As Europe and other global regions face the growing and widening complexity of migration, diversity, and multicultural urbanization, there is an urgent imperative to develop inclusive, participatory frameworks that go beyond the symbolic gestures and address structural exclusion. This article positions co-creation, the collaborative, equitable development of programs and initiatives with the active leadership of target communities as both a strategic tool and a paradigm shift in social innovation and integration policy.

The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework needs copious data on species distributions to achieve its targets, but generating such data {at scale} remains challenging. We used aquatic eDNA (environmental DNA) metabarcoding to sample vertebrate species across the 30,000 km\textsuperscript{2} Gaoligongshan protected-area complex along the China-Myanmar border. In just 33 researcher-days, we detected 397 vertebrate species, including 35 Red-Listed species. We introduce the ‘eDNA-aware’ OccPlus occupancy model, which accounts for false-negative and false-positive error at two stages of the eDNA pipeline, field and lab. OccPlus leverages the taxonomic breadth of eDNA datasets by using ordination to estimate species occupancies, even for low-detection species. We recover known biogeographic patterns and find that native terrestrial and fish species have higher occupancies inside protected areas while domesticated species and non-native fishes have higher occupancies outside them. Our study demonstrates how eDNA metabarcoding provides a scalable method for obtaining high-quality, granular, timely, and trustworthy biodiversity data.

Climate variability is one of the factors that impact a watershed’s hydrological cycle. El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a large-scale climatic phenomenon that alters atmospheric circulation and, consequently, can influence precipitation patterns in certain regions. Changes in precipitation directly affect other hydrological processes, such as streamflow. Therefore, understanding the influence of ENSO is crucial for the planning and operation of water resource systems. This study evaluates the impact of ENSO on the streamflows of Brazilian rivers using information theory. Specifically, it aims to identify the information flow between indices characterizing the phenomenon and streamflow time series. Information transfer was analyzed using effective transfer entropy (ETE), also considering the lag between detecting a change in ENSO state and observing corresponding streamflow variations. Additionally, the relation between these processes was assessed using Kendall’s Tau. The analysis was applied to nine indices commonly used to characterize ENSO, encompassing both atmospheric and/or oceanic components, and to streamflow data from 148 Brazilian hydropower plants (HPPs) within the National Interconnected System. While no clear pattern of information transfer emerged, results indicate temporal and spatial variability of ENSO’s influence. In contrast, the relationship between processes exhibited a more distinct pattern: most HPPs in the equatorial regions experience reduced streamflow during warm ENSO events, whereas the opposite trend is observed in other parts of the country. Furthermore, time played a key role in the analysis, as maximum information transfer generally occurred mainly with lags exceeding one month, regardless of the ENSO index analyzed.

Patagonia headwater streams, distinguished by ultra-low levels of inorganic nutrients and intact forested watersheds, are a potential global reference for intact stream communities and ecosystems in the temperate zone. Understanding steady state and dynamics of these remote stream ecosystems is challenged by near absence of visual or physical evidence of stream biofilm or phytobenthos. In order to understand biofilm community patterns and potential controls of climate regime and watershed land use, we conducted seasonal 16S rRNA metabarcoding of epilithic biofilm of nested zero to 2nd order forested stream networks. PCR amplification of 16S rRNA V4 region using dual-barcoded primers 16Sv4_515F and 16Sv4_806R revealed over 73,000 unique ASVs. Proteobacteria (mean 40.9% and 48.2% for respective dry and humid watershed clusters), were followed by Cyanobacteria (33.5% and 25.3% respectively), the latter surprising given the presumed forested/shaded heterotrophic reaches. While the full prokaryote diversity showed strongest responses to stream order, peaking in smallest 0-order reaches, cyanobacteria diversity responded to other landscape drivers such as climate regime, season and watershed intervention, with string seasonal peaks in winter and summer in 2nd order humid zone reaches, where riparian canopy loss results in a release from light limitation. Given the oligotrophic context, patterns in Cyanobacteria and functional taxa related to nitrogen cycling (e.g. Nitrosomonas) are also discussed. General conclusions on the Patagonian aquatic microbial observatory are presented, together with interpretation of a stream continuum concept for prokaryote and cyanobacteria stream microbiome in Patagonia.

A RBD design with two replications was used to seed 35 distinct genotypes of cucumber obtained from various places. In order to examine the morphological variety, thirty different productivity-related features were observed and the mean data was submitted to D2 statistics. For all of the variables examined, the variance analysis indicated huge variations in the genotypes. It was shown that 16 of the 30 characteristics had a role in genetic divergence. Adopting Tocher's strategy resulted in five clusters. Twenty-six genotypes belonged to the biggest cluster, followed by cluster II. There was just one genotype in each of the three isolated clusters. Cluster I was the most diverse within itself, whereas Cluster II was the second most diverse. Distance between clusters IV and III was greatest, while that of III with I was the shortest. There were only 23 polymorphic RAPD primers out of the 40 examined in the molecular characterisation process. There was an average of 6.60 bands for each primer. Polymorphism was seen in all 19 primers. Ward's technique of clustering produced a dendrogram from 35 genotypes, although only two primary groups were established. The present study revealed that there is no similarity in clusters formed based on morphological markers and molecular markers. The divergent genotypes identified were can be further utilized in heterosis breeding programme. Genotype UDYC-25 was identified as superior with highest fruit yield per vine

Epimedium species, valued for bioactive flavonoids like icariin and epimedins, face cultivation challenges due to heterogeneous soil conditions in karst ecosystems. This study examined how key soil properties (bulk density, porosity, nutrients) regulate flavonoid accumulation across wild, open-field, and understory cultivation systems in Guizhou Province, China, aiming to guide precision agroecology for enhanced medicinal quality. Samples from three cultivation systems in Qiandongnan and Tongren were analyzed for soil parameters (density, porosity, NPK) and flavonoid content via HPLC-UV. Multivariate analyses (PCA, RDA) quantified soil-phytochemical interactions, validated by permutation tests. Soil heterogeneity significantly influenced flavonoid levels: wild (4.37% ±0.52), open-field (10.19% ±1.21), and understory (8.95% ±0.89). PCA differentiated cultivation systems (65.3% variance), while RDA identified soil organic matter (p<0.001) and hydraulic conductivity (p<0.01) as primary drivers of flavonoid variation. Strategic soil management—optimizing organic matter (>3.2%) and reducing compaction (<1.4 g/cm 3)—can elevate Epimedium medicinal quality by 28–41%. These findings provide actionable insights for sustainable cultivation, aligning ecological adaptability with industrial standardization in karst regions.

This study aims to improve the accuracy and reliability of land cover change prediction. By fusing the deep autoregressive model with remote sensing data, a new prediction method is proposed in this thesis. The method combines the advantages of deep learning in feature extraction with the characteristics of autoregressive model in time series prediction, which effectively improves the prediction accuracy. The results show that the proposed method exhibits significant effects in multi-scale spatio-temporal analysis, ecological service impact studies, remote sensing land cover classification, and land use change studies. This thesis verifies the effectiveness and practicability of the method through actual case studies, provides a scientific basis for government departments to formulate ecological protection and land use planning, and provides an important reference for promoting the construction of ecological civilization.

Soil contamination by heavy metals has become a significant issue threatening the ecological security of global agriculture, particularly in arid regions, where accurate monitoring of low-concentration heavy metals remains a technical challenge. This study proposes a proximal sensing method based on the fusion of visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy and portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) sensors, aiming to address the limitations of traditional single sensors in predicting low-concentration heavy metals in arid farmland areas. Using 116 farmland soil samples from the Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County in Xinjiang, the study systematically evaluates the modeling effects of 225 spectral preprocessing combinations on predicting four heavy metals: arsenic (As), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd). The study found that Vis-NIR spectroscopy outperforms pXRF in predicting low-concentration heavy metals, and after data fusion, Vis-NIR with 1.75-order differential preprocessing achieved the best prediction performance. On the other hand, pXRF is not suitable for fractional order differentiation (FOD) preprocessing. The model accuracy was significantly improved by employing differentiated spectral preprocessing combinations, particularly for As, with an R 2 of 0.72, LCCC of 0.76, and RPIQ of 3.27. Furthermore, the analysis of critical characteristic bands revealed that the characteristic bands of As, Pb and Cu are mainly concentrated in the low-energy region (5-16 keV) of pXRF, providing an essential spectral basis for heavy metal feature extraction. This study innovatively proposes differentiated preprocessing strategies and highlights the critical role of pXRF low-energy region spectra in heavy metal prediction. The research provides a scientific basis for heavy metal monitoring and ecological risk assessment of farmland in arid areas, which has significant practical value, contributing to improved environmental quality and the safety of agricultural products.

The effects of habitat condition on biodiversity are primarily investigated using discrete (patch-matrix) habitat models that consider habitat fragments as islands embedded in an inhospitable matrix. Recently, continuum habitat models, which focus on ecological gradients without defining habitat or matrix, have emerged. However, no formal comparison between patch-matrix, continuum, and hybrid habitat models (which combine characteristics of both) has been undertaken globally. Here, we compare the ability of patch-matrix, continuum, and hybrid models of habitat intactness to explain the risk of extinction for terrestrial mammals on a global scale. We discover that hybrid models outperform both patch-matrix and continuum models of habitat intactness in predicting extinction risk, regardless of a species’ habitat specialization. Moreover, we find that the magnitude of the relationship between habitat intactness and the predicted probability of a species being threatened is stronger when employing hybrid habitat models. Our results suggest that combining a patch-matrix designation with a continuous representation of habitat condition can improve extinction risk analyses and provide valuable insights for conservation efforts.

Sustainable water supply is crucial for a nation’s economy, particularly in developing countries with a complex energy-food-water nexus such as Pakistan. The Indus River, largely fed by water from snow and glacier melt from the upper Indus Basin, supports millions of lives in Pakistan to fulfill drinking, irrigation, and hydropower needs. This study examines future snow conditions and water supply from the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) in the context of water, food and disaster management planning. It uses a multi-model ensemble of future climate projections under two climate change scenarios coupled with a watershed model developed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The SWAT model’s snow content simulations were validated using improved-MODIS snow cover data. Results of this study indicate that snowfall is projected to decline in the future, particularly during summer season under RCP 8.5 scenario. Future water availability analysis under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios for 2040-2070 and 2071-2100 periods reveals increased spring flows but reduced summer flows, with annual increases of up to 32 %. This study is an important contribution towards the scientific research required for informed and robust policy making for water management, food security and ecosystem conservation in the UIB and downstream regions.

Key Clinical Message

Title: Use of Arterialized Venous Flaps to Preserve Full Digital Length in Revascularization of Partially Amputated Digits: Two CasesAuthors: Tiffany D. Ho, BS1, Megan Newsom, MD1, Stephanie Shin, MD1, Ramon A. DeJesus, MD1-3

Background: Peanut allergic individuals can exhibit clinically-relevant IgE cross-reactivity to tree nuts, particularly walnut. Vicilin-buried peptides (VBPs) in N-terminal vicilin leader sequences (LS) in peanut and tree nuts contribute to IgE cross-reactivity due to highly conserved and stable α-hairpinin fold with variable amino acid sequences. Cross-reactive IgE binding patterns to linear and conformational epitopes of peanut and walnut VBPs provides a model to understand clinically-relevant cross-reactivity. Methods: Sera IgE binding from oral food challenge positive peanut (PNA), walnut (WNA), and PN+WN (PWA) allergic subjects were assessed by microarray containing overlapping peptides of Ara h 1, Jug r 2, and LSs and by direct and competitive inhibition ELISA with VBPs from peanut (AH1.1), and walnut (JR2.1, JR2.2, JR2.3). Mixed model analysis was performed to investigate contribution of IgE binding to linear and conformational epitopes of VBPs to PNA, WNA, or PWA status. Results: All three intact and folded WN VBPs bound IgE at similar frequencies with individual sera preferentially recognizing one VBP over another; however, both weak and strong binding VBPs are competing with the same monoclonal IgE molecules within sera. AH1.1 was least recognized by WNA and most recognized by PNA and PWA. IgE binding patterns and specificities to VBPs were able to distinguish between WNA, PNA, or PWA groups. Conclusions: Cross-reactivity among VBPs is due to the binding of a monoclonal IgE in sera to α-hairpinin structures. IgE binding to the linear and conformational epitopes of Ara h 1 and Jug r 2 VBPs could be beneficial in discerning PNA and WNA.

Background and Purpose: GABA binding to GABAA receptors induces transient elevation in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in activated human CD4+ T cells. Here we examined the Ca2+ response evoked by the GABAA receptors agonists THIP, muscimol, isoguvacine and TACA. Experimental Approach: The cells were activated by anti-CD3+ antibody and cultured for 72 h, before effects of the agonists on intracellular Ca2+ levels were examined by Ca2+ imaging. mRNA sequencing, qPCR and immunofluorescence imaging identified GABAA subunits expressed and the insulin receptor’s expression. Key results: Both the apparent affinity (EC50) and the evoked, peak cellular Ca2+ response varied among the agonists. The EC50 values varied more than 1000-fold but the compounds can nevertheless all be classified as high-affinity agonists, (EC50<1 μM). The EC50 sequence was: GABA (0.005 nM) ≈ THIP (0.005 nM) < muscimol (0.162 nM) < TACA (2.2 nM) < isoguvacine (54.4 nM). In contrast, the peak increase in the cellular Ca2+ signal followed the sequence: GABA>> THIP > muscimol > isoguvacine > TACA. For all agonists, the transient Ca2+ signal was attenuated at μM concentrations. The pharmacology is consistent with the ρ2 GABAA receptor subunit being a part of the high-affinity GABAA receptors expressed in the CD4+ T cells. Conclusions and Implications: Agonists at ρ2-containing GABAA receptors induce intracellular Ca2+ signals in human CD4+ T cells that are related to the agonist concentration. The agonists are high-affinity but with variable efficacy. Ca2+ signalling enables high-throughput assays for fast screening of potential drugs aimed at GABAA receptors regulating T cells functions.

Two new species, Hemiboea xishuiensis X.X. Bai and Hemiboea cehengensis X.X. Bai, from the karst plateau of Guizhou, China, are described here. We analyzed the molecular phylogeny of the two new species and 27 taxa within Hemiboea based on ITS and trnL-F, and the molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that the phylogenetic tree of Hemiboea forms three major clades, among these, five taxa, H. xishuiensis, H. cehengensis, H. parvibracteata W.T. Wang & Z.Yu Li, H. ovalifolia (W.T. Wang) A. Weber & Mich. Möller, and H. kaiyangensis T. Peng & S.Z.H constitute a highly supported clade (Clade II), H. fangii Chun ex Z.Yu Li occupies one clade exclusively (Clade I), and the others are clustered into the third clade (Clade III). The evolutionary analysis of morphological character in this study indicates that the involucre is not early deciduous, the calyx is 5-sect from base, the corolla is hairy outside, there are two protuberances on the inner side of abaxial surface of the corolla, and there is a ring of hairs above the base on the inner face of the corolla, the ovary is glabrous, and these characteristics may be the ancestral state of Hemiboea; H. fangii is the most primitive species of Hemiboea found to date. Meanwhile, our integrated evidence from multiple research methods shows that whether the involucre is early deciduous or not and whether there are two protuberances on the inner side of the ventral surface of the corolla may be the key characters for the classification of sections under Hemiboea, which have never been noted in the previous studies, and this finding can lay the foundation for the updated infrageneric classification of Hemiboea in the future. Furthermore, the complete plastid genomes of these two new species are reported, offering genetic resources for understanding the evolutionary history of Hemiboea.

Lupus vulgaris on face: a case report from rural NepalABSTRACT Lupus vulgaris is the most prevalent form of cutaneous tuberculosis in adults, arising from re-infection or spreading through lymphatic, hematogenous, or direct transmission in individuals with moderate immunity and heightened tuberculin sensitivity. It is more frequently observed in females and accounts for 1-2% of all extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases. The most commonly affected areas are the face and neck. Here, we present a case of lupus vulgaris in a 66-year-old female patient.Keywords: Facial involvement, Granulomatous inflammation, Lupus vulgaris, Tuberculin sensitivity

Microbial community assembly processes are closely related to the composition, structure, and distribution of microbes. The changes in environmental conditions and species dispersal capacity induced by hydrological connectivity may significantly impact the microbial community assembly process in surface water, but the mechanisms remain unclear. To reveal how hydrological connectivity affects microbial community assembly processes, surface water samples were collected from the study watershed during periods of low, intermediate, and high hydrological connectivity. An integrated 16S amplicon sequencing technology and phylogenetic null model approach were used to identify the assembly processes of the bacterial communities. The results showed an inverse relationship between hydrological connectivity and environmental heterogeneity, with the highest environmental heterogeneity observed at low connectivity level. Bacterial alpha diversity under high hydrological connectivity gradient significantly exceeded those under low and intermediate hydrological connectivity. Beta diversity exhibited a trend toward biotic homogenization as hydrological connectivity increased. The co-occurrence network of bacterial communities under low hydrological connectivity were characterized by robust clustering and intricate interactions, whereas those under intermediate hydrological connectivity tended to form more straightforward network. Furthermore, stochastic processes play a crucial role in bacterial community assembly, accounting for approximately 80% of the observed patterns. This was substantiated by piecewise structural equation modelling, which showed that environmental factors and biotic interactions exerted minimal influence on the bacterial community assembly. As hydrologic connectivity increases, the assembly process shaping bacterial community appears more stochasticity. Moreover, the contributions of drift and heterogeneous selection in assembly processes was found to increase with hydrological connectivity, while the impact of dispersal limitation and homogenous selection diminished. These insights provide a deeper understanding of the ecological mechanisms that govern microbial distribution pattern and succession in watershed surface water.

Background: Nut allergies are among the most common pediatric food allergies, often persisting into later life and posing significant clinical risks. The likelihood of developing tolerance varies, and identifying predictors of persistence or resolution is essential. This study evaluates clinical and laboratory features of children with nut allergy, comparing data at diagnosis and follow-up to identify factors influencing tolerance, anaphylaxis, and cross-reactivity. Methods: In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, 121 children (0–18 years) diagnosed with nut allergy at a tertiary allergy center between 2016 and 2024 were analyzed. Data included allergic reaction history, comorbidities, total IgE, eosinophil counts, and prick-to-prick test (PTP) wheal sizes. Tolerance was defined based on oral food challenge, absence of reactions upon re-exposure, and clinical follow-up. Results: Multiple nut allergy was present in 81% of patients, with hazelnut (67%) and pistachio (62%) being most common. IgE-mediated reactions were predominant (91%), including urticaria (79%) and anaphylaxis (36%). During follow-up, 25% of patients developed tolerance, while 13% continued to experience anaphylaxis. Aeroallergen sensitisation, particularly to pollens, was significantly associated with reduced tolerance in almond and walnut allergy (p < 0.05). Persistent multi-nut allergy correlated with higher anaphylaxis risk (p < 0.01). Strong cross-reactivity was observed between pistachio–cashew (r = 0.686) and peanut–legumes (r = 0.787). Importantly, smaller PTP wheal sizes at diagnosis were predictive of tolerance (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Tolerance in pediatric nut allergy remains limited, especially in children with multi-nut and aeroallergen sensitisation. Baseline PTP wheal size and aero-sensitisation status emerged as significant and practical predictors of long-term allergy outcomes. These findings emphasize the clinical value of early immunological profiling in risk stratification and support routine re-evaluation in sensitised children to prevent overt dietary restrictions.

Introduction Breast cancer (BC) is one of the top causes of mortality for women worldwide. Early detection of BC along with regular breast cancer screening (BCS) has been shown to reduce mortality rates. The purpose of this study was to examine the knowledge, attitudes, and BCS-related barriers faced by women from English speaking Caribbean countries and identify areas that require further intervention to fill the gap of early BCS barriers. Methods This narrative review analyzed 25 research articles with keywords breast cancer, screening barriers, and English-speaking Caribbean countries using various databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, and ScienceDirect. Results For this review, papers were selected that focused on barriers to BCS in the specified English-speaking Caribbean and comparative study to expand understanding of extrinsic barriers beyond Caribbean territory centered among US Caribbean immigrants and African American demographic. The data were reported, arranged, and presented under the following main headings: individual factors, sociocultural factors, and health systems / structural factors for contributing to early BCS barriers. Conclusion Breast cancer remains a major public health concern in the Caribbean, despite global advancements in screening and care. Over the past five years, Caribbean women have experienced an increase in breast cancer-specific mortality. Barriers such as knowledge, fear, and stigma contribute to this decline. An organized national breast cancer screening program and research on the biology of breast cancer are urgently needed to reduce mortality rates.

Discina species are distinguished by their well-defined apothecia, facilitating their differentiation from other genera. However, the morphological resemblance among species within the genus is pronounced, rendering species-level identification challenging during field studies. The genus is taxonomically problematic, with ongoing uncertainties regarding its taxonomic classification. This study provides morphological and phylogenetic evidence supporting the recognition of disc-shaped, apiculate, and three-guttulate Discina species as a distinct genus within the Discinaceae family. Furthermore, taxa previously classified within the genus Gyromitra, but characterized by sessile or short, rudimentary-stalked, disc-shaped fruiting bodies, spores with prominent apiculi, and three oil droplets—one of which is large and centrally located—should be reclassified under the genus Discina to resolve existing taxonomic issues. Additionally, the rare species Discina apiculatula and Discina macrospora are reported for the first time from Türkiye. These newly recorded taxa were identified and distinguished from closely related species through comprehensive morphological analyses and ITS sequence data, confirming their distinctiveness. These findings not only expand the known distribution of Discina but also provide insights into its taxonomic position, contributing to a better understanding of its diversity and classification.

Additive manufacturing (AM) has expanded significantly, particularly in aerospace; however, AM materials often have defects that impair fatigue performance. This study examines the geometry and morphology of critical defects in Ti-6Al-4V specimens produced using three printing quality settings, followed by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) or heat treatment (HT). We present an automated fatigue failure analysis framework using computer vision and AI to identify critical defects, measure surface proximity, and quantify 14 geometric and morphological features. The model achieved a mean IoU of 0.836 and approximately 10% error in feature measurement. Results show that surface proximity is the most influential factor on fatigue life, with near-surface defects degrading performance for HT specimens with lack-of-fusion (LOF) defects. For HIP specimens, failure sources were typically within 0.16–0.6 mm from the surface. Additionally, for LOF defects the X-parameter model achieved R 2 = 0 . 9 1 with measured cycles to failure.

This study investigates the optimization of water release from the Zayandehrud Dam to maximize the fulfillment of both agricultural and environmental water requirements. Given the severe water scarcity in the Zayandehrud watershed and the existing social and legal constraints, the optimization focused solely on improving the temporal distribution of water within existing annual allocation volumes and under hydraulic limitations. Two indices—the Agricultural Demand-Supply Adaptation Index (ADSAI) and the Environmental Demand-Supply Adaptation Index (EDSAI)—were developed to evaluate the performance of the current and optimized water release scenarios. The results indicated that under current conditions, there is a significant misalignment between water releases and both irrigation demands and environmental flow requirements. However, under the optimized release scenario, both indices showed substantial improvement. In particular, ADSAI values for the Mahyar, Nekoabad-Borkhar, Abshar, and Rudashtein irrigation canals increased from 2.3%, 23.6%, 50.3%, and 34% to 47.26%, 77.7%, 82.5%, and 79.33%, respectively, based on ten-day time intervals. The EDSAI also improved markedly, rising from 27.7% to 57.27%. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers. In complex water systems where reallocation of resources is constrained by socio-legal factors, considerable improvements in water use efficiency and ecological sustainability can still be achieved by simply optimizing the timing of water releases, without requiring structural or allocation reforms.

A scalable in situ pyrolysis strategy was developed for the synthesis of Pd/BN nanocatalysts using melamine, boric acid, and palladium acetate as precursors. Strong electronic interactions between Pd nanoparticles and the BN support significantly enhanced catalytic performance, enabling highly efficient Suzuki coupling reactions. The Pd/BN catalyst achieved up to 99% yield across a broad substrate scope under ambient conditions in a 50% aqueous ethanol system. Additionally, it exhibited excellent stability and recyclability, maintaining high catalytic activity over at least ten cycles with minimal deactivation. Experimental studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that charge transfer at the Pd/BN interface lowered the energy barrier of the rate-determining step, accelerating reaction kinetics. The combination of mild conditions, high efficiency, and operational simplicity highlights the sustainability and scalability of this catalytic system, making it a strong candidate for industrial applications.

The grouting effect detection technology restricts the evaluation of engineering construction. This article proposes a new approach to non-destructive testing and evaluation of grouting effectiveness based on the physical parameters of cement-based grouting material modification and polarizability. By adding graphite powder to cement-based grouting materials, while ensuring the physical and mechanical properties of the materials, the polarizability is suddenly increased. By measuring the difference in polarizability, the diffusion range of the material in the underground space is delineated, thereby exploring non-destructive visual testing and evaluation of grouting effectiveness. Seven different types of cement were selected for the experiment, and a total of 140 samples were poured, demonstrating the influence of cement type and graphite powder content on the polarizability of the material；And the scientific nature of the modified material and the feasibility of non-destructive evaluation of grouting quality through induced polarization effect were verified through indoor measurement and grouting experiments, providing support for the inspection and quality evaluation of grouting filling engineering.