for political roles (Thapa, 2019).In Sri Lanka, societal expectations often restrict women’s involvement in public life, particularly in rural areas where conservative attitudes prevail. Female politicians are frequently viewed through a gendered lens, facing criticism and scrutiny that male counterparts do not encounter. These stereotypes discourage women from pursuing political careers, as they must balance societal expectations with professional aspirations (Fernando, 2020).Economic Constraints and Financial BarriersEconomic factors also play a significant role in limiting women’s political participation in both countries. Campaigning for political office requires financial resources, which many women lack due to lower income levels and financial dependency on male family members. In Nepal, women, particularly those from low-income backgrounds, struggle to afford the costs associated with campaigning, such as advertising and travel. In Sri Lanka, the influence of political patronage often requires candidates to have financial backing or connections, which disadvantages women, who are less likely to have these resources (Khadka, 2020).Limited Political Support and MentorshipThe lack of support from political parties and limited mentorship opportunities further hinder women’s political advancement. In Nepal, although parties have begun to support female candidates due to the quota system, many women find themselves marginalized within party structures, receiving limited guidance or mentorship. In Sri Lanka, party leaders often prioritize male candidates, particularly for higher office positions, which restricts women’s political opportunities and reinforces male dominance in decision-making roles (Jayasinghe, 2021).Case Studies of Women in Political RolesNepal: The Impact of the 33% Quota SystemThe introduction of the 33% quota for women in Nepal’s political system has led to increased female representation at both local and national levels. This policy has been instrumental in empowering women, particularly in rural areas where female leaders are now more visible in community decision-making. One notable example is the election of Bina Magar as Minister of Water Supply, a position that has allowed her to advocate for issues affecting women and rural communities. Magar’s role demonstrates the potential for female leaders to address issues that are often overlooked by male-dominated bodies (Khadka, 2020).Despite these advancements, the quota system has not resolved all issues. Many female representatives face challenges related to political marginalization and limited authority in decision-making. Additionally, some women are nominated primarily to fulfill the quota, without the necessary support to perform effectively, highlighting the need for complementary initiatives that address training and empowerment (Thapa, 2019).Sri Lanka: Grassroots Impact of the 25% Local Council QuotaIn Sri Lanka, the 25% quota for women in local councils has increased female representation at the grassroots level, allowing women to participate in decision-making processes within their communities. An example of this impact can be seen in the work of female councilors who have led initiatives to improve public health, education, and women’s safety. However, the effects of the quota remain limited at the national level, where representation is still low, and women face significant barriers in advancing beyond local government positions (Fernando, 2020).One successful initiative led by female councilors includes a project in the Western Province focused on improving women’s access to healthcare services. Female councilors advocated for mobile health clinics, particularly in underserved areas, reflecting the capacity of female politicians to address gender-specific needs within their communities. Nevertheless, these women often encounter resistance from male colleagues and struggle with limited funding, which restricts the scope of their initiatives (Jayasinghe, 2021).Opportunities for Enhancing Women’s Political ParticipationPolicy Reforms and Legal SupportBoth Nepal and Sri Lanka could benefit from strengthened legal frameworks that promote gender equality in political participation. Expanding the quota systems to ensure women’s representation at higher levels of government could provide more opportunities for female leaders. Additionally, implementing policies that support financial assistance for female candidates would help address economic barriers. Governments could consider establishing funds specifically aimed at supporting women candidates from low-income backgrounds (Thapa, 2019).Mentorship and Training ProgramsMentorship and training programs tailored for women in politics can enhance their leadership skills and increase their confidence in navigating political environments. By partnering with NGOs and international organizations, governments could establish training initiatives that focus on public speaking, campaign management, and policy development. Such programs could be particularly beneficial in Sri Lanka, where female politicians face strong resistance within party structures (Fernando, 2020).Community Awareness and Social Support InitiativesRaising community awareness about the importance of women’s political participation can shift societal attitudes and create a supportive environment for female politicians. Public campaigns highlighting the achievements of women leaders can challenge gender stereotypes and encourage more women to pursue political careers. Community-driven initiatives that involve local leaders in advocating for gender-inclusive governance can further support women’s roles in decision-making (Jayasinghe, 2021).ConclusionWomen’s role in political participation and decision-making in Nepal and Sri Lanka has made strides due to quota systems and increased visibility at local government levels. However, socio-cultural norms, economic constraints, and political marginalization continue to limit the full participation of women in these countries. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach, including policy reforms, financial support, mentorship, and community awareness initiatives.Enhancing women’s political participation is essential for creating more inclusive and representative governance in South Asia. By supporting women in political roles, Nepal and Sri Lanka can ensure that the perspectives and needs of all citizens are considered in decision-making processes, fostering equitable and sustainable development.ReferencesFernando, S. (2020). Challenges for Women’s Political Participation in Sri Lanka. Journal of South Asian Studies, 17(1), 85-98.Jayasinghe, R. (2021). Women in Local Governance: An Analysis of the 25% Quota System in Sri Lanka. South Asia Policy Review, 13(2), 215-230.Khadka, M. (2020). The Impact of Gender Quotas on Political Participation in Nepal. Nepal Journal of Politics, 18(3), 125-142.Thapa, A. (2019). Gender Stereotypes and Political Engagement in Nepal. Asian Journal of Gender Studies, 10(4), 307-322.

AbstractThis paper investigates the socio-economic impacts of migration and urbanization on rural communities in Bangladesh and India. Rapid urbanization in South Asia has led to significant internal migration, reshaping rural economies, labor markets, and social structures. The study examines how rural communities are affected by the outflow of labor, shifts in household dynamics, and changes in income sources, emphasizing the social and economic consequences of rural-to-urban migration. By analyzing government policies and community-level responses, the study highlights both the challenges and potential benefits of migration-driven urbanization. Findings indicate that while migration offers income opportunities, it also exacerbates socio-economic disparities and places new demands on rural communities. Recommendations focus on policy reforms that can support sustainable rural development and reduce the socio-economic costs of migration.IntroductionUrbanization is a global phenomenon, and in South Asia, its effects on rural communities are profound, particularly in countries like Bangladesh and India, where rural-to-urban migration is widespread. In these countries, rural populations frequently migrate to urban centers in search of employment, better living conditions, and access to services. However, this migration trend has far-reaching consequences for the rural areas left behind, affecting economic structures, social dynamics, and cultural practices.This paper explores the socio-economic impacts of migration and urbanization on rural communities in Bangladesh and India. It aims to provide insights into the challenges faced by rural households due to the outmigration of family members, assess the effects on local economies and community structures, and examine government policies aimed at mitigating the negative impacts of rural-to-urban migration.Patterns of Migration and Urbanization in Bangladesh and IndiaBangladeshIn Bangladesh, migration to urban centers, particularly Dhaka, is driven by the lack of employment opportunities in rural areas and the impact of climate change on agricultural livelihoods. The country has one of the highest rates of rural-to-urban migration in South Asia, with urbanization rates increasing rapidly. Seasonal migration is also common, with rural laborers moving to cities during agricultural off-seasons to supplement household incomes. These migration patterns lead to substantial changes in rural household structures and have a lasting impact on local communities (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2021).IndiaIndia, too, experiences significant internal migration, with millions of rural inhabitants moving to cities like Mumbai, Delhi, and Bangalore each year. Migration is driven by socio-economic factors such as employment opportunities, educational access, and healthcare facilities. In India, urbanization is a major contributor to economic growth, but rural areas face population decline, a shrinking labor force, and reduced agricultural productivity as a result. Migrant laborers from rural areas often work in informal sectors in cities, sending remittances back to their families, which are essential for rural economies (Indian Census Bureau, 2021).Socio-Economic Impacts on Rural CommunitiesEconomic EffectsMigration affects the rural economy in several ways, with both positive and negative consequences. Remittances from migrant workers provide an important source of income for rural households, supporting household consumption and investments in health and education. In Bangladesh, remittances from urban migrant workers have enabled rural families to diversify income sources and reduce dependency on subsistence farming. Studies show that households receiving remittances experience improved living standards, with greater access to healthcare and education for children (World Bank, 2020).However, the outflow of labor from rural areas often leads to a shortage of workers for agriculture and other local industries. In India, this labor drain has resulted in higher wages for remaining agricultural laborers, increasing production costs and impacting the profitability of small-scale farmers. Additionally, rural economies often experience a slowdown as the most productive members of the labor force migrate, leaving behind the elderly and children, who are less able to contribute to economic activities (Singh, 2020).Social and Cultural ImpactsThe social impacts of migration on rural communities include changes in family structures, shifts in gender roles, and challenges to traditional social norms. In both Bangladesh and India, migration leads to family fragmentation, with one or more members living away from the household for extended periods. This shift places additional responsibilities on those remaining, often women, who must manage household duties, childcare, and sometimes agricultural work in the absence of male family members (Desai, 2019).The migration of young men from rural areas has also impacted gender dynamics, as women increasingly take on roles traditionally reserved for men. In Bangladesh, this shift has led to greater female participation in decision-making within households. However, women also face added stress due to increased workloads and social stigma associated with managing “men’s work.” The cultural impacts of migration include the gradual erosion of traditional community structures, as families become more individualistic and less reliant on communal support systems (Ahmad, 2021).Educational and Health ImpactsMigration and urbanization also impact education and health in rural areas. Remittances enable families to invest in education, resulting in higher school enrollment rates for children in migrant households. In India, studies have shown that children from families receiving remittances have higher levels of educational attainment compared to their peers in non-migrant households (UNESCO, 2020).On the health front, however, the outmigration of younger family members can lead to decreased care for the elderly and a lack of available healthcare providers in rural areas. In Bangladesh, healthcare resources are already limited, and the migration of young people exacerbates the challenge of providing adequate care for aging rural populations. Additionally, the stress associated with family separation can lead to mental health issues for both migrants and those left behind (Bangladesh Ministry of Health, 2021).Governmental and Community ResponsesPolicy Initiatives in BangladeshThe Bangladeshi government has introduced several policies aimed at supporting rural communities affected by migration. Programs such as the Social Safety Net Project provide financial assistance to low-income households, while the Rural Employment and Road Maintenance Program offers employment opportunities within rural areas to discourage migration. Additionally, the government has focused on expanding vocational training in rural areas to improve employment prospects locally (Bangladesh Ministry of Labor, 2020).However, these policies face implementation challenges, particularly in remote areas. Funding constraints, limited infrastructure, and bureaucratic inefficiencies have hampered the effectiveness of these initiatives, and migration rates continue to rise despite government efforts.Policy Initiatives in IndiaIndia’s government has also implemented policies to address the impacts of migration, including the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), which provides guaranteed employment for rural households. This program has been instrumental in providing a financial safety net for families, reducing the need for seasonal migration. Additionally, state-level programs, such as Kerala’s Kudumbashree initiative, empower rural women economically, promoting self-employment and reducing the dependency on migration (Narayan, 2019).Despite these efforts, high migration rates persist, particularly among youth seeking educational and career opportunities in cities. To address this, some states have introduced skill development programs and incentives for industries to establish operations in rural areas, creating local employment and reducing migration pressures.Recommendations for Supporting Rural CommunitiesPromoting Rural Economic DiversificationEncouraging economic diversification in rural areas can reduce the dependency on agriculture and create employment opportunities that deter migration. Governments in Bangladesh and India should invest in infrastructure to support small businesses, agricultural processing industries, and rural tourism. Providing access to credit and training for rural entrepreneurs can foster sustainable economic growth within rural communities.Expanding Educational and Vocational Training ProgramsExpanding access to quality education and vocational training in rural areas can equip young people with the skills needed for local employment. Partnerships between governments and private sector entities can help to develop training programs aligned with market demands, particularly in sectors such as information technology, manufacturing, and healthcare. These programs could reduce the need for youth to migrate in search of job opportunities.Enhancing Social Safety Nets and Healthcare ServicesStrengthening social safety nets and healthcare services in rural communities is crucial to supporting those affected by migration. Governments should consider expanding health facilities and establishing mobile health units in underserved areas. Additionally, improving social welfare programs can provide financial security to rural families, reducing the pressure to migrate for economic reasons.Encouraging Community Engagement and Awareness CampaignsCommunity-driven initiatives can play an essential role in managing migration impacts. Local leaders and NGOs should work to raise awareness about the socio-economic challenges of migration and advocate for inclusive community development. Encouraging communities to adopt a collective approach to managing resources and responsibilities can strengthen resilience in rural areas.ConclusionMigration and urbanization have profound socio-economic impacts on rural communities in South Asia, particularly in Bangladesh and India. While migration offers financial benefits through remittances and improved educational opportunities, it also creates challenges related to labor shortages, family fragmentation, and socio-economic inequality. Despite government efforts to address these issues, substantial gaps remain in policy implementation and support for affected communities.To mitigate the adverse effects of migration, both countries must adopt comprehensive strategies that promote rural economic growth, enhance educational and healthcare access, and strengthen social safety nets. By addressing these underlying issues, Bangladesh and India can create more resilient rural communities that are better equipped to handle the pressures of urbanization and migration.ReferencesAhmad, F. (2021). Gender Dynamics and Migration in Bangladesh. Journal of South Asian Studies, 16(2), 105-120.Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. (2021). National Migration Report: Bangladesh. BBS.Bangladesh Ministry of Health. (2021). Healthcare Challenges in Rural Bangladesh. Government of Bangladesh.Bangladesh Ministry of Labor. (2020). Social Safety Nets and Migration Policies. Government of Bangladesh.Desai, R. (2019). Impacts of Migration on Rural Household Structures in India. Indian Journal of Social Sciences, 24(3), 223-238.Indian Census Bureau. (2021). Annual Report on Urbanization and Internal Migration. Government of India.Narayan, S. (2019). Rural Development and Employment Initiatives in India: An Analysis of MGNREGA and Kudumbashree. Journal of Development Policy, 33(1), 45-60.Singh, A. (2020). Labor Shortages and Wage Increases in Indian Agriculture due to Migration. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(2), 155-170.UNESCO. (2020). Education and Migration in South Asia: A Comparative Study of India and Bangladesh. UNESCO.

Objectives: Given the practical significance of effectively enhancing patient trust, this study compares the effectiveness of refutation and non-refutation texts in promoting patient trust and further combines it with illness correlation to provide suggestions for existing doctor–patient relationships. Study design and methods: Study 1 used a single-factor design to examine the effects of text form (refutation vs non-refutation texts) on patient trust (moral + technical). Study 2 used a 2 × 2 between-subjects design to examine the effects of text form (refutation vs non-refutation texts) and content (illness-related vs non-illness-related) on patient trust (moral + technical). Study 3 sought assistance from hospital in a real medical environment to further test the applicability and authenticity of the experimental results in real-life situations. Results: Study 1 showed that patients’ moral trust in the refutation text condition was significantly higher than in the control group and non-refutation text condition. However, there were no significant differences in technical trust. Studies 2 and 3 showed that patient trust in the refutation text condition was significantly higher than in the non-refutation text condition, and patient trust in the illness-related condition was significantly higher than in the non-illness-related condition. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that refutation texts are most effective in improving patients’ moral and technical trust, especially when the content of the text is related to their own illness. We suggest the use of refutation texts to expand the coverage and accuracy of patients’ medical knowledge and improve doctor–patient interactions.

TITLE: Non-reporting of SARS-CoV-2 antigen self-tests: risks for public health surveillanceAuthors: Nicola Abrescia, MD(corresponding author)AORN dei Colli, Hospital for Infectious Diseases “D. Cotugno”Via Quagliariello, 54 – 80131 Napoli – Italyabrescia@alice.it; nicola.abrescia@ospedalideicolli.it+39 3351255145

AbstractThis paper explores the challenges and opportunities surrounding educational access for religious minorities in Pakistan and India. Religious minorities in both countries face socio-economic, cultural, and political barriers that impact their access to quality education. This study examines the historical and structural factors contributing to educational disparities, focusing on the influence of discrimination, socio-economic marginalization, and policy constraints. Additionally, the paper highlights the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community initiatives, and government reforms aimed at improving access for these populations. Findings reveal that, despite significant obstacles, efforts to promote inclusive education for religious minorities hold promise for reducing disparities and fostering social cohesion. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy interventions that promote equal educational opportunities.IntroductionAccess to quality education is a fundamental human right and a cornerstone for socio-economic development. In South Asia, however, access to education remains unequal, particularly for religious minorities who face distinct socio-cultural and economic challenges. In Pakistan and India, religious minorities often encounter systemic discrimination and marginalization that hinder their ability to obtain education on par with the majority population. This paper examines the barriers and opportunities related to educational access for religious minorities in these two countries, identifying the socio-economic, cultural, and policy-related factors that shape their experiences. Religious Minorities and Access to Education in South Asia: Barriers and Opportunities in Pakistan and India Through an analysis of existing literature, policy frameworks, and case studies, this paper aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the challenges faced by religious minorities in accessing education, as well as the initiatives that have shown promise in promoting inclusivity and equal opportunity.Religious Minorities and Educational Access in Pakistan and IndiaPakistanIn Pakistan, religious minorities, including Christians, Hindus, and Ahmadis, comprise approximately 3.7% of the population. These communities face significant barriers to educational access, influenced by social exclusion, economic disadvantages, and limited representation in educational policy-making. Discrimination often begins early, as religious minority students are segregated in schools, subjected to biased curricula, and face prejudice from peers and teachers alike (Khan, 2019).Economic challenges also play a role, as minority communities are frequently concentrated in low-income areas with limited access to quality schools. Government-funded schools, particularly in rural areas, often lack the resources and infrastructure needed to provide quality education, exacerbating disparities. Private schools, which offer better educational outcomes, are often financially inaccessible to these communities, further limiting their educational prospects (Ali, 2020).IndiaIn India, religious minorities include Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, and Jains, constituting around 20% of the population. Although India’s Constitution guarantees equal educational rights, the socio-economic realities for religious minorities, particularly Muslims, reveal a different picture. Muslims, who make up the largest religious minority, have one of the lowest literacy rates in the country. Factors such as economic marginalization, residential segregation, and limited access to educational facilities contribute to this disparity (Rana, 2020).The Sachar Committee Report (2006) highlighted that Muslim communities in India often face obstacles in accessing quality education due to social exclusion and poverty. The report also noted that Muslims are underrepresented in higher education, with only a small percentage reaching tertiary education levels. Additionally, curriculum content can sometimes be culturally insensitive, creating an unwelcoming environment for minority students (Desai, 2019).Structural Barriers to Educational AccessDiscrimination and Bias in Educational InstitutionsReligious minorities in both Pakistan and India experience discrimination within educational settings. In Pakistan, Hindu and Christian students frequently report instances of harassment and isolation in government schools, often exacerbated by curricula that reinforce majority perspectives and lack representation of minority histories and perspectives. These biases contribute to feelings of alienation and lower engagement among minority students, which in turn affects their academic performance and retention rates (Jamil, 2019).In India, Muslim students often face implicit biases and microaggressions in educational institutions, which can impact their educational aspirations. Research indicates that Muslim students feel marginalized within mainstream schools, where they sometimes encounter stereotyping or negative perceptions associated with their religious identity. This bias not only affects students’ academic self-esteem but can also discourage them from pursuing higher education (Singh, 2021).Socio-Economic MarginalizationEconomic constraints are a significant barrier to education for religious minorities. In Pakistan, minority communities are disproportionately affected by poverty, leading to lower school enrollment rates and higher dropout rates. Many children from minority families engage in child labor to support household incomes, limiting their opportunities for education. Additionally, the lack of government support for minority-specific scholarships or financial aid further restricts access (Ali, 2020).In India, economic marginalization affects Muslim communities in particular, with high poverty rates contributing to limited educational attainment. The low-income status of many minority families often translates to reduced access to private schooling, which generally offers better resources than government-funded schools. Government schemes, while available, are often insufficient to bridge the gap for socio-economically disadvantaged communities (Rana, 2020).Policy and Curriculum LimitationsIn Pakistan, the education policy does not adequately address the specific needs of religious minorities, and there is limited representation of minority perspectives in the curriculum. Textbooks often contain content that is either biased or exclusionary, reinforcing religious divisions and marginalizing minority identities. These curricular limitations hinder minority students from engaging fully with their education and limit their sense of belonging in the school environment (Khan, 2019).In India, educational policy includes provisions for religious minorities, yet implementation remains inconsistent. While the Right to Education Act guarantees free education for children, religious minorities often face challenges accessing quality education due to socio-economic barriers and inadequate infrastructure in minority-dominated areas. Additionally, the curriculum often lacks inclusive representation, failing to adequately reflect the diverse religious landscape of the country (Desai, 2019).Opportunities for Improving Educational AccessGovernment Initiatives and Policy ReformsEfforts have been made in both countries to improve educational access for religious minorities. In Pakistan, the government has introduced scholarship programs for minority students and implemented initiatives to improve infrastructure in under-resourced areas. The Pakistan Education Ministry has also introduced measures to make curricula more inclusive, though these reforms are still in the early stages (Pakistan Ministry of Education, 2021).In India, the government has introduced several schemes to support educational access for minorities, including the Maulana Azad Education Foundation, which provides scholarships to minority students. Additionally, the National Commission for Minorities has recommended curriculum revisions to ensure inclusivity. While these programs represent progress, further efforts are needed to ensure these policies reach disadvantaged communities effectively (India Ministry of Education, 2020).Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)NGOs play a crucial role in providing educational opportunities to religious minorities in both Pakistan and India. Organizations such as The Citizens Foundation in Pakistan have established schools in minority communities, offering quality education that emphasizes inclusivity and cultural sensitivity. Similarly, in India, NGOs like Pratham and the Muslim Education Trust work to improve literacy and educational attainment among minority populations by providing scholarships, tutoring, and resources for community-based education (Kumar, 2020).Community-Based InitiativesCommunity-based initiatives have emerged as powerful tools for promoting educational access. In Pakistan, community groups have collaborated to establish informal education centers in minority-dominated areas, providing literacy programs and vocational training. These centers often serve as safe spaces for minority students to learn without fear of discrimination (Jamil, 2019).In India, community-driven initiatives have focused on mentoring and career counseling for minority students, aiming to bridge the gap between education and employment. By involving local leaders and families, these initiatives foster a supportive environment that encourages minority youth to pursue education despite socio-economic challenges (Singh, 2021).Recommendations for Policy and PracticeEnhancing Inclusivity in Educational CurriculaBoth countries should revise their curricula to reflect the diversity of their populations, ensuring that minority histories, cultures, and perspectives are included. Inclusive curricula can foster a sense of belonging and respect for all students, reducing discrimination and improving engagement among minority students.Expanding Scholarship Programs for Minority StudentsIncreasing financial support through scholarships and grants can alleviate economic barriers to education for religious minorities. Governments and NGOs should collaborate to provide targeted scholarships that address the specific needs of minority students, enabling them to access higher-quality educational institutions.Strengthening NGO-Government PartnershipsGovernment agencies in Pakistan and India should foster partnerships with NGOs to extend educational resources to underserved minority communities. By working with local organizations, governments can improve the effectiveness of educational programs and ensure that resources reach the intended populations.Promoting Community Engagement and Parental InvolvementCommunity engagement is essential for fostering an environment that supports education for religious minorities. Governments and NGOs should collaborate with community leaders to create awareness about the importance of education and involve parents in their children’s educational journeys. Community involvement can reduce resistance to schooling and enhance retention rates among minority students.ConclusionReligious minorities in Pakistan and India face unique challenges in accessing quality education, with structural, economic, and social barriers limiting their opportunities for academic and socio-economic advancement. While government initiatives and community-driven efforts have made progress, significant disparities remain. By adopting inclusive policies, expanding financial support, and strengthening community engagement, both countries can work toward creating an educational landscape that promotes equity and social cohesion.Educational access for religious minorities is not only a matter of human rights but also a crucial step toward building more inclusive societies in South Asia. Continued efforts to support minority education can help bridge social divides, foster mutual understanding, and contribute to long-term national development.ReferencesAli, Z. (2020). Educational Access and Socio-Economic Marginalization of Religious Minorities in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Education, 12(3), 45-58.Desai, M. (2019). The Challenge of Inclusive Education in India: A Focus on Religious Minorities. Indian Education Review, 27(1), 14-29.India Ministry of Education. (2020). Annual Report on Minority Education and Inclusion Policies. Government of India.Jamil, A. (2019). Discrimination and Access to Education for Pakistan’s Religious Minorities. Journal of Social Policy in South Asia, 10(2), 95-108.Khan, S. (2019). Curriculum Bias and Minority Representation in Pakistani Schools. South Asian Educational Journal, 8(4), 67-80.Kumar, A. (2020). Role of NGOs in Improving Education Access for Religious Minorities in India. International Journal of Social Development, 15(1), 102-115.Pakistan Ministry of Education. (2021). Progress Report on Inclusive Education Reforms. Government of Pakistan.Rana, R. (2020). Educational Disparities among Muslims in India: Socio-Economic and Cultural Factors. Asian Studies Journal, 22(2), 200-215.Sin

AbstractThis paper explores the pressing issue of youth unemployment in South Asia, with a focus on Bangladesh and Nepal. High youth unemployment rates in these countries present significant socio-economic challenges, including poverty, social unrest, and a loss of potential economic growth. This study examines the structural factors contributing to youth unemployment, analyzes the effectiveness of current economic policies, and proposes potential solutions tailored to the unique socio-economic conditions of Bangladesh and Nepal. Findings suggest that while some government initiatives have shown promise, a comprehensive approach encompassing education reform, vocational training, and private sector engagement is necessary to address youth unemployment sustainably. The paper concludes with policy recommendations aimed at creating more inclusive and growth-oriented labor markets for young people in both countries. Youth Unemployment and Economic Policy in South Asia: An Analysis of Challenges and Solutions in Bangladesh and Nepal IntroductionYouth unemployment is a critical issue in South Asia, where young people make up a significant portion of the population. In Bangladesh and Nepal, high unemployment rates among youth are compounded by a lack of job opportunities, insufficient skills, and economic policies that struggle to address the unique needs of a burgeoning young workforce. The socio-economic implications of youth unemployment include increased poverty rates, social unrest, and a potential loss of economic growth as young people remain outside the formal labor market.This paper investigates the structural factors contributing to youth unemployment in Bangladesh and Nepal and assesses the economic policies aimed at addressing this challenge. By identifying successful policy strategies and exploring areas for improvement, the study seeks to provide insights into sustainable solutions for youth unemployment in South Asia.Youth Unemployment: Current State in Bangladesh and NepalBangladeshIn Bangladesh, youth unemployment is a significant issue, with rates surpassing the overall unemployment rate. According to the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2020), youth unemployment stands at approximately 11.3%, with even higher rates among young women and graduates. Rapid population growth, combined with limited employment opportunities in rural areas, exacerbates the problem. Many young Bangladeshis are forced to migrate to urban centers in search of work, leading to overcrowded cities and increased competition for jobs (International Labour Organization, 2021).The country’s education system contributes to the problem, as it does not consistently equip graduates with marketable skills. The mismatch between educational outcomes and labor market demands leaves many young people underqualified or unprepared for the available jobs, particularly in technical and industrial sectors (Bangladesh Ministry of Education, 2019).NepalNepal faces a similar situation, with youth unemployment rates estimated at 19.2%, according to the Nepal Labour Force Survey (2021). Political instability, limited industrialization, and an economy heavily reliant on agriculture have constrained job creation. Additionally, many young Nepalis choose to seek employment abroad, primarily in the Gulf countries, due to limited local opportunities, resulting in a “brain drain” that depletes the domestic labor market of skilled workers (World Bank, 2020).In rural areas, youth unemployment is aggravated by limited access to education and vocational training. Traditional education in Nepal often emphasizes academic over practical skills, which does not meet the demands of the evolving job market. As a result, young people in rural areas are often underqualified for the types of jobs available in urban centers or industrial sectors (Nepal Ministry of Labour, 2021).Structural Factors Contributing to Youth UnemploymentEducation and Skill MismatchesIn both Bangladesh and Nepal, a significant factor contributing to youth unemployment is the disconnect between education systems and labor market requirements. Educational institutions in both countries focus primarily on academic knowledge, often neglecting vocational and technical training that could better prepare students for available jobs. This mismatch leaves many young people without the skills necessary for employment in high-demand sectors, such as information technology, manufacturing, and healthcare (UNESCO, 2019).Economic Policies and Market LimitationsEconomic policies in Bangladesh and Nepal have struggled to address youth unemployment effectively due to limitations in job creation and economic diversification. In Bangladesh, the heavy reliance on the garment industry has limited the development of other sectors that could provide additional employment opportunities. In Nepal, economic policies have focused heavily on agriculture, with little investment in industrialization or technology, which are crucial for creating high-skilled jobs (International Monetary Fund, 2020).Lack of Access to Vocational TrainingBoth countries suffer from a lack of accessible vocational training programs, particularly in rural areas. In Bangladesh, while some technical and vocational education and training (TVET) programs exist, they are often concentrated in urban centers, limiting access for rural youth. Similarly, in Nepal, vocational training opportunities are limited and underfunded, contributing to the high rate of youth migration for employment abroad (Nepal TVET Authority, 2021).Socio-Cultural FactorsCultural attitudes towards work and gender roles also play a role in youth unemployment. In Bangladesh, young women face additional barriers to employment due to social expectations and limited access to job opportunities in male-dominated industries. In Nepal, socio-cultural norms often discourage young people from pursuing technical or vocational training, leading to a preference for white-collar jobs that may be less available in the current job market (Asian Development Bank, 2019).Case Studies of Economic Policy InterventionsBangladesh: Skills for Employment Investment Program (SEIP)The Skills for Employment Investment Program (SEIP) in Bangladesh, funded by the Asian Development Bank, aims to enhance the skills of the workforce by providing vocational training and improving educational quality in high-demand sectors. SEIP has trained thousands of young people in areas such as construction, ICT, and hospitality. While SEIP has shown success in improving employability, its reach is limited by funding constraints and challenges in maintaining training quality across rural areas (ADB, 2020).Nepal: Youth Employment Transformation Initiative (YETI)Nepal’s Youth Employment Transformation Initiative (YETI) focuses on creating employment opportunities for young people through public works, skill development, and entrepreneurship support. YETI includes microfinance options and mentoring for young entrepreneurs, which has encouraged some youth to start small businesses. However, the program’s impact has been limited by logistical challenges and inadequate access to rural areas, where youth unemployment is particularly high (Nepal Ministry of Labour, 2021).Recommendations for Addressing Youth UnemploymentExpanding Vocational Training and Skill DevelopmentTo address the skills gap, both Bangladesh and Nepal should invest in expanding vocational training programs, especially in rural areas. Governments could collaborate with private sector companies to identify industry demands and tailor training programs accordingly. Digital training platforms could also extend access to remote areas, providing courses in relevant fields such as IT, healthcare, and advanced manufacturing.Encouraging Entrepreneurship and Small Business DevelopmentSupporting youth entrepreneurship can help create jobs and reduce dependency on traditional employment sectors. Both Bangladesh and Nepal could establish entrepreneurship incubators and provide low-interest loans or grants to young entrepreneurs. By encouraging innovation and self-employment, governments can empower youth to generate their own income and contribute to economic growth.Integrating Private Sector CollaborationPublic-private partnerships can play a key role in addressing youth unemployment by linking educational institutions with the needs of the labor market. In Bangladesh, garment and ICT industries could partner with vocational schools to ensure that training programs meet industry standards. In Nepal, partnerships with the tourism and agricultural sectors could provide job opportunities for rural youth, particularly those who might otherwise seek employment abroad.Reforming Education Systems to Meet Labor Market NeedsBoth countries should consider revising their educational curricula to include more practical, skills-based learning that aligns with labor market demands. By incorporating career counseling, vocational training, and internships into secondary education, Bangladesh and Nepal can equip young people with the skills they need to compete in the job market effectively.Addressing Socio-Cultural BarriersEfforts to change societal attitudes towards vocational training and non-traditional careers are crucial. Public awareness campaigns highlighting the value of skilled trades and the importance of gender equality in employment can help shift perceptions. In Bangladesh, these campaigns could encourage young women to pursue careers in high-demand sectors, while in Nepal, promoting technical skills training could help overcome the preference for white-collar jobs.ConclusionYouth unemployment remains a significant challenge in Bangladesh and Nepal, with serious socio-economic implications. The structural factors driving unemployment, including educational mismatches, limited vocational training, and economic policy constraints, require comprehensive, multi-faceted solutions. While current programs like Bangladesh’s SEIP and Nepal’s YETI have shown promise, further investment in skill development, entrepreneurship support, and public-private partnerships is needed to reduce youth unemployment sustainably.Addressing youth unemployment is essential for fostering economic resilience and social stability in South Asia. By implementing policies that prioritize skill development, address socio-cultural barriers, and create inclusive job opportunities, Bangladesh and Nepal can empower their youth to participate meaningfully in the economy, promoting long-term growth and prosperity.ReferencesAsian Development Bank. (2020). Skills for Employment Investment Program: Progress Report. ADB Publications.Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. (2020). Labor Force Survey Report on Youth Employment in Bangladesh. Government of Bangladesh.Bangladesh Ministry of Education. (2019). Annual Report on Education and Skills Development. Government of Bangladesh.International Labour Organization. (2021). Youth Employment Challenges in South Asia. ILO Reports.International Monetary Fund. (2020). Economic Policy and Youth Unemployment in South Asia. IMF.Nepal Ministry of Labour. (2021). Youth Employment Transformation Initiative Overview. Government of Nepal.Nepal Labour Force Survey. (2021). Youth Unemployment in Nepal: Challenges and Prospects. Government of Nepal.Nepal TVET Authority. (2021). Vocational Education and Training Report in Nepal. TVET Nepal.UNESCO. (2019). Education and Skills Gap in South Asia. UNESCO.World Bank. (2020). Out-of-Pocket Expenditures and Youth Employment in South Asia: Comparative Analysis of Bangladesh and Nepal. World Bank Publications.

AbstractThis paper explores the role of civil society organizations (CSOs) in advocating for environmental justice in South Asia, focusing on case studies from India and Sri Lanka. Environmental justice in this region is closely tied to issues of socio-economic inequality, resource distribution, and marginalized communities’ rights. This study examines how CSOs in India and Sri Lanka address environmental challenges, focusing on their efforts in protecting natural resources, lobbying for policy changes, and supporting local communities affected by environmental degradation. Findings highlight the effectiveness of CSOs in raising awareness and mobilizing communities, while also emphasizing the challenges posed by limited funding, regulatory hurdles, and political resistance. Recommendations include increased governmental and international support for CSOs to foster sustainable environmental justice in South Asia. The Role of Civil Society in Addressing Environmental Justice in South Asia: Case Studies from India and Sri Lanka IntroductionEnvironmental justice has emerged as a critical issue in South Asia, where marginalized communities often bear the brunt of environmental degradation, resource exploitation, and climate change. The concept of environmental justice encompasses the fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens, as well as the right of communities to participate in environmental decision-making. In countries like India and Sri Lanka, civil society organizations (CSOs) have played a pivotal role in advocating for environmental justice by addressing the root causes of environmental inequities and mobilizing communities to demand sustainable and equitable policies.This paper examines the role of CSOs in promoting environmental justice in India and Sri Lanka. By analyzing case studies, this study explores how CSOs have influenced policy, empowered local communities, and addressed environmental issues. The paper also highlights the challenges faced by these organizations and provides recommendations for enhancing their effectiveness.Environmental Justice in India and Sri LankaIndiaIndia faces severe environmental challenges, including deforestation, air and water pollution, and land degradation, which disproportionately affect marginalized communities. Industrialization, urbanization, and unsustainable resource extraction have created significant environmental disparities, with low-income and rural populations experiencing the most adverse effects. CSOs in India have been instrumental in advocating for environmental justice by raising awareness, organizing protests, and engaging in legal action to hold polluters accountable (Das, 2021).Sri LankaSri Lanka, with its rich biodiversity and fragile ecosystems, also faces environmental issues related to deforestation, land use change, and coastal erosion. The expansion of agribusiness and tourism has led to the displacement of rural communities and degradation of natural resources. CSOs in Sri Lanka have focused on advocating for the protection of natural habitats, supporting indigenous rights, and lobbying against environmentally destructive projects. While progress has been made, challenges such as political interference and limited resources continue to hinder environmental justice efforts (Fernando, 2020).Case Studies of Civil Society EffortsIndia: Narmada Bachao Andolan (Save the Narmada Movement)One of the most prominent examples of civil society intervention in India is the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA), a movement that began in the 1980s to oppose the construction of large dams on the Narmada River, which would have displaced thousands of indigenous people. Led by activists like Medha Patkar, NBA highlighted the environmental and social costs of dam construction, advocating for the rights of affected communities and emphasizing sustainable water management.The NBA’s efforts led to widespread awareness about the social impacts of large-scale infrastructure projects and influenced public policy by calling for environmental impact assessments and community consultations. Although NBA faced resistance from government agencies, it succeeded in setting a precedent for community-based environmental activism in India, inspiring other CSOs to advocate for environmental justice (Narayan, 2019).Sri Lanka: Environmental Foundation Limited (EFL)The Environmental Foundation Limited (EFL), established in 1981, is one of Sri Lanka’s leading environmental advocacy groups, focusing on legal action and community mobilization. EFL has taken on cases involving illegal logging, pollution, and land encroachment, often representing rural communities whose livelihoods depend on natural resources. One notable case involved EFL’s successful legal intervention to prevent the deforestation of the Sinharaja Forest Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which faced threats from illegal logging and agricultural expansion.EFL’s legal activism has played a crucial role in enforcing environmental regulations and protecting biodiversity in Sri Lanka. By working closely with local communities, EFL has not only raised awareness about environmental rights but also empowered citizens to participate in environmental decision-making (Fernando, 2020).Strategies Employed by Civil Society OrganizationsAdvocacy and Awareness CampaignsCSOs in both India and Sri Lanka have used advocacy and awareness campaigns to educate the public about environmental issues. In India, organizations such as Greenpeace India and the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) have conducted campaigns on issues like air pollution, water conservation, and waste management. These campaigns have raised public awareness and pressured policymakers to implement stronger environmental regulations (Das, 2021).In Sri Lanka, CSOs have focused on educating communities about the impacts of environmental degradation on livelihoods and health. Campaigns by organizations like the Green Movement of Sri Lanka have targeted rural communities, where environmental knowledge may be limited, to promote sustainable practices and prevent resource exploitation (Fernando, 2020).Legal Action and Policy AdvocacyLegal action is a powerful tool used by CSOs to challenge environmentally harmful projects and enforce existing regulations. In India, CSOs have frequently filed Public Interest Litigations (PILs) to hold industries accountable for environmental violations. For example, the Indian Supreme Court’s intervention in air pollution control in Delhi was largely influenced by PILs filed by CSOs (Narayan, 2019). Legal activism in Sri Lanka, led by organizations like EFL, has been instrumental in protecting sensitive ecosystems and advocating for strict enforcement of environmental laws.Policy advocacy is another key strategy, with CSOs lobbying for stronger environmental laws and regulations. In both countries, CSOs have participated in policy discussions, provided research, and proposed legislative changes aimed at protecting vulnerable communities from environmental harm.Community Engagement and EmpowermentEngaging local communities is central to the work of CSOs in environmental justice. In India, organizations like the Narmada Bachao Andolan and Vanashakti have empowered indigenous and rural populations to voice their concerns, organize protests, and advocate for their environmental rights. By involving communities directly in advocacy efforts, these organizations have strengthened grassroots support for environmental causes.In Sri Lanka, community engagement by organizations like the Green Movement and EFL has focused on empowering rural communities to resist environmental degradation. For instance, by educating communities about sustainable agriculture practices, these CSOs have helped local farmers reduce their reliance on harmful agricultural chemicals and maintain soil health.Challenges Faced by Civil Society OrganizationsLimited Funding and ResourcesA significant challenge for CSOs in South Asia is the lack of consistent funding and resources. Many organizations rely on donations and grants, which can be uncertain and may limit the scope of their activities. In India, funding restrictions on foreign donations under the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) have further constrained CSOs’ operations, affecting their capacity to address environmental issues effectively (Das, 2021).Political and Regulatory ConstraintsCSOs in both India and Sri Lanka face political resistance, as environmental activism often conflicts with development agendas. Governments may view environmental justice efforts as obstacles to economic growth, leading to regulatory constraints or harassment of activists. In Sri Lanka, for example, CSOs advocating against tourism and industrial projects in ecologically sensitive areas have faced political backlash, impacting their ability to operate freely (Fernando, 2020).Social and Cultural BarriersIn South Asia, environmental justice initiatives often encounter social and cultural barriers, especially in rural areas where environmental knowledge is limited, and community priorities may be focused on economic survival. In such contexts, convincing communities to prioritize environmental conservation over immediate economic gains remains a challenge for CSOs. Additionally, issues like caste and ethnic divisions in India complicate efforts to create unified movements for environmental justice (Narayan, 2019).Recommendations for Enhancing Civil Society ImpactIncreased Government Support and International FundingGovernments in South Asia should provide financial and regulatory support to CSOs engaged in environmental justice efforts. Increased funding from international organizations and partnerships with global CSOs can also strengthen local initiatives, enabling them to expand their reach and impact. By fostering collaboration between CSOs and governmental bodies, a more inclusive approach to environmental justice can be achieved.Development of Sustainable Community-Based ModelsCSOs should work with local communities to develop sustainable models for resource management, such as community forestry or eco-tourism, which offer economic benefits while preserving natural resources. In both India and Sri Lanka, these models can provide alternative livelihoods for rural populations, reducing the dependency on harmful practices and promoting environmental conservation.Strengthening Legal Protections for Environmental ActivistsTo protect CSOs and activists from political harassment, governments should strengthen legal protections for environmental advocacy. Establishing clear guidelines and protections for public interest litigation and activism would encourage more organizations to participate in environmental justice efforts without fear of retaliation.ConclusionCivil society organizations in India and Sri Lanka play a crucial role in addressing environmental justice by raising awareness, engaging in legal action, and empowering local communities. However, challenges such as limited funding, political resistance, and social barriers continue to constrain their efforts. By adopting a collaborative approach that includes increased government support, community engagement, and sustainable resource management, CSOs can enhance their impact and contribute to a more equitable and environmentally just South Asia.Environmental justice in South Asia is not only a matter of ecological protection but also a critical issue of human rights and social equity. The role of civil society in addressing these concerns is vital for fostering sustainable development and protecting vulnerable communities. Continued support for CSOs, along with effective policies and community-based initiatives, is essential to achieving lasting environmental justice in the region.ReferencesDas, S. (2021). Civil Society and Environmental Advocacy in India: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of Environmental Policy, 12(3), 215-228.Fernando, R. (2020). Environmental Justice and Civil Society Activism in Sri Lanka. South Asian Environmental Review, 9(2), 130-144.Narayan, A. (2019). Legal Activism for Environmental Protection in India: The Role of Public Interest Litigations. Indian Law Journal, 15(4), 398-412.

AbstractThis paper investigates the relationship between healthcare accessibility and maternal mortality in rural regions of India and Pakistan, where maternal health outcomes are often compromised by inadequate healthcare infrastructure, socio-economic barriers, and limited public health interventions. By examining healthcare access disparities, this study highlights the challenges faced by women in remote areas and explores the impact of these challenges on maternal mortality rates. The findings underscore the urgent need for policy reforms that prioritize maternal health services in rural areas, improve healthcare infrastructure, and address socio-cultural factors. Recommendations include increased investment in rural healthcare facilities, training of community health workers, and the implementation of culturally sensitive health education programs.Healthcare Accessibility and Maternal Mortality in Rural South Asia: A Focus on India and Pakistan

AbstractThis paper explores the impact of child labor on educational attainment in Nepal and Bangladesh, two countries in South Asia with significant child labor participation due to socio-economic challenges. By comparing educational outcomes among child laborers and non-laborers, this study examines the barriers to education that result from child labor, including reduced school attendance, lower academic performance, and limited access to resources. The study evaluates the effectiveness of existing policies and initiatives to combat child labor and improve educational opportunities. Findings indicate that while some interventions show promise, substantial gaps in enforcement, socio-economic support, and access to education persist. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy reforms to address child labor’s impact on education, emphasizing the need for comprehensive solutions that address both poverty and education access.Impact of Child Labor on Educational Attainment in South Asia: A Comparative Study of Nepal and Bangladesh

Background: This study aimed to examine the association between children’s participation in physical and sports activities and their affective subjective well-being. Method: Data were drawn from the Second Wave of the Children’s Worlds: International Survey of Children’s Well-Being (ISCWeB), involving a sample of 913 Chilean children aged 10 and 12 years. Participants completed self-report measures assessing feelings of happiness, sadness, stress, energy, and boredom (Positive and Negative Affect - CW PNAS). Results: Participation in physical activities and sports was significantly correlated with positive well-being, indicating a strong link between such involvement and perceived positive affect. Age and gender did not significantly influence these outcomes. In contrast, lower participation in physical and sports activities was significantly associated with higher negative affect, with neither age nor gender showing substantial impact on this result. Conclusions: This research employed structural equation modeling to develop a model measuring Physical and Sports Activities (PSA) and Subjective Well-Being in Chilean schoolchildren. The study confirms the model’s effectiveness in explaining the relationship between children’s SWB and PSA involvement. Analysis showed significant correlations between indicators and emotional well-being factors. Findings emphasize emotions like calmness, happiness, and stress in understanding the affective dimensions of children’s well-being related to PSA.

A document by Ajay Pratap Singh. Click on the document to view its contents.

Background and Purpose: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks third in cancer-related deaths worldwide, with limited therapeutic options. While niclosamide (NIC) has shown potential for repurposing in HCC, its poor water solubility and low bioavailability limit its efficacy, and its mechanisms of action are not yet fully elucidated. This study aimed to enhance NIC’s bioavailability by developing a water-soluble prodrug salt (NIC-PS) and to elucidate its mechanisms, paving the way for clinical translation. Experimental Approach: We designed a water-soluble NIC prodrug (NIC-PS) and evaluated its efficacy through in vitro and in vivo studies, including pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) assays, HCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models were applied in two independent experiments and vasorin (VASN) knockout models. Combination treatments with NIC-PS and sorafenib or anti-PD-L1 antibody in HCC cells. Bioinformatic analyses and western blotting were used to investigate NIC-PS’s target, VASN, and related signaling pathways. Key Results: NIC-PS exhibited a ten-fold increase in oral bioavailability and reduced tumor volume by over 75% in HCC PDX models. NIC-PS directly binds and suppresses VASN, suppressing TGFβ signaling and reducing SMAD2/3 phosphorylation. VASN inhibition led to a 50% tumor reduction, and NIC-PS enhanced responses to sorafenib and anti-PD-L1 therapy. Conclusion and Implications: NIC-PS, equal to 36% of NIC in molecular weight, offers improved bioavailability, efficacy, and a novel mechanism of action in targeting VASN, showing promise for HCC treatment alone or in combination therapy.

Trans-(±)-kusunokinin (KU), a potential anticancer agent, has been reported as an AKR1B1 inhibitor, leading to the inhibition of oxidative stress and alteration of EMT-related proteins in aggressive breast cancer. Overexpression of AKR1B1 is associated with a poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism of action by which KU mediates its effects through AKR1B1 in NSCLC. The results indicate that KU inhibits the proliferation in a dose-dependent manner in both human A549 cells and cell lines derived from the AAV-CRISPR-Cas9 induced KrasP53 (KP) and KPLkb1 (KPL) mouse cancer models. Furthermore, KU inhibited cell migration in a dose-dependent manner under standard conditions as well as under high glucose treatment. Remarkably, KU suppressed AKR1B1 and SORD protein levels, reduced intracellular sorbitol and fructose and induced alterations in EMT-related proteins, such as ZEB1, E-cadherin, and vimentin, at a lower concentration than epalrestat (EP, AKR1B1 inhibitor). In an in vivo study, KU significantly prolonged the survival of mice carrying KPL lung tumors compared to the control group. Collectively, these findings suggest that KU inhibited the aggressive phenotype of lung cancers, highlighting the need for its clinical testing in NSCLC patients.

This paper introduces a groundbreaking approach to deciphering the Indus script, employed by the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) from c. 3300 to 1900 BCE. Moving beyond previous methods, my research delves into the intricate structure of the script's signs, aiming to definitively settle the debate regarding its categorization. Specifically, I investigate whether the Indus script functions as an alphabet, presenting compelling evidence for the number of primary signs it comprises. My methodology meticulously examines over 400 signs, encompassing the entire corpus rather than relying on limited samples. This holistic approach utilizes a novel grid-based decomposition technique to visually dissect compound signs, identify diacritics with consistent usage patterns, and uncover the underlying principles of sign extraction. Through this rigorous analysis, I successfully isolate the essential primary signs and illuminate their potential phonetic representations within an alphabetic system. However, I acknowledge the intricate variations in writing styles present across the Indus corpus. These stylistic subtleties, encompassing formation, composition, and combination strategies, contribute to the apparent plurality of signs. Nonetheless, my findings reveal a core set of only 40 fundamental signs, suggesting a remarkably concise system beneath the surface complexity. By presenting this new paradigm for understanding the Indus script, I pave the way for further advances in its decipherment. Continued exploration of the identified core signs and their phonetic associations holds immense potential for unlocking the linguistic insights encoded within this enigmatic script, shedding light on a crucial chapter in human history.

Background: Clone-censor-weighting (CCW) can compare treatment regimens that are initially indistinguishable (such as starting treatment within specific time windows) without using landmarks or creating immortal time. The causal contrasts estimated in these cases and the analyses themselves can become quite complex, however. Objective: Provide a tutorial on CCW for comparing initiation windows and illustrate the causal contrasts underlying such comparisons. Methods: We identified patients with myocardial infarctions without past aspirin or clopidogrel use in Medicare’s synthetic public data files. We assigned “clones” to three regimens: 1) initiation within 30 days; 2) initiation within 90 days; or 3) initiation from 30-90 days. Clones were censored when deviating from their assigned regimen by failing to initiate treatment in time or by initiating treatment too early. We addressed informative censoring using inverse probability of censoring weights (IPCW), calculated weighted 180-day risks of re-hospitalization or death using Kaplan-Meier methods, and visualized the portion of the population exposed during the first 90 days to compare exposure distributions underlying regimens. Results: We identified 1,589 patients experiencing myocardial infarction with no past medication use. 15% initiated within 30 days and 26% initiated between 30 and 90 days. After IPCW, the 180-day outcome risk was 40.2% in the 30-day regimen, 35.7% in the 90-day regimen, and 35.2% in the 30-to-90 day regimen. Conclusions: Though CCW can be complex to implement and the effects it estimates can vary substantially across study populations that initiate treatments at different times, it is a useful tool for contrasting initiation windows.

The precise mechanism of underlying antituberculous drug-induced liver injury caused by tuberculosis during clinical treatment remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the impact of verteporfin (VP), a YAP inhibitor, on the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome-related factors in antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury (ADLI). After adaptive feeding, sixty male SPF Kunming mice aged 6-7 weeks were randomly assigned to different groups, and each group was administered the corresponding doses of drug solvents and inhibitors. The mRNA and protein expression levels of YAP, NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β in serum were quantified using qPCR and ELISA techniques respectively; Western Blotting was employed to assess the protein levels of YAP and NLRP3 in liver tissue. The finds suggest that high expression of YAP is associated with antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury, and inhibiting its expression could reduce the level of NLRP3 inflammasome-related factors.

Background: Respiratory tract infection in infancy can cause symptomatic wheezing or asthma later in childhood. Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), a single-chain polypeptide with a molecular mass of 18.6 kDa, has been proposed to play a role in the development of recurrent wheezing and asthma; however, this fact remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether EDN is a risk factor for recurrent wheezing and asthma in pediatric patients following respiratory tract infection. Method: From October 2021 to March 2022, we tracked children hospitalized for respiratory tract infections at the Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital. All patients underwent medical history collection, EDN testing, and induced sputum testing and were followed up at 6 months and 1 year post-discharge. Multifactor analysis was subsequently conducted using stepwise logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 183 participants were enrolled in this study. Statistical analyses revealed that elevated EDN levels increased the risk of asthma following respiratory infection in young children. Children with a history of allergies or allergic rhinitis further exhibited elevated EDN levels. Conclusion: EDN may be a useful biomarker to predict the development of asthma following respiratory tract infections in infants and could be used as a useful screening tool for allergic diseases, particularly allergic rhinitis.

A document by Evéa Piedagnel. Click on the document to view its contents.

Background: Some experimental reports have proposed an interaction between gut microbiota (GM) and uveitis. However, the exact association between GM and its metabolic pathways and uveitis remains unknown. Methods: Summary data of the GM and its metabolic pathways and uveitis were leveraged from the Dutch Microbiome Project and the GWAS Catalog, respectively. We then conducted Mendelian randomization analysis to explore whether the GM and its metabolic pathways have a corresponding causal relationship with uveitis. To confirm the credibility of the findings, we utilized MR Egger, the MR-PRESSO global test, and the Cochran Q test to detect pleiotropy and heterogeneity. Results : According to the inverse variance weighting method, the species Bacteroides faecis (OR=0.598, 95% CI=0.390-0.919, P=0.019) and the superpathway of sulfate assimilation and cysteine biosynthesis (OR=0.179, 95% CI=0.038-0.843, P=0.029) had beneficial effects on uveitis. In contrast, the genus Sutterellaceae (OR=3.493, 95% CI=1.121-10.879, P=0.030); the species Parabacteroides distasonis (OR=5.932, 95% CI=1.321-26.635, P=0.020), Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (OR=4.838, 95% CI=1.067-21.936, P=0.040), and Bacteroides caccae (OR=3.818, 95% CI=1.010-14.437, P=0.048); and the L1,2-propanediol degradation (OR=2.084, 95% CI=1.098-3.954, P=0.024), galactose degradation I (Leloir pathway) (OR=3.815, 95% CI =1.108-13.135, P=0.033), TCA cycle VI (obligate autotrophs) (OR=2.955, 95% CI=1.015-8.606, P=0.046) and UMP biosynthesis (OR=4.979, 95% CI=1.000-24.782, P=0.049) pathways had adverse effects on uveitis. No pleiotropy or heterogeneity was found. Leave-one-out analysis showed the reliability of above findings. Conclusion: Our analysis revealed a causality between certain GM species and metabolic pathways and uveitis via genetic prediction, which may provide new perspectives into the etiology and therapies of uveitis. Keywords: gut microbiota, metabolic pathways, uveitis, Mendelian randomization, causality

Aims: The aim of the study is to explore the relationship between systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) and impaired cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in hyperuricemic population. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database from 1999 to 2004 and screened the population by exclusion criteria. SIRI was calculated from the peripheral blood routines of participants and CRF was calculated from the heart rate and oxygen consumption of participants during the exercise test. CRF was graded according to age and gender. Baseline characteristics of the participants were first calculated. Subsequently, SIRI was grouped into quartiles for weighted logistic analysis. Finally, subgroup analysis was performed to explore the relationship between SIRI and impaired CRF in different populations. Result: Among the 1147 participants in this study, SIRI was an independent risk factor for impaired CRF and the correlation became stronger as SIRI levels increased in hyperuricemic population. In hyperuricemic participants aged less than 20 years, SIRI was positively correlated with impaired CRF in both males and females. In hyperuricemic participants aged 20-49 years, SIRI and impaired CRF were positively correlated in males but negatively correlated in females. SIRI was positively associated with impaired CRF in hyperuricemic participants with metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: SIRI is an independent risk factor for impaired CRF in hyperuricemic population. In the future, SIRI should be applied to impaired CRF prediction models.

AbstractThis paper examines the conflict between cultural heritage preservation and urban development in two historic cities in South Asia: Kathmandu, Nepal, and Lahore, Pakistan. As urban populations grow and economic demands increase, heritage sites are at risk from encroaching development projects that prioritize modern infrastructure over historical preservation. This study analyzes the challenges, strategies, and policies affecting heritage conservation in these cities, exploring the socio-economic pressures, government policies, and community efforts shaping the future of cultural sites. The findings highlight the need for a balanced approach that integrates sustainable urban planning with heritage conservation to protect South Asia’s rich cultural history. Cultural Heritage Preservation and Urban Development Conflicts in South Asia: Case Studies from Kathmandu and Lahore IntroductionCultural heritage sites are vital for preserving history, identity, and community values, yet they face significant threats from rapid urban development. In South Asia, where urban growth is accelerating, cities like Kathmandu and Lahore struggle to balance heritage preservation with the demands of modern infrastructure and economic expansion. Both cities are renowned for their historic architecture and cultural significance but are now grappling with the challenges posed by development that often prioritizes short-term economic gains over the long-term value of cultural preservation.This paper explores the dynamics of heritage preservation versus urban development in Kathmandu and Lahore. By examining these case studies, the study aims to shed light on the socio-economic factors, policy challenges, and community efforts that shape the preservation of cultural sites in rapidly urbanizing environments.The Cultural Heritage of Kathmandu and LahoreKathmandu’s Heritage SignificanceKathmandu, the capital of Nepal, is famous for its rich history and numerous UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including temples, palaces, and monuments in the Kathmandu Valley. These sites, such as the Pashupatinath Temple and Swayambhunath Stupa, reflect Nepal’s Hindu and Buddhist heritage and attract millions of tourists each year. Cultural heritage is integral to Kathmandu’s identity and economy, with tourism contributing significantly to local income and employment.The 2015 earthquake severely damaged Kathmandu’s heritage structures, intensifying the challenges of preserving historical sites amid a growing need for modern reconstruction and infrastructure. In the aftermath of the earthquake, heritage preservation efforts faced delays due to limited funding, bureaucratic hurdles, and competing development priorities, further jeopardizing Kathmandu’s cultural landscape (UNESCO, 2020).Lahore’s Heritage SignificanceLahore, Pakistan’s cultural capital, boasts a rich Islamic and Mughal heritage, with historical landmarks such as the Lahore Fort, Badshahi Mosque, and Shalimar Gardens. These sites not only reflect Pakistan’s cultural history but also attract tourism, providing economic benefits to the city. Lahore’s heritage is an essential part of its identity, symbolizing its historical role as a center of learning, culture, and architecture in the region.In recent years, urban development projects, including road expansion and commercial complexes, have threatened Lahore’s heritage sites. The Orange Line Metro project, for example, posed significant risks to heritage landmarks, sparking public debate and legal battles over the preservation of Lahore’s cultural sites (Ali, 2019). This development pressure highlights the conflict between Lahore’s urban growth and the protection of its cultural heritage.Urban Development PressuresKathmandu: Post-Earthquake Reconstruction and Urban GrowthThe 2015 earthquake in Nepal not only damaged historic sites but also spurred a wave of reconstruction that has changed the landscape of Kathmandu. The influx of foreign aid and investment aimed at rebuilding the city created both opportunities and challenges for heritage preservation. Urban expansion, including new housing, road projects, and commercial development, has intensified due to population growth and rural-urban migration, further threatening Kathmandu’s historical neighborhoods and open spaces.The government’s focus on rapid reconstruction to accommodate a growing population has often conflicted with preservation needs. For example, traditional Newari architecture, which characterizes much of old Kathmandu, has been replaced by modern buildings that do not align with historical aesthetics or structural integrity (Nepal Heritage Society, 2021). The lack of strict urban planning regulations and enforcement exacerbates these challenges, leading to haphazard growth that encroaches on heritage sites.Lahore: Infrastructure Expansion and ModernizationIn Lahore, urban development pressures stem from infrastructure expansion aimed at supporting the city’s population growth and economic aspirations. Projects like the Orange Line Metro have sparked controversy for their proximity to heritage sites, raising concerns about the impact of heavy construction on the structural stability of historic landmarks. The metro project’s construction, which encroached on areas surrounding the Shalimar Gardens and Chauburji, led to public outcry and legal battles to protect Lahore’s heritage (Ali, 2019).In addition to infrastructure projects, real estate development in Lahore’s historic core has led to the demolition of old buildings, replacing them with commercial complexes and high-rise structures. This shift reflects the economic incentives driving urbanization but poses a threat to Lahore’s traditional neighborhoods, which are essential for preserving its cultural identity.Policy and Regulatory ChallengesPreservation Policies in KathmanduIn Nepal, heritage preservation policies are managed by the Department of Archaeology (DoA) and guided by UNESCO standards. However, the enforcement of preservation laws is often weak, with limited funding and bureaucratic inefficiencies hindering effective action. For instance, the post-earthquake reconstruction efforts revealed gaps in policy enforcement, as many rebuilding projects neglected traditional architectural guidelines, prioritizing rapid completion over heritage conservation.Nepal’s heritage preservation policies are also affected by socio-political factors, including government instability and competing interests between local authorities and national agencies. These challenges have slowed the implementation of comprehensive urban planning policies that could mitigate the impact of urban expansion on heritage sites (UNESCO, 2020).Preservation Policies in LahorePakistan’s preservation policies are overseen by the Punjab Archaeology Department, which is responsible for protecting historical sites in Lahore. Despite regulatory frameworks, enforcement remains inconsistent, particularly when economic incentives favor urban development. The Orange Line Metro project, for example, proceeded despite opposition from heritage advocates, exposing weaknesses in legal protections for heritage sites (Raza, 2020).In addition to regulatory limitations, Pakistan’s heritage policies are influenced by political priorities, which often favor development over preservation. The lack of funding and public awareness also constrains efforts to protect heritage sites, highlighting the need for stronger preservation policies and increased community engagement in heritage conservation.Community Efforts and Grassroots MovementsKathmandu: Local Engagement and Cultural PreservationIn Kathmandu, local communities have played a crucial role in heritage preservation. After the 2015 earthquake, grassroots initiatives led by local artisans, cultural organizations, and volunteers emerged to restore traditional architecture and advocate for cultural preservation. Community groups such as the Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust (KVPT) have mobilized resources to restore damaged temples and historic homes, emphasizing the importance of local involvement in heritage conservation (KVPT, 2021).These community efforts underscore the value of cultural heritage for Kathmandu’s residents, who view preservation as integral to their identity. However, limited financial resources and competing urban priorities continue to challenge these grassroots initiatives, highlighting the need for government support and policy alignment with local preservation goals.Lahore: Advocacy and Legal ActionIn Lahore, civil society groups and heritage activists have been instrumental in advocating for the protection of cultural sites. The controversy surrounding the Orange Line Metro project led to protests and legal challenges, with organizations like the Lahore Conservation Society and heritage activists raising awareness about the risks posed to historic sites. These efforts contributed to the establishment of protective measures around certain landmarks, though enforcement remains a concern (Raza, 2020).Legal action has also become a tool for heritage advocates in Lahore, as demonstrated by court cases challenging urban projects that threaten historical sites. These legal battles reflect a growing public awareness of heritage issues, though success often depends on sustained advocacy and support from the judicial system.Recommendations for Balancing Heritage Preservation and Urban DevelopmentIntegrated Urban PlanningAn integrated urban planning approach that incorporates heritage conservation into development strategies is essential for protecting cultural sites in both Kathmandu and Lahore. Governments should adopt zoning regulations that establish buffer zones around heritage sites to protect them from encroaching development. Additionally, integrating preservation considerations into urban planning policies can help balance modernization with the protection of historical assets.Public-Private Partnerships for Heritage ConservationCollaboration between government agencies, private enterprises, and non-profit organizations can provide funding and expertise for heritage conservation. Public-private partnerships could support restoration projects, promote sustainable tourism, and invest in infrastructure that protects heritage sites while allowing for urban growth. In both cities, partnerships with international organizations and NGOs can provide financial and technical support for sustainable preservation initiatives.Community Engagement and EducationEmpowering local communities to take part in heritage preservation fosters a sense of ownership and commitment to protecting cultural sites. In Kathmandu and Lahore, educational campaigns that highlight the cultural and economic value of heritage preservation can help build public support for conservation efforts. Workshops, training programs, and public events can further engage residents in preservation activities, ensuring that heritage conservation becomes a community-driven priority.ConclusionKathmandu and Lahore, two cities rich in cultural heritage, face complex challenges as they navigate the demands of urban development. The struggle to preserve historical sites in the face of economic pressures and modernization reflects broader issues in South Asia, where rapid urban growth often jeopardizes cultural assets. By integrating heritage preservation into urban planning, fostering public-private partnerships, and engaging communities in conservation, these cities can work toward a balanced approach that respects both cultural heritage and modern development needs.The preservation of cultural heritage in South Asia is not only a matter of historical importance but also a question of sustainable development, as these sites provide social, economic, and cultural value to local communities. Ensuring that urban development respects and protects these assets is essential for preserving the unique identities of cities like Kathmandu and Lahore for future generations.ReferencesAli, H. (2019). The Impact of Urban Infrastructure on Heritage Sites: The Case of Lahore's Orange Line Metro. Journal of South Asian Studies, 22(3), 254-267.Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust (KVPT). (2021). Annual Report on Heritage Restoration Efforts in Kathmandu. KVPT.Nepal Heritage Society. (2021). Cultural Heritage Preservation Challenges in Post-Earthquake Nepal. Heritage Nepal.Raza, M. (2020). Legal Frameworks for Heritage Conservation in Pakistan: An Analysis of Urban Development Conflicts. Pakistan Journal of Urban Planning, 15(1), 76-89.UNESCO. (2020). Heritage Preservation and Sustainable Development in Kathmandu Valley. UNESCO Publishing.