Background Atrial Flutter (AFL) and Atrial Fibrillation (AF) are common arrhythmias associated with heart failure, leading to significant hemodynamic instability. While rhythm control strategies are well established for AF, their impact on AFL in heart failure patients remains understudied. Methods We analyzed data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database (2018-2020) to compare outcomes between patients with heart failure and AFL undergoing procedural rhythm control (PRC) via Direct Current Cardioversion (DCCV) or Catheter Ablation (CA) versus medical management (MM) alone. The primary outcome was Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event (MACE). Secondary outcomes included length of hospital stay and total hospital charges. Logistic regression and propensity score matching were used for analysis. Results Among 59,845 patients, those undergoing PRC had a significantly lower rate of MACE (10.6% vs. 12.4%, p < 0.05) and all-cause mortality (0.9% vs. 1.5%, p < 0.05) compared to the MM group. PRC was associated with longer hospital stays (4 vs. 3 days, p < 0.05) and higher costs ($56,078 vs. $28,175, p < 0.05). No significant difference in MACE and all-cause mortality was observed between DCCV and CA groups. Conclusion Early procedural rhythm control in patients with AFL and heart failure significantly reduces MACE and all-cause mortality compared to medical management alone. PRC however requires higher costs and longer hospital stays. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and evaluate long-term benefits.

Rhabdomyolysis Induced by Irbesartan-Hydrochlorothiazide in an Elderly Patient

Recognizing the challenges in quality control and risk management for remote tumor ablation amid rapid digitalization, this paper addresses the limitations of existing performance evaluation systems, which rely excessively on subjective expertise or data-driven metrics alone. A health-sensitive, six-dimensional framework rooted in Balanced Scorecard (BSC) theory is proposed, integrating technical empowerment, clinical efficacy, cost-effectiveness, patient safety, information security compliance, and regulatory alignment. Through a systematic literature review and Delphi consultation with 13 multidisciplinary experts, 39 performance indicators were identified and weighted using a novel Superiority Degree-Entropy Weight (SD-EW) method, combining expert judgment with entropy-based calculations. Technical empowerment (0.194) emerged as top priorities, reflecting systemic fragility dimensions critical to performance. This integrated approach provides a replicable tool for healthcare institutions to holistically assess service efficiency and risk management while offering policymakers evidence-based insights to refine telemedicine regulations in complex, fragile healthcare systems.

Nowadays, innovative systems incorporate machine learning processes to shape important decisions requiring absolute fair treatment for all users to mimic human motives. Cognitive biases function as systematic patterns of irrational decision-making in human judgment, which can unintentionally appear within AI systems and result from biased data accumulation, algorithmic creation, and human supervision. The research investigates AI system bias interactions with analysis of software development processes, which increases social inequities throughout the development cycle. The analysis includes three typical cognitive biases that affect AI model development: confirmation bias, anchoring Bias, and automation bias. The research seeks to reduce AI system bias, including utilizing varied data, performing bias audits, and deploying algorithms that focus on fairness. This document works to instruct developers and stakeholders about building equitable, trustable AI systems through biased education.

Abstract Background: Pulmonary vein (PV) reconnection and the onset of non-PV triggers is frequently the cause of atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA). The effectiveness of using isoproterenol for unmasking dormant conduction and non-PV-triggers during AF RFCA and its effect on improving procedural and clinical outcomes is still controversial. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of isoproterenol for unmasking dormant conduction and non-PV-triggers during RFCA for paroxysmal AF (PAF) and its effects on procedural and long-term clinical outcomes. Methods: In this prospective multicenter cohort from the REAL-AF registry, patients who underwent RFCA for PAF with and without isoproterenol administration from January 2018 to May 2023 were included. The primary efficacy outcome was freedom from all-atrial arrhythmias at 12-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes included procedural and long-term clinical outcomes, and procedure-related complications. Results: A total of 1102 patients were included (isoproterenol=325 vs. control=777) (mean age 66.73±10.19 years; 53.05% male). There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the groups. Dormant conduction/non-PV triggers with isoproterenol was observed in 10.2% of the patients. Isoproterenol administration was associated with increased procedural times (109 (83-137.5) vs. 96 (74-122), p=0.002), and decreased rates of first-pass PV isolation (74.84% vs. 80.14%, p=0.007). There were no differences in freedom from all-atrial arrhythmias (HR 0.87, 95% CI [0.61-1.24], p=0.4) or long-term clinical outcomes at 12 months of follow-up between the groups. Conclusion: In patients undergoing RFCA for PAF, the use of isoproterenol was associated with increased procedural times and more extensive ablation, without improved clinical outcomes at 12-month follow-up.

Emotion comprehension refers to the ability to understand one's own emotions and predict the emotional state of others in different situations. Although there is substantial evidence showing the interconnective relations between language ability and emotion comprehension in preschool children, it remains unclear what psychological mechanisms underlie their bidirectional modulatory effects and how working memory and temperament type of children might alter their mutual influence. This study addressed this issue using a sample of 158 preschool children-mother pairs. Children completed an emotion comprehension test, a working memory task, and a language test task, and mothers reported their children's temperament type. Results showed a significantly negative association between emotion comprehension and language ability, in which preschoolers with higher emotion comprehension exhibited lower language ability. Working memory partial mediated this relation, and children's temperament types moderated it. These results suggest that processing emotional information is not only important for social adaptation but also for linguistic growth, emphasizing the importance of considering cognitive capacity essential for language development and temperament differences when examining language development in preschool children. These findings also provide a new perspective for understanding the relation between emotion and language for preschool children, and also provide a theoretical guidance for preschool educators and parents to promote children's language development.

Purpose: Identification of responders to acute vasoreactivity testing (AVT) is critical for prognostication and guiding medical therapies for children with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We sought to evaluate whether echocardiography is sensitive enough to detect changes in hemodynamics, and to accurately assess the acute response to AVT in pediatric pulmonary hypertension. Methods: Simultaneous echocardiography and invasive hemodynamics were obtained in 71 children with PAH at their baseline and maximal vasodilatory conditions. The change in echocardiographic parameters were used to predict AVT responder status as determined by two commonly used hemodynamic thresholds (Barst and Sitbon criteria). Results: There were strong positive correlations between invasive hemodynamics and echocardiographic markers of pulmonary hypertension. Between the baseline and AVT conditions, there were significant reductions in the tricuspid valve regurgitation velocity (TR Vmax), right ventricular systolic-to-diastolic ratio (S/D ratio), systolic and maximal eccentricity index (EIs and EIm). Barst criteria responders had more pronounced reductions in TR Vmax, S/D ratio, and EIm. A 22.5% decrease in TR Vmax, 48.2% in S/D ratio, 44.9% in EIs, and 29.0% in EIm were associated with positive Barst responder status. The degree of change in echocardiographic variables were not strongly associated with clinical outcomes. Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate that there are appreciable changes in echocardiographic markers of pulmonary hypertension during acute vasoreactivity testing in children. Changes in these markers could be utilized in the future as part of multiparametric predictive model to assess for AVT responder status, an independent predictor of long-term clinical outcomes.

Planificación de Clase STEM para 9º Grado de SecundariaCreación de un Sistema de Riego Automatizado con Energía SolarDuración: 50 minutosDescripción:Integrar las disciplinas de Arte, Ciencia, Tecnología, Ingeniería, Arte y Matemáticas (STEM) para diseñar y construir un sistema de riego automatizado utilizando energía solar, promoviendo el aprendizaje práctico y el desarrollo de habilidades interdisciplinarias.Objetivos Específicos:Ciencia: Explorar los conceptos de energía solar y cómo se puede usar para alimentar un sistema de riego.Tecnología: Utilizar componentes tecnológicos básicos, como un panel solar y sensores, para automatizar el sistema de riego.Ingeniería: Aplicar principios de ingeniería para construir un sistema eficiente y funcional.Matemáticas: Realizar cálculos para dimensionar el sistema de riego en función del área a regar y la energía disponible del panel solar.Materiales necesarios:Paneles solares pequeños.Bomba de agua de bajo voltaje (puede ser una bomba de fuente o una pequeña bomba de jardín).Sensor de humedad (puede ser un sensor de humedad de suelo o una tecnología similar).Tuberías pequeñas o mangueras para el riego.Recipientes o bandejas para simular áreas de riego.Cables, interruptores, y conectores.Cinta adhesiva, pegamento y tijeras.Resistor y batería recargable (opcional para almacenamiento de energía).Computadoras o tabletas para la planificación y diseño (opcional).Papel y lápices para los esquemas y cálculos.Desarrollo de la Clase:1. Introducción (5 minutos)Bienvenida y explicación de la actividad: El instructor(a) lluvia de ideas: ¿Que es un sistema de riego?¿Cual es la importancia de regar las plantas?¿Cuánta agua necesita una planta?¿Que es un panel solar?¿ Cómo se produce la energía solar?2. Investigación y Planificación (10 minutos)Investigación sobre energía solar y riego (5 minutos): Los estudiantes se dividen en grupos pequeños y tienen 5 minutos para investigar cómo se puede usar un panel solar para alimentar una bomba de agua, y cómo los sensores de humedad pueden detectar cuándo es necesario regar. Pueden utilizar computadoras o tabletas para hacer una búsqueda rápida.Diseño del sistema de riego (5 minutos): Después de la investigación, cada grupo debe dibujar el diseño de su sistema de riego en una hoja. Deben especificar cómo se conectarán los componentes (panel solar, bomba, sensores, tuberías), cómo se distribuirá el agua y qué cálculos harán para asegurarse de que el sistema sea eficiente.3. Construcción del Prototipo (20 minutos)Construcción del sistema de riego (15 minutos): Los estudiantes comenzarán a construir su sistema de riego, conectando el panel solar a la bomba, instalando el sensor de humedad y conectando las mangueras para el riego. Los grupos deben asegurarse de que el sistema sea funcional y que la bomba se active únicamente cuando el sensor de humedad detecte que el suelo está seco.Ajustes y pruebas iniciales (5 minutos): Una vez que los sistemas estén terminados correctamente, los estudiantes deben probar el sistema de riego. Para esto, simularán el suelo seco colocando el sensor en una bandeja o recipiente con tierra seca, y observarán si el sistema enciende la bomba y empieza a regar.4. Presentación y Evaluación (15 minutos)Presentación del sistema (10 minutos): Cada grupo presentará su sistema de riego, mostrando cómo lo construyeron, cómo funciona el sistema de energía solar y el sensor de humedad, y explicando el diseño y los cálculos realizados. También pueden mostrar cómo el sistema responde a las condiciones de humedad del suelo.Evaluación y retroalimentación (5 minutos): Durante los últimos minutos de la actividad, el docente y los estudiantes participarán en una evaluación conjunta de los sistemas de riego presentados. Esta etapa tiene como objetivo reconocer los logros, identificar áreas de mejora y reforzar el aprendizaje a través de la retroalimentación constructiva.Los sistemas serán valorados de acuerdo con los siguientes criterios:Funcionamiento automático: ¿El sistema se activa de forma autónoma únicamente cuando el suelo está seco?Eficiencia energética: ¿El sistema aprovecha adecuadamente la energía solar para su funcionamiento?Diseño: ¿El prototipo presenta un diseño atractivo, organizado y funcional?Explicación del proceso: ¿El grupo explicó con claridad las etapas de construcción, los materiales utilizados y los cálculos realizados?Esta evaluación permitirá reflexionar sobre el trabajo realizado y reforzar la comprensión de los conceptos aplicados, al tiempo que se fomenta una actitud crítica y constructiva entre los estudiantes.Aspectos a Evaluar:La evaluación se basará en los siguientes criterios:Funcionalidad del sistema de riego: ¿El sistema de riego se activa correctamente cuando el sensor detecta un suelo seco?Aplicación de principios STEM: ¿Los estudiantes utilizaron conocimientos de Ciencia (energía solar), Tecnología (sensor y bomba), Ingeniería (construcción del sistema), Arte (diseño) y Matemáticas (cálculos para optimizar el sistema)?Diseño y estética: ¿El sistema tiene un diseño visualmente atractivo y organizado?Presentación y explicación: ¿El grupo explicó claramente cómo funciona su sistema y cómo hicieron los cálculos para dimensionarlo correctamente?Reto Final:Como reto, los estudiantes pueden investigar otros sistemas de riego automatizados en la agricultura, como los sistemas de riego por goteo, y cómo se podrían mejorar para maximizar la eficiencia del agua. Además, podrían analizar los beneficios ambientales de usar energía solar en aplicaciones prácticas como el riego.

Climate change and human activities present substantial threats to the biodiversity of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), a region renowned for its rich endemic species. We aimed to examine genomic diversity and evolutionary trajectory of Achnatherum breviaristatum, a critically endangered monotypic grass genus endemic to the QTP. Diverging from its sister clade approximately 15 million years ago, A. breviaristatum stands in contrast to two widespread, ecologically dominant monotypic genera within the same clade—Neotrinia splendens and Psammochloa villosa—which thrive in arid northwestern China and neighboring regions. By analyzing high-quality chromosome-level genome assemblies and population resequencing data from all three species, we reveal that A. breviaristatum exhibits markedly low genetic diversity and heterozygosity. All species underwent parallel demographic declines since the Quaternary glaciation. During the Holocene, population sizes of all three species continued to diminish further, with A. breviaristatum ultimately becoming the smallest. The species’ current critically endangered status likely stems from its inability to reproduce clonally compared with two widespread relatives, coupled with Holocene vegetation shift and anthropogenic activities. Intriguingly, a significantly reduced genetic load in A. breviaristatum may have counteracted its low diversity, enabling provisional persistence on the QTP. This study highlights the interplay of historical climatic shifts, genetic constraints, and anthropogenic impacts in shaping the fate of endemic species, offering insights for conservation strategies in vulnerable ecosystems.

Coral species abundance and biodiversity estimates are typically based on colony macromorphology. However, such measurements often underestimate the true diversity within coral communities because morphology does not necessarily reflect behavioral or genetic divergence. We previously reported on the unusual spawning behavior of the southern Caribbean population of the brain coral Diploria labyrinthiformis (Linnaeus, 1758), which spawns in both spring and autumn. Here, using data collected from 2013 to 2021, we show that the D. labyrinthiformis population in Curaçao is comprised of two behaviorally- and genetically distinct lineages, with 93% of colonies spawning exclusively in one season or the other. The two lineages could not be distinguished based on macromorphological differences or depth but represented clearly distinct genetic clusters (FST = 0.098) based on genome-wide sequencing. We tested for prezygotic and postzygotic gametic barriers between these two lineages by fertilizing eggs released in spring 2019 with sperm collected and cryopreserved in autumn 2018. Fertilization was successful and the resulting larvae developed normally, thus eliminating gametic incompatibility or early life postzygotic barriers as explanations for the divergence between these groups. Using observations from 19 other Caribbean localities, we confirmed the co-occurrence of discrete spring- and autumn-spawning populations in several locations across a range of latitudes. Thus, we show that seasonal, temporal reproductive isolation (allochrony), but not gametic reproductive isolation, is a strong barrier to gene flow in sympatric lineages of this critically endangered reef-building coral. More broadly, our findings underscore the role of allochrony as a mechanism capable of driving genetic divergence among cryptic, sympatric coral species.

Molecular tools are increasingly being used to survey the presence of biodiversity and their interactions within ecosystems. Indirect methods, like environmental DNA (eDNA) and invertebrate-derived DNA (iDNA), are dependent on sequence databases with accurate and sufficient taxonomic representation. These methods are increasingly being used in regions and habitats where direct detection or observations can be difficult for a variety of reasons. Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot with a high proportion of endemic species, many of which are threatened or endangered. Here we describe a new resource, VoronaGasyCodes, a curated database of newly published genetic sequences from Malagasy birds. Our database is currently populated with six mitochondrial genes or DNA barcodes for 142 species, about 70% of the birds endemic to the island, and will be periodically updated as new data become available. We demonstrate the utility of our database with an iDNA study of leech blood meals where we successfully identified 77% of the hosts to species. These types of resources for characterizing biodiversity are critical for insights into species distribution, discovery of new taxa, novel ecological connections, and advancing conservation and restoration measures.

Parasites are ubiquitous and exert varied ecological and evolutionary pressures on their hosts. However, characterising parasite diversity and distributions can be both challenging and costly. Leveraging existing data to identify parasites is thus an attractive alternative. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) generates Whole Genome Sequence (WGS) data which are increasingly freely available in public repositories and represent an untapped resource for characterising parasites affiliated with hosts. In this study, we examine WGS data generated for the silvereye (Zosterops lateralis), to identify endogenous eukaryotic parasites that were inadvertently captured during host sequencing. We compared detection of parasite genera by this approach with detection via 18S metabarcoding. Results were verified by traditional microscopy of blood slides and conducting a targeted multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for haemosporidian parasites. Mining WGS data for parasite DNA revealed the broadest range of genera. Further, detection of haemosporidians was largely consistent across microscopy, multiplex PCR and WGS data while 18S metabarcoding entirely failed to detect this group of parasites. Our results demonstrate that existing WGS datasets can be used to estimate endoparasite diversity and provide greater insights on diversity than metabarcoding whilst also avoiding the costs and challenges of direct sampling. We provide a framework outlining opportunities and constraints to consider when mining WGS data to identify parasite sequences. The framework particularly stresses the influences of sequencing depth, database completeness, and methodological biases. Our findings demonstrate how repurposing existing WGS data can provide a cost-effective and informative means of unravelling complex host-parasite interactions in future disease ecology studies.

This research work focuses on the development of a novel MPPT controller for a photovoltaic (PV) system connected to a DC load through a DC‐DC boost converter. The proposed system integrates a Third-Order Sliding Mode Control (TOSMC) algorithm with a fuzzy inference system, forming a hybrid control scheme called Fuzzy-TOSMC. One of the key motivations behind this approach is that traditional PV control systems often require prior knowledge of the parameters of the system. The Fuzzy-TOSMC operates independently of the parameters of the model and does not require a voltage sensor for the MPPT control, simplifying both analysis and implementation. An experimental comparative study between the proposed Fuzzy-TOSMC and the conventional TOSMC method under similar operating conditions is tested successfully using a solar array simulator Chroma 62050H and a dSPACE 1202 device. Experimental results highlight the superiority of the proposed approach in dynamic response of around 63% lower than the one obtained with TOSMC and nearly a 60% decrease in error metrics under varying irradiance conditions.

The electrolyte significantly influences the performance of most aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs), where AlCl3 serves as the primary ion source. This study systematically investigates the effect of AlCl3 impurities on polyamide-based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) for AIBs, focusing on both performance and cost-effectiveness. SPEs are synthesized using a polyamide matrix and an ionic liquid (AlCl3:Et3NHCl) containing excess AlCl3. Six different purities of AlCl3 salts (98%–99.999%) with variable prices (€0.028/g–€6.198/g) are used for the preparation of SPEs. Electrochemical characterization reveals that variations in purity do not significantly affect the performance of the electrolyte, as reversibility, ionic conductivity (0.19–0.21 mS/cm), electrochemical stability (2.70–2.83 V), and Coulombic efficiency (98.0–99.5%) remain consistent across all samples. Specific capacities range from 28.71 to 43.50 mAh/g, with no systematic correlation to impurity content. The cost analysis demonstrates that low-purity AlCl3 (€0.028/g) performs comparably to high-purity salts (€6.198/g), leading to a 17-fold reduction in electrolyte costs. This highlights the economic feasibility of using lower-purity AlCl3 in AIB production, making large-scale manufacturing more affordable.

Layered manganese dioxide (δ-MnO2) is considered as a promising ammonium ion capture electrode material for capacitive deionization (CDI) attributed to its high theoretical capacity and cost-effectiveness. Nevertheless, it continues to encounter challenges including rapid capacity degradation, structural instability, and Jahn─Teller effect. Herein, a crystal and electron synergistically regulation engineering strategy is proposed for the suppression of Jahn─Teller effect and the improvement of ammonium ion storage dynamics in F doped MnO2 (MnOF). The induced action of F ions transforms MnO2 structure from the original cubic [MnO6] octahedron into an asymmetric [Mn(OF)6] octahedron with electron redistribution, and generates a localized charge imbalance along the O─Mn─F pathway, which promotes electron transfer from Mn to F direction, accelerates electron transfer, and reduces the energy barrier of ammonium ion diffusion. As results, the prepared MnOF exhibited a maximum salt adsorption capacity of 144.3 mg g−1 and an exceptionally high salt adsorption rate of 18.25 mg g−1 min−1, along with outstanding cycling stability. Besides, ex/in situ characterizations reveal that in MnOF, the formation /breaking of hydrogen bond is accompanied by the insertion/deinsertion of NH4+. Therefore, the rational introduction of highly electronegative anions provides a new direction for the development of advanced CDI electrode materials.

Green energy production has become necessary in order to achieve sustainable development goals and transition towards a green economy where solar energy and hydrogen fuel serve as the forthcoming energy sources. In this aspect, perovskite materials find potential applications in the generation of green hydrogen as well as solar energy. While various halide and lead-based perovskites have shown promising results in photovoltaic technology, their stability and toxicity issues hinder the commercialization of the technology. NiTiO3 is a stable n-type perovskite oxide with a broad absorption range from UV to visible NIR range. However, the application of oxide perovskite materials has not been explored extensively. The creation of p-n heterojunction in NiO-NiTiO3 enhances photo-generated charge carrier separation. The interface offers a stronger interaction facilitated through Ti-O bond formation and a characteristic band gap of 1.27 eV, lower than the individual layers, facilitating charge transfer. This accompanied with the higher density of states in the heterojunction improved the efficiency of NiTiO3 based solar cell to 4.25% as compared to the previously reported 1.66%. Additionally, the all-oxide device provides 87% efficiency retention after six months. Exploring the versatility of this heterojunction, its application in green hydrogen generation has been studied, where the NiO-NiTiO3 thin film catalyst yielded an overall hydrogen production of 5.04 mmol g-1/1.68 mmol g-1 h-1 of the catalyst. Therefore, all oxide perovskite heterojunction serves as a prospective candidate for the advancement of renewable energy generation techniques.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease characterized by joint inflammation and cartilage erosion, with current treatments often limited by adverse effects. In this study, we explored the use of human dermal fibroblasts (skin cells) expressing a specific microRNA, miR-192, in combination with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to alleviate RA symptoms. To assess this, we measured the expression of the collagen-producing gene COL1A2 after introducing miR-192 into fibroblasts. RA was induced in rats by injecting complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) into the foot pad. The animals were divided into five groups and treated with either methotrexate, PRP, miR-192, or both PRP and miR-192. Paw volume, arthritis scores, and levels of rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies were measured. Histopathological analysis was performed to evaluate changes in the ankle joint tissue. The results showed that the combination of PRP and miR-192 significantly reduced paw volume, arthritis severity, and antibody levels compared to other groups. The combination therapy also resulted in less infiltration of inflammatory cells and no cartilage damage, in contrast to the other groups. Our findings suggest that combining PRP with miR-192-expressing fibroblasts promotes collagen production, reduces inflammation, and helps prevent cartilage and joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. This therapeutic approach could offer a new avenue for improving RA symptoms while minimizing side effects associated with existing treatments.

Improving soil quality while maintaining agricultural productivity is a key challenge in sustainable agriculture. Diversified cropping systems offer a promising approach, but their impacts on soil quality via aggregates and carbon sequestration need further investigation. This study investigated the effects of peanut-based rotations—winter fallow–spring peanut (CP), winter wheat–summer peanut (WP), winter wheat–summer maize→winter fallow–spring peanut (WMP), and winter wheat–summer maize→winter wheat–summer peanut (WMWP)—on soil aggregates and carbon sequestration, compared to conventional winter wheat–summer maize rotation (WM) in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China. Results show that, WP, WMP, and WMWP rotations significantly improved mean weight diameter (24.89–47.29%) and geometric mean diameter (20.35–34.38%) in the 0–20 cm soil layer, compared to CP and WM. These rotations also enhanced carbon sequestration, with small macroaggregates contributing 51–59% of total bulk soil carbon. WMWP rotation notably increased particulate organic carbon (POC) and recalcitrant organic carbon, leading to significant increases in total organic carbon (+14.91%), soil organic carbon storage (+19.97%), and the carbon pool management index (+53.09%) compared to WM. Overall, peanut-based rotations (WP, WMP, and WMWP) improved the soil quality index by 37.47–211.66% compared to WM, driven by increased aggregate stability and carbon sequestration. This study highlights the critical role of small macroaggregates in soil organic carbon retention and the potential of peanut-based rotations in sustainable agriculture.

The irrigation control is a critical aspect of greenhouse vegetable production. However, existing agricultural irriga-tion studies face limitations such as high equipment requirements, overly complex systems and difficulty in config-uring algorithm parameters. This study proposes a greenhouse vegetable irrigation prediction method based on an improved Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm. By integrating various greenhouse environmental factors and reinforcement learning algorithms, the study establishes a reinforcement learning framework to simulate vege-table growth. To address the challenges of continuous action space and high-dimensional state space, this study introduces the PPO algorithm to enhance convergence efficiency, thereby proposing an enhanced reinforcement learning algorithm (ENPPO). Experimental results demonstrate that the ENPPO algorithm outperforms two other methods in irrigation control. By utilizing real-time environmental data and historical irrigation records, the ENPPO algorithm predicts reasonable irrigation amounts, achieving precise irrigation control to enhance vegetable growth efficiency. The study explicitly distinguishes between irrigation prediction and control methods, providing a com-prehensive technical approach to improving water resource utilization and reducing agricultural production costs.

Species can diverge in ways that are not immediately apparent, and eusocial insects like ants can provide valuable insights into these evolutionary processes. Here, we present compelling evidence for the recent divergence of African Camponotus maculatus ant populations into two distinct cryptic species. Through an integrative approach combining chemical, behavioral, and genetic analyses, we identify two contrasting chemotypes characterized by distinct cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles. Aggression assays reveal that worker ants exclusively exhibit hostility toward individuals with opposing chemotypes, independent of colony affiliation. Genetic barcoding further corroborates these findings, indicating distinctive phylogenetic clusters. Our results highlight the primary role of chemical differentiation in species divergence within eusocial insects. CHC profiles likely diverged primarily under ecological selection pressures, maintaining species boundaries despite morphological similarities. These findings underscore the importance of integrating multiple taxonomic modalities to resolve cryptic species complexes and offer insights into the evolutionary mechanisms driving speciation in ants.

Conflict in marriage is inevitable, and unresolved disputes can harm relationships. In Christian marriages, such conflicts are often addressed through biblical teachings, but the effectiveness of these approaches in Ethiopian Evangelical contexts has not been thoroughly studied. This study aims to identify the main types of marital conflicts, explore cultural and social factors influencing these conflicts, and assess how effectively couples manage disputes using biblical principles such as open communication, forgiveness, and counsel from church leaders. A qualitative approach was employed, using interviews and surveys with married couples and church leaders. The findings show that common sources of conflict include communication issues (47.5%), financial disagreements (58.8%), and differences in parenting styles (32.5%). While church teachings promote constructive conflict resolution, many couples struggle to apply these principles effectively, particularly in the face of complex issues like domestic violence or chronic dissatisfaction. The study concludes that, while biblical teachings provide valuable guidance, there is a need for more comprehensive support, including enhanced counseling services and practical conflict resolution training.

Microtopographic and eddy correlation data sets were obtained to measure the aerodynamic roughness length, z0u, the latter also used to measure the thermal roughness length, z0T. Microtopographic data from 70 measurement samples yielded a mean z0u value of 2.78 mm. Attempts to acquire as many half-hourly measurement samples from five-minute block means of eddy correlation data were frustrated by quasi-stationary flow conditions. Nevertheless, 14 samples from one eddy correlation sensor and 12 more from another yielded respective mean z0u values of 2.70 and 2.83 mm, as well as z0T samples. Plots of half-hourly mean ln( z0T/z0u) against the natural logarithms of the roughness Reynolds number appear to straddle the line of the Andreas surface renewal model, an observation that is reinforced when the stationarity selection criterion is relaxed to increase the number of points plotted. Due to vertical flux divergence, accurate roughness measurements could not be made in a katabatic wind regime, where the Obukhov length is an order of magnitude smaller than it is in a geostrophic wind regime.

IntroductionPrimary testicular lymphoma (PTL) is a rare extra-nodal lymphoma originating from the testicles accounting for 1%-2% of all non hodgkins lymphoma (NHL) with 80-98% of these classified as diffuse large B- cell lymphoma (DLBCL). It is highly aggressive tumor with poor prognosis and typically affecting the elderly patient.1 Testicular B cell lymphoma(TBCL) have high relapse rate with recurrence commonly observed in contralateral testis, central nervous system(CNS), bone, bone marrow, skin, lungs, adrenal glands.2 Skin metastases occur in 6% to 13% of testicular lymphoma cases.3Histopathological examination (HPE) of skin biopsy with identical morphological and immunohistochemical (IHC) markers for primary lymphoma confirms the diagnosis of cutaneous metastasis.3 This case is reported because of rarity of the malignancy and its metastasis in skin.

A case report of candidiasis cellulitis in long-term corticosteroid useMinoo Heidari Almasi, Afsaneh Safarian2, Seyyed Amirhossein Salehi3, Hamideh Moradi Shahrebabak4*1ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8058-6467Imam Hossein Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMinooheidari.mh@gmail.com2 department of internal medicine, loghman hakim hospital, shahid Beheshti university of medical scienceaf_saffarian@yahoo.com3 Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iranahsalehi99@gmail.com4Imam Hossein Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranHamidehmoradi05@gmail.com*Corresponding authorKeywords: Candida albicans; cellulitis; corticosteroid; immunosuppression; fungal infection; fluconazole; abscess; betamethasone; opportunistic infection; case report