IntroductionFibrous dysplasia (FD) is a non-heritable genetic disorder in which normal bone is replaced by immature, irregularly distributed fibro-osseous tissue. This condition can lead to deformities, fractures, pain, and functional impairments.[1] Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is caused by a sporadic mutation in the α-subunit of the Gs stimulatory protein, resulting in bone being replaced and distorted by poorly organized, structurally weak fibrous tissue.[2] FD accounts for 5% to 7% of all benign bone tumors. It is classified as monostotic when only one bone is affected and polyostotic when multiple bones are involved. The maxilla or zygomaticomaxillary complex is the most commonly affected craniofacial bone, followed by the mandible, frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, parietal, temporal, and occipital bones..Since mild, asymptomatic fibrous dysplasia (FD) is often discovered incidentally during imaging studies, many patients may remain undiagnosed. Additionally, FD lesions are poorly characterized, which raises the possibility that monostotic FD is overdiagnosed in cases of solitary bone lesions. Not all patients diagnosed with monostotic FD undergo comprehensive whole-body and endocrine evaluations, making it difficult to determine the true prevalence of polyostotic FD and its various subtypes.[3, 4]FD can present at any age, but it most commonly occurs before the age of 15, typically around 10 years old. In the craniofacial region, FD tends to develop particularly early, with most lesions being established by the age of 3.[5]Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) primarily affects younger individuals, with a higher prevalence in females. It is more commonly found in the mandible and is more prevalent in the anterior region than in the posterior jaws. CGCG often crosses the midline and leads to asymptomatic expansion of the cortical plates, exhibiting variable radiographic appearances that can range from unilocular to multilocular radiolucencies.[6, 7] It is suggested that CGCG is more of a reparative lesion than a neoplastic one. Its clinical behavior can vary widely, ranging from an indolent, slow-growing, asymptomatic mass to an aggressive lesion that causes pain, root resorption, and a tendency to recur after excision.[8]Hybrid lesions are defined as those that exhibit distinct features from different pathologies within a single lesion. The literature has documented the co-occurrence of central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) with fibro-osseous lesions such as fibrous dysplasia (FD), cemento-osseous fibroma (COF), cemento-osseous dysplasia, and Paget’s disease.[9, 10]While the simultaneous occurrence of FD and CGCG has been reported in numerous cases, there are no documented instances of FD developing after the surgical removal of CGCG a decade later. In this paper, we present a case of FD in a 50-year-old female with a history of CGCG enucleation performed 10 years prior.

Aim: The benzoxaborole derivative DNDI-6148 is an antiparasitic agent with activity against multiple Leishmania protozoan species, including L. infantum and L. donovani, which cause visceral leishmaniasis. We investigated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single oral doses of DNDI-6148 in a randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, first-in-human study in 64 healthy participants. Methods: Eight cohorts of eight participants each were enrolled. DNDI-6148, formulated as a suspension in ORA‐Sweet®, was administered orally as single 10 – 380 mg doses. Pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety were assessed for four (cohorts receiving 10 – 80 mg DNDI-6148) or six (cohorts receiving 160 – 380 mg DNDI-6148) days after dosing. Results: Sixteen adverse events (AEs) were experienced by 13 participants (20.3%), all mild or moderate in severity and resolved by the end of the study. No AE led to any participant withdrawal and no fatal or serious AEs were reported. DNDI-6148 was relatively slowly absorbed (mean tmax of 4 - 9 h) under fasting condition, with increase in plasma concentrations modestly sub-proportional to dose. The mean half-life was between 12.80 and 25.42 h. The fraction of the dose excreted by the kidneys as unchanged DNDI-6148 was below 0.2%. Trace amounts of three metabolites (formed by oxidation, deboronation, dehydrogenation of DNDI-6148) were detected in plasma. Conclusion: After single administration of up to 380 mg by oral route, DNDI-6148 had an acceptable safety and tolerability profile and a favourable PK profile. These data support further clinical development.

Predicting the timing of annual river ice breakup is crucial for residents to prepare for potential flooding and assess the safety of rivers for transportation. This analysis develops a deep learning approach using meteorological and geospatial data products to forecast river ice breakup. We selected 33 locations along eight major rivers across Alaska, USA, and Western Canada, leveraging annual breakup dates from the Alaska-Pacific River Forecast Center database. Daily meteorological data from Daymet, along with static watershed attributes from the pan-Arctic catchment database, were used to develop a Long Short-Term Memory model (LSTM) for predicting river ice breakup. Of the 33 locations, 23 were used for training the LSTM. The model demonstrated high efficacy, accurately predicting the annual breakup date with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 5.40 days, a standard deviation of 4.03 days and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 4.37%. The spatial generalizability of the LSTM was evaluated using the remaining 10 locations as holdouts, with eight of the 10 locations averaging a MAPE of less than 8% over the entire time series (1980 to 2023). Additionally, we retrieved 51 long-range seasonal forecast ensembles from the Copernicus Climate Data Store and applied trained LSTM to them to showcase the capability of the LSTM to predict future river ice breakup using operational weather forecasts. To analyze marginal contribution of LSTM inputs for predictions, Shapley values were calculated. A new temporal correction scheme was developed and applied to Shapley values to address unique features of the breakup data.

A document by Maher Asaad Baker. Click on the document to view its contents.

Mountainous headwater streams are sustained by both snowmelt-driven streamflow and groundwater discharge in the Upper Colorado River Basin. However, predicting headwater stream discharge magnitude and peak flow timing is challenging in mountainous terrains, where snowmelt rates vary with vegetation type and elevation, and heterogeneous subsurface physical properties influence groundwater storage and its release. We used a model-data integration approach to investigate the roles of snowmelt and subsurface structure in stream discharge and groundwater level. We ran an ensemble of 100 integrated surface-subsurface hydrologic models for a mountainous headwater catchment near Crested Butte, Colorado, USA. We also evaluated and calibrated these models against observed datasets, including snow depth measurements using distributed temperature probes, stream discharge, and groundwater level. Calibration with multiple data sources using neural density estimators has further constrained uncertainty in subsurface properties and snowmelt rates. Results indicated that observed slower snowmelt rates in evergreen forests delayed the peak flow and baseflow onset. In upstream areas with lower subsurface permeability, water was stored within the subsurface but was not released as interflow or shallow groundwater flow, and thereby not contributing to downstream streamflow during recession limb periods. Double peaks in groundwater occurred in areas with spatial subsurface heterogeneity, in our case due to the contrast between granodiorite and Mancos shale. These process-based insights into groundwater and snowmelt dynamics in mountainous headwaters will help improve predictions of headwater hydrology.

Title: Management of Recurrent Metastasis of Renal Cell Carcinoma to the Parotid Gland after NephrectomyAuthors: Kathryn Collins, DO1, Emily Cushing, BS2, Christopher Selinsky, DO, FAOCO1

This study explores cognitive dissonance in the psychological endurance and resistance of Offred, the protagonist of Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale. Through an empathetic, feminist lens, the research examines how Offred reconciles contradictory emotions and beliefs in the oppressive patriarchal regime of Gilead. Using Festinger's (1957) theory of cognitive dissonance, the study analyzes how Offred's internal conflicts-marked by compliance, fear, hope, and defiance-serve both as survival strategies and subtle forms of resistance. A qualitative textual analysis reveals that cognitive dissonance functions as a psychological mechanism, allowing Offred to retain her autonomy and resist the system even in the absence of overt rebellion. This research contributes to feminist literary criticism by demonstrating how internal psychological resistance can be as powerful as physical defiance in oppressive societies. By emphasizing the significance of cognitive dissonance in dystopian literature, the study also highlights its relevance to broader discussions on gender, power, and autonomy. The findings OFFRED'S COGNITIVE DISSONANCE 2 suggest the value of examining literary characters through psychological frameworks and propose avenues for future research, such as exploring cognitive dissonance in other dystopian works or investigating its interpretation by contemporary audiences.

INTRODUCTIONPickering Syndrome is recurrent flash pulmonary edema affecting patients with hypertension and bilateral renal artery stenosis (RAS) or significant unilateral stenosis in a single functioning kidney and impaired renal function.1 Flash pulmonary edema (FPE) is a general term used to describe a hyper-acute presentation of decompensated heart failure due to an acute rise in left ventricular end diastolic pressure.2 However, Pickering Syndrome differs from the usual causes of left ventricular failure with pulmonary edema as this condition is not associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction.3We report the case of a 43-year-old male with bilateral renal artery stenosis who developed recurrent episodes of severe pulmonary edema requiring mechanical ventilation in the background of resistant hypertension and CKD. The patient was scheduled for bilateral renal artery stenting but died 2 days after right renal artery stenting. Pulmonary edema is a common presentation among patients in the Emergency Department. In addition to cardiac causes, renal artery stenosis can also be a cause that may be missed in our setting.

Lethal trans-orbito-cranial penetrating trauma with an iron rod extending up to middle cranial fossa leading to immediate death: A case report.Authors: Bhatta Sunil1, Nepal Sabin2, Bist Omkar3, Pandit Sukriti41-Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Nisarga Hospital and Research Center Pvt. Ltd.Address: Dhangadhi-5, Kailali, NepalEmail: bhattasunil26@gmail.com (corresponding author)Phone number: +9779849366618ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7871-34892-Department of Radiology , Nisarga Hospital and Research Center Pvt. Ltd.Address: Dhangadhi-5, Kailali, NepalEmail: sabinnepal03@gmail.com3-Department of Orthopedics, Nisarga Hospital and Research Center Pvt. Ltd.Address: Dhangadhi-5, Kailali, NepalEmail: omkarbist47@gmail.com4-Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Nisarga Hospital and Research Center Pvt. Ltd.Address: Dhangadhi-5, Kailali, NepalEmail: panditsukriti@gmail.comData availability statement : Data described to support the findings is openly accessible in the article.Author contribution: Sunil Bhatta is involved in the conceptualization, formulation, resources, writing, and editing of the original draft. Sabin Nepal, Omkar Bist, and Sukriti Pandit were involved in reviewing and editing of the draft. Consent: Written and informed consent was obtained from the patient’s wife for the publication of the case report, which is available for review by the editor of this journal.Funding: None.Conflict of interests: Non conflict of interests.

Due to thermotolerance and rapid growth yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus( K.marxianus) is emerging as a new platform organism for production of recombinant proteins. We constructed an expression vector to express exogenous proteins. Firstly, qPCR was used to validate the expression efficiency of endogenous promoters. Selecting PDC1 as the promoter to initiate the expression of EGFP for validation, the vector could successfully express foreign proteins. With Hygromycin in the medium the vector can accumulate in the cell. Further construction the cap of porcine circovirus type 3 ( PCV3) was carried out on the vector, and soluble PCV3 cap protein was obtained. Under electron microscopy, PCV3 cap formed viral like particles(VLP). This study successfully constructed the expression vector and elements of K.marxianus, which can further promote the research on the expression of exogenous proteins in K.marxianus. The soluble expression of PCV3 cap and formed VLP structure laid the foundation for further developing PCV3 vaccines.

This paper presents the design, implementation, and experimental validation of a 1-MHz, 5-kW LLC resonant converter featuring integrated magnetics to enhance power density. The experimental setup achieves a peak efficiency of 97.2%, demonstrating its feasibility for compact, high-performance power applications. The design of the LLC resonant tank to achieve lower losses, and thus increase efficiency, is one objective of this effort. Additionally, thermal challenges and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) concerns associated with megahertz (MHz) operation are addressed. Radiated EMI performance is experimentally measured, highlighting the impact of higher-frequency switching on emissions. The findings establish a benchmark for higher-frequency, higher-power conversion, providing insights into the practical implementation of MHz-scale LLC converters with integrated magnetics.

The application of deep learning methods in the research on intelligent recognition of fault images in Electric Multiple Units (EMUs) represents a crucial approach to alleviating the heavy workload of Trouble of moving EMU Detection System (TEDS) inspections and safeguarding train safety. In light of the current TEDS image data’s problems such as irregular formats, substantial quality disparities, and uneven sample distribution, which pose challenges for deep learning, we proposes a method for constructing an intelligent recognition dataset of TEDS EMU fault images. By integrating the characteristics of TEDS images with the prior knowledge of EMU operations, a unified data acquisition protocol and standardized dataset construction techniques are devised. Consequently, an intelligent recognition dataset of TEDS EMU fault images is established. This dataset accomplishes effective data integration and standardization and has been successfully implemented in the research on automatic Recognition Algorithms for TEDS EMU faults. It accelerates the rapid progress of intelligent recognition technology for TEDS fault images and lays a robust technical foundation for ensuring the safety of EMU operations.

Efficient information retrieval in distributed and dynamic networks remains challenging due to evolving network topologies, variable node availability, and resource constraints. In this paper, we introduce the Intelligent Reinforcement-based Mobile Agent (IRMA) framework, which utilizes Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) to enable adaptive routing of mobile intelligent agents (MIAs). The IRMA framework was implemented and rigorously evaluated within a simulated network of 200 nodes. Comparative analyses against traditional methods—such as shortest-path, heuristic, and Deep Q-Network (DQN)-based routing—demonstrate substantial improvements. Empirical results indicate that IRMA significantly reduces latency by approximately 35%, lowers energy consumption by 25%, and enhances successful data retrieval rates by 20–30%. Statistical validation employing 95% confidence intervals and p-values below 0.05 confirms these performance enhancements. This research substantiates IRMA as a robust, scalable, and practical solution for intelligent information retrieval in dynamic network environments.

TitleTherapeutic Anticoagulation in Noncritically Ill Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 Pneumonia Did Not Improve In-Hospital Mortality: A Retrospective Observational Study.Authors: Kuldeep Ghosh MD1, Adebola O. Adetiloye MD2, Jennifer Arzu MPH3, Gabriel Ibarra MD4, Julio Valencia MD1, Ingrid Portillo MD1, Fernando Quesada MD1, Natoushka Trenard MD1, Armeen Poor MD1.Affiliation:1. Department of Medicine, New York Medical College- Metropolitan Hospital Center

Objective: The effects of green tea on metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes have been extensively studied. Obesity often leads to insulin resistance, particularly in peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle. Green tea has shown promise in mitigating insulin resistance in several diet-induced obesity models. However, its ability to improve insulin sensitivity by modulating skeletal muscle metabolism in the absence of metabolic stress, such as constant cold exposure, remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of green tea on skeletal muscle metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice maintained at thermoneutrality (28°C). Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet or a HFD for four weeks. Then, the HFD group mice were treated with green tea extract (500 mg/kg of body weight) while maintained at thermoneutrality (28°C). At the end of the experimental protocol, we performed metabolic analyses. Results: This study suggested that green tea treatment attenuates the negative effects of HFD by improving muscle muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) in the gastrocnemius muscle and increasing the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Although no effect was observed on fatty acid oxidation, green tea improved insulin and glucose sensitivity, as evidenced by glucose and insulin tolerance tests. It also increased the expression of genes associated with glucose uptake and lactate dehydrogenase activity in skeletal muscle. Conclusion: These findings suggest that green tea treatment improves insulin sensitivity by influencing skeletal muscle metabolism even in obese mice maintained at thermoneutrality.

This research paper aims to explore the existing literature on mental health, focusing on ten influential books that address various aspects of mental well-being. While these works provide valuable insights into trauma, anxiety, depression, and personal growth, they also leave significant gaps in understanding the complexities of mental health. This paper identifies these gaps, including the need for more diverse perspectives, the intersectionality of mental health issues, and the importance of cultural context in treatment approaches. By highlighting these areas, the paper advocates for a more inclusive and comprehensive approach to mental health literature.

\fancypagestyle firstpage\fancyhf \lhead \chead \rhead \cfoot فروردین ماه ۱۴۰۴ Background and Purpose：Itaconate has been proven to play a role in infectious diseases by interacting with target proteins through Michael addition. In this study, we reveal that itaconate can reduce virus invasion by inhibiting host endocytosis on virus particle, which greatly enhances host defense against respiratory infections. This study aims to give insight into the regulatory mechanism that itaconate achieves endocytosis inhibition. Experimental approach：Itaconate probe were applied for investigations in cells and animals to find out the target protein and binding site by which itaconate achieves endocytosis inhibition on multiple viruses. Key Results：It was found that itaconate targets to site Cys128 of host adapter protein AP1G1 to inhibit its membrane assemblage, thereby weaken the host endocytosis on virus particle, which indicating a general mechanism for antivirus. Logically, itaconate could be a promising choice for anti-virus drug/ prodrug molecule. However, itaconate is not clinically applicable. In order to bring the AP1G1-targetting strategy closer to clinical practice, we screened analogues of itaconate from the known antiviral herb Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (licorice). The Licochalcone B was found to binds to Cys128 of AP1G1 and exhibits potent activity in reducing the invasion of multiple virus. Conclusions & Implications：This study proposed and demonstrated the feasibility of the AP1G1-tagetting strategy in inhibiting infections of wide-range of virus. Here we not only reveal a promising target for antivirus drug development, but also screen out the corresponding prodrug molecule.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease caused by multiple factors, with diverse clinical manifestations leading to varying treatment outcomes. Dysbiosis of the respiratory microbiome is one of the key contributors to this variability. Objective and Methods: Due to differences in microbial detection technologies and sample collection methods, studies on the characteristics of respiratory prokaryotic microbiota and how these microbes influence host functions in COPD patients have yielded variable results. In this review, we conducted a comprehensive search of relevant literature from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Elsevier, summarizing studies on the characteristics and functional analyses of prokaryotic microbiota under various technical approaches. The goal was to identify common patterns of microbiota changes in COPD across different disease states, as well as individual microbial influences on host functions. Results: In stable-phase COPD patients, the relative abundance of Prevotella species in the Bacteroidetes phylum is significantly reduced. During acute exacerbations, the predominant microbiota is composed of Moraxella, Haemophilus, and Streptococcus species from the Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla. Clinical indicators in COPD patients are correlated with the abundance of Streptococcus (Firmicutes) and Prevotella (Bacteroidetes) species. Furthermore, the different phyla of respiratory prokaryotic microbiota are associated with innate immunity, metabolism, and inflammation factors related to COPD. Conclusion: This review highlights the dynamic changes in the airway prokaryotic microbiome as potential indicators of disease progression in COPD. Understanding and managing the imbalance of respiratory microbiota could offer new therapeutic approaches to improve patient outcomes.

Direct cloning and expression of large biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC, >30 kb) in  Bacillus subtilis typically involves a challenging process that requires assembly in  Saccharomyces cerevisiae, propagation in  Escherichia coli, and subsequent integration into  B. subtilis genome. To address these challenges, we developed an improved capture vector, pCAPB2S, by replacing the high-copy origin pUC ori with the low-copy oriV and oriS, and assembled with stability-relative elements sopA, sopB, and sopC, leading to an 80% positive rate for cloning the mycosubtilin BGC (~38 kb) from B. atrophaeus YK-3 in S. cerevisiae VL6-48, representing a 16-fold improvement over the original vector pCAPB2, and achieving high stability in E. coli. Furthermore, the intrinsic BsuM restriction-modification system in B. subtilis was knocked out, resulting in a transformation efficiency exceeding 60% for the vector carrying the mycosubtilin BGC (pCAPB2S- myc, >55 kb). HPLC-MS analysis confirmed that the result strain 1A751U- myc produced four homologs of mycosubtilin, which exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against a panel of pathogens and the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. The present study provides a powerful genetic tool for capturing large BGCs and demonstrates a strategy to improve transformation efficiency in B. subtilis.

A document by Carlos Luna-Lizárraga. Click on the document to view its contents.

Aggregations are key events, supporting critical ecological and biological functions in many species. For highly mobile and elusive species, aggregations often provide the only feasible opportunities for research. Whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) form at least 30 consistent seasonal aggregation sites globally, yet none have been documented in the southwest Pacific (SWP), despite sporadic sightings of solitary individuals and groups. This study aimed to identify and characterise the first whale shark aggregation on Australia’s east coast by predicting potential sites through a data layering approach and confirming their presence through targeted field expeditions. A combination of historical sightings data, expert and anecdotal knowledge, and scientific knowledge from other whale shark aggregation sites, led to the identification of Wreck Bay, situated at the far northern Great Barrier Reef, as potential aggregation habitat. An initial field expedition in 2019 confirmed the aggregation, and subsequent voyages gathered further demographic and movement data. A total of 59 individuals were identified, with a strong male bias (3.5:1) and all classified as immature sharks ranging from 3.5–8.0 m in estimated total length. Satellite tracking revealed a mean residence time of approximately three weeks (21.6 days ±10.1 SD; range: 7–43 days), with some individuals revisiting the aggregation in subsequent years. The core aggregation period occurs from late November to late December, with movements concentrated along the continental shelf before dispersing into the Coral Sea. Tracked sharks (n = 18) exhibited wide ranging movements, with a mean track duration of 144 days (range: 3–770 days) and a mean total track length of 1,463 km (range: 19–11,355 km). This study provides the first evidence of a whale shark aggregation in the SWP and highlights Wreck Bay as key habitat for this iconic and globally endangered species.

\fancypagestylefirstpage\fancyhf \lhead \chead\rhead \cfootفروردین ماه ۱۴۰۴Title PageArticle type: Case reportTitle of case report: Learning from a Missed Diagnosis: Complete Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum with benign hydrocephalusJE Samaranayake#, SM Kankanamge, P Pirakash, UA Liyanage, Y Mathangasinghe*#, DG Gonsalvez*, N Gunasekera*Dr. Jayami Eshana Samaranayake (MBBS, MRCS)Affiliation: Registrar in General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo.Email: m39899@pgim.cmb.ac.lkORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9849-275XDr. Sandaruwan Madushanka Kankanamge (MBBS)Registrar in General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo.Email: sandaruwanmadushanka114@gmail.comDr. Padmanesan Pirakash (MBBS, MD (Surgery))Senior Registrar in Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo.Email: ppirakash@gmail.comDr. Udari Apsara Liyanagae (MBBS, MD (Radiology))Consultant Radiologist, Faculty of Medicine, University of ColomboEmail: udari8@gmail.comDr. David Gonsalvez (PhD)Deputy Director of the Centre for Human Anatomy Education, Head of the Neuroglial Plasticity and Repair Lab, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, AustraliaEmail: david.gonsalvez@monash.eduDr. Yasith Mathangasinghe (MBBS, PhD)Lecturer, Centre for Human Anatomy Education, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, AustraliaEmail: yasith.mathangasinghe1@monash.eduORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4641-5642Dr. Nishantha Gunasekera (MBBS, MD(Surgery))Consultant Neurosurgeon, Department of Neurosurgery, Teaching Hospital Karapitiya.Email: surgnish@yahoo.com*Co-senior authors, #Co-correspondence

Estimates of population size are fundamental for the management and conservation of threatened species. The Mahogany Glider (Petaurus gracilis) is an Endangered marsupial endemic to the Wet Tropics of northeastern Australia. Despite its status, there is no reliable estimate of population size. In this study, we conducted camera trapping surveys for the species and employed a Bayesian integrated species distribution model (Koshkina et al. 2017; Fidino 2021) to derive population estimates. Presence-absence data from camera trapping surveys and presence-only data from historical sighting records were included in the integrated species distribution model. The model estimated median abundance at 6,036, 4,834, and 2,820 individuals for home range estimates of 9, 16, and 25 ha, respectively. We suggest using the more conservative population estimate of about 2800 individuals, based on the 25 ha home range, because it likely best summarises density across the distribution. Using simulated data, we tested the effects of camera placement and subsampling, demonstrating that clustered camera arrangements and reduced sample sizes did not significantly affect model outcomes, with predictions primarily dependent on home range estimates. Our survey results suggest considerable spatial variation in glider density across its range. The population size estimates provide a baseline for future conservation initiatives and highlight the importance of ongoing monitoring and the application of advanced modelling techniques to inform species management.

IntroductionGunshot to the external genitals is relatively uncommon and causes no harm to the life of the victim unless associated with other serious injuries (1), but the resultant urethral stricture can affect the quality of life considerably (2). Surgical treatment of anterior urethral stricture caused by gunshot injuries is usually challenging especially if delayed because of tissue loss and fibrosis that require excision of the affected part of the native urethra and circumferential repair of the defect (3). Historically staged urethroplasty was adopted using ither buccal mucosa graft BMG or penile skin graft or flap as urethral plate after appropriate excision of the fibrous urethra, then tubulerization is carried out after six months (3-4). Single-stage urethroplasty is recently gaining attention because it avoids the drawbacks observed in staged surgery. In this case, we will discuss the viability of single-stage combined BMG and penile skin flap urethroplasty as a good alternative with a satisfactory outcome.