Blood vessels are an important part of the human circulatory system [1-4]. In clinical surgery, the common method for treating ruptured blood vessels is suturing, but this method can cause inflammatory reactions [5-6]. With the popularization of lasers, they have been widely used in the medical field. However, due to the poor absorption of laser energy by tissues, the tensile strength of tissues after joining is low. To further improve the tensile strength after laser joining, this study analyzed the law of the effect of pre-dressing-assisted laser on the tensile strength and thermal denaturation of vascular tissues after joining with different components and concentrations by designing experiments. The experimental results showed that the tensile strength of the joined tissues could reach 50.978 KPa, and the degree of thermal denaturation was only 0.025, which is of great significance for the study of laser-joined vascular tissues.

In this paper, inverse problems by the wave equation for a medium with multiple types of cavities with C 2 , θ boundaries is discussed. The previous our result for this problem provides the “shortest lenght”and the “sign of the cavity”for the non-separated case by using the asymptotic solution. However, usual asymptotic solution required the additional regularity assumption for the boundaries of the cavities. Then, a “modified asymptotic solution”is introduced here and the regularity assumption for the boundaries of cavities are relaxed.

Forecasting solar radiation is critical for balancing the electricity grid due to increasing production from solar energy. To this end, we need precise simulation of clouds, which is traditionally done by numerical weather prediction. However, these large-scale (LS) models struggle especially with forecasting stratocumulus clouds because their coarse vertical resolution cannot capture the sharp inversion present at stratocumulus cloud top. To address this issue, we employ large eddy simulation (LES), which operates at high resolution and has demonstrated superior accuracy in simulating stratocumulus clouds. However, LES relies on input data from a LS model, which is imperfect. To reduce the uncertainty caused by the LS data, we integrate a single ensemble Kalman filter step at the start of simulation in the LES model, utilizing local observations. Our results show that this approach is computationally feasible, robust, and reduces prediction error at assimilation by 50\%. The improvement diminishes after approximately one hour of simulation due to the influence of large-scale forcing. Future work will focus on enhancing the LS inflow through nested simulations with realistic lateral boundary conditions to sustain the improvements in forecasting accuracy.

In this paper, we analyze the amplitude scintillation recorded by the GPS and BeiDou Systems (BDS) at the low-latitude station, Kunming (24.7°N,102.9°E, geomagnetic latitude 15.1°N) in China. This station is located near the northern equatorial ionization anomaly. Our study covers the years 2020-2022 and aims to illustrate the temporal variation of scintillation for the first time. Our results show that there was minimal scintillation during the relatively low activity years of 2020-2021, but a significant increase was observed in 2022. The monthly rates of occurrence were less than 1% (except for 1.8% in October 2022) during these three years. The highest probability of occurrence was in October and the lowest in January. In terms of seasons, the lowest probability of scintillation occurred during the June solstice and the highest during the September equinox. The statistical results of the Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function for months and seasons clearly show the specific distribution of amplitude scintillation and are consistent with our calculated results. Our correlation analysis reveals that the influence of sunspots varies in different seasons, with the minimal correlation coefficient occurring during the June solstice. The variation of amplitude scintillation of GPS and BDS signals exhibit similar trends on a daily, monthly, and seasonal scale, as well as with solar activity. This suggests that the signals from these two systems can effectively reflect the ionospheric environment. The scintillation is recorded during the daytime, which is a problem worthy of attention and research.

The Gaur (Bos gaurus), a globally vulnerable and protected priority species in Nepal, has experienced habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching, and zoonotic diseases. As a consequence, their population is isolated significantly in Parsa National Park and Chitwan National Park. However, their distribution even in these protected areas are limited with topographical features. This study focuses on habitat suitability modeling of the Gaur in Parsa National Park utilizing the ensemble modeling approach to identify key eco-geographical and climatic variables influencing gaur suitable habitat and estimate suitability in and around Parsa National Park, Nepal. Potential eco-geographical variables, after multicollinearity test were integrated with ground presence points for analysis. The model achieved an Area Under Curve (AUC) and True Skill Statistics (TSS) value of 0.981 and 0.867 respectively indicating its effectiveness in predicting a suitable habitat for Gaur. It revealed that isothermality, waterholes, mean diurnal range, mean temperature of wettest quarter, settlements, slope, and river, influenced highly in Gaur’s habitat suitability in and around Parsa National Park. Study identified only 35.84% (327.09 km2) area was categorized as a suitable area (low-medium: 102.92 km2 (11.28%), medium to high: 101.08 km2 (11.07%) and optimum: 123.09 km2 (13.49%)) for gaur distribution. Eastern part of park (newly extended area around Halkhoriya lake) and south-central section of park (around Bhedaha, Mahadev, Bhata Khola) show the suitable habitat for Gaur. However, wildlife-friendly infrastructure in the East-West Highway (that fragments the park) within park can facilitate Gaur’s movement among these crucial habitat patches. These findings highlight priority to restore water sources to maintain long-term protection of species considering existing geological condition and climate change scenario in the park.

Understanding shark reproductive modes is fundamental for their conservation, as these K-strategist species are highly susceptible to overexploitation. The spiny dogfish ( Squalus acanthias), a small shark currently listed as ’vulnerable’ by the IUCN, exhibits a prolonged gestation period of 22 months and a reproductive output ranging from 1 to 21 pups per litter. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of multiple paternity in S. acanthias using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers. Samples from six litters, comprising 40 individuals collected in Argentina, were analyzed using a ddRADSeq library. SNP markers were screened through the STACKS pipeline, and kinship and paternity analyses were conducted using COANCESTRY and COLONY softwares. The results revealed between 1,021 and 1,620 SNPs per litter, with multiple paternity detected in all litters. The number of sires per litter ranged from 2 to 4. Notably, no correlation was found between litter size and the occurrence of multiple paternity, suggesting that this behavior may represent a reproductive strategy aimed at enhancing genetic diversity. The species’ biological characteristics, such as size and sex segregation, combined with the presence of females in shallower waters, increase their susceptibility to capture. Moreover, overfishing and bycatch in the Atlantic exacerbate the reduction in sexually mature individuals, thereby threatening reproductive rates. This study underscores the importance of preserving genetic variability for species survival and highlights the need for urgent management policies that incorporate these reproductive strategies, particularly for species like S. acanthias that display complex life histories and low population recovery rates.

The Bacterial reverse mutation (AMES) assay is crucial for detecting the mutagenic potential of chemicals using bacterial strains. The solubility of the test substance is key to achieving the recommended concentration for the assay. DMSO and water are typically preferred solvents due to their compatibility and historical data. The chosen solvent must not react with the test substance and must support bacterial survival and S9 activity. Selecting a solvent compatible with Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA strains, considering a maximum cytotoxic concentration of 5 mg/plate, is challenging for genetic toxicologists. This study evaluated various solvents, including N,N-Dimethyl formamide, Acetone, Acetonitrile, Ethyl acetate, 95% Ethanol, Dimethylene Glycol Monomethyl ether, Methanol, P-Dioxane, Tetrahydrofuran, and Dimethyl acetamide. Results showed that all solvents, except Tetrahydrofuran, were compatible up to 100 µL/plate or more, as they did not inhibit bacterial growth or alter bacterial revertant colony counts, making them suitable for use in the Ames assay.

Improving plasmid production of Escherichia coli through combination strategiesQingxiao Pang1 Hao Zhang1 Wenqiang Xu1 Yueyan Hu1 Hairong Zhang1 Jinxue Li1 Hailong Wang2 Xueliang Qiu※ Lu Fang※ Jun Gao※Shandong Lishan Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jinan 250013, People’s Republic of ChinaState Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China

The utility of eDNA for fish species and community monitoring is well-established using targeted amplification (i.e., qPCR and ddPCR) and passive sequencing approaches (i.e., metabarcoding). However, the lack of optimized and standardized methods reduces the sensitivity of this approach and precludes the reliable comparison of findings across studies, respectively. DNA extraction is a prime target for optimization efforts because the extraction method is highly variable across eDNA studies despite being the most influential factor in detection efficiency across the entire post-collection workflow. Sequence analysis is arguably the least standardized step in the workflow, with new bioinformatics pipelines frequently emerging in the literature and being implemented with innumerable unique combinations of parameter values. The current study aimed to support the optimization and standardization of eDNA methods for fish detection by assessing two commercial DNA extraction kits manufactured by Qiagen and Macherey-Nagel on cost, time, and performance specifications and comparing the success of brook trout detection by metabarcoding across three bioinformatics pipelines, qPCR, and ddPCR. Our protocols were effective in detecting brook trout in all 20 samples analyzed. Brook trout eDNA was detected by ddPCR in nine (90%) Qiagen extracts but only seven (70%) Macherey-Nagel extracts. In comparison, detection success was equal across the two extraction kits using qPCR (70%) and metabarcoding (100%). The metabarcoding pipelines performed equally well in detecting brook trout with no significant differences in read numbers associated with the target species. Under our experimental conditions, the Qiagen kit was selected as the preferred kit due to its overall good performance and considerably lower cost despite a slightly longer extraction time.

Effortful cognitive control enhances performance but often incurs cognitive costs, leading to increased subjective negative emotions. Both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation can modulate cognitive control; however, their interplay is complex, and little is known about the underlying mechanism or subjective willingness to engage effortful control processes. The present electroencephalography (EEG) study sought to elucidate underlying mechanisms through which extrinsic and intrinsic motivation synergistically modulate effortful cognitive control during conflict processing. To this end, we employed two variants of the Stroop task (Stroop-Feedback and Stroop-Choice). Extrinsic motivation was induced by evaluative feedback and intrinsic motivation was measured using the Need for Cognition (NFC). Behavioral results showed faster RTs in evaluative compared to neutral feedback, as well as in participants with high NFC relative to low NFC. In addition, after receiving evaluative feedback, participants’ subjective willingness to engage in high-control tasks (70% incongruent trials) was linked to subjective feelings of conflict, which mediated by NFC. At the ERP level, improvements in cognitive control driven by either evaluative feedback or NFC were captured at the conflict SP level. While for feedback-related motivational significance, high-NFC participants exhibited the decreased P3 compared to low-NFC ones. Moreover, the P3, which captured the processing of previous evaluative (negative) feedback, facilitated subsequent behavioral responses in low-NFC participants selectively. These findings suggest that extrinsic and intrinsic motivation independently, rather than interactively, enhance effortful cognitive control, while jointly influencing subjective willingness to allocate effort toward control processes—a process closely linked to negative feelings during prior conflict processing.

A document by Matthew Hardy. Click on the document to view its contents.

The Sacramental and Ethical Validity of Same-Sex Marriage within Anglican Doctrine: A Theological Reappraisal AbstractThis study has emphasized the significance of gender as an analytical lens through which juvenile violent crime in India should be understood, addressed, and transformed, and that the differences in male and female juvenile delinquency in terms of motivation, mental state, and socioeconomic underpinning, should be acknowledge and valued as such- questioning the use of gender-neutral, uniform approaches in a world that is fundamentally gendered. Males are more likely to engaged in crime because of the external motivations (through aggression, aspiration and conformity) while females are prone to delinquency as a product of internalised trauma and abuse, and usually to engage in survival behaviours within patriarchal systems.The juvenile justice system in India does not adequately respond to this difference and instead utilises general indicators from perpetration groups, and standardized solutions to juvenile offending which may complicate the lives of young offenders and negate their experiences. An effective shift to gender-responsive justice is both an ethical and practical one. A gender-responsive justice system would need to ensure trauma-informed, situational and restorative practices that support not only reform, but from true restoration as well.This study has outlined the reforms needed for a gender-responsive juvenile justice, also believing in wider ethical aim of a justice system that sees difference not as deviance, but as an invitation to construct justice with compassion, equity, and effectiveness. Gendering juvenile offender victimization and perpetration may reshape what is possible in terms of policy and practices that dismantle and transform not only the lives of individual offenders, but the ethics of Indian society.

Background: The extent to which muscle strain or tears are affecting race performance in horses is unknown because it is difficult to objectively identify muscle damage. One approach includes the use of physiological markers in blood. Recently, we linked the level of plasma thiol-oxidised albumin, an oxidative stress biomarker, to muscle damage in humans. Objectives: This aim of this work was to investigate whether the level of plasma thiol-oxidised albumin was elevated in the days following a thoroughbred horse race. Study design: “In vivo” experiments Methods: Blood collection was performed by each trainer at their respective stable. Dried blood samples were collected for the level of thiol-oxidised albumin before and each day for 7 days post-race. Liquid blood samples were collected for analysis of the muscle enzymes Creatine Kinase (CK) and Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST) before and on day 2 and 5 post race and were analysed by external pathology center. Results: The level of thiol-oxidised albumin peaked at 2 days post-race, increasing by 3.9% ± 0.7% (p<0.0001) and returned to pre-race levels by day 5. Thiol-oxidised albumin also correlated with the activity of AST (R 2=0.2, p=0.01). The time of recovery for thiol-oxidised albumin varied between individual horses, some recovered at day 3 post-race whereas others extended beyond 7 days post-race. Main limitations: No histological or imaging diagnosis was conducted to confirm that horses with elevated levels of thiol-oxidised albumin also had definitive evidence of muscle damage. The activity of CK and AST was not measured daily, as was the case for the level of thiol oxidised albumin. Conclusions: The level of thiol-oxidised albumin has the potential to be useful in managing recovery and return to training or competition in horse following a bout of damaging exercise, particularly given the ease of collecting small serial small blood samples.

Federated learning, a potent paradigm for collaborative machine learning across multiple parties, offers significant promise for contemporary industries. Nonetheless, its collaborative essence necessitates addressing concerns pertaining to data security and privacy. Sensitive user information, encompassing preferences, behaviors, and identities, remains vulnerable to adversarial analysis, thereby revealing the inadequacies of conventional privacy preservation strategies within federated learning frameworks. To mitigate these challenges, this paper proposes GSFL, an innovative federated learning architecture that amalgamates smart contracts with group signatures. GSFL facilitates secure and reliable distributed machine learning data sharing, while concurrently bolstering privacy protection. Furthermore, its enhanced decentralization fosters greater user participation in federated learning initiatives. Empirical analysis and testing validate GSFL's efficacy in satisfying the prerequisites for data sharing and privacy preservation in federated learning contexts.

This study analyzed existing research on integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) into the Internet of Things (IoT) through a bibliometric review and content analysis. Scopus and Web of Science data were analyzed using VOS Viewer and Bibliometrix. The study reviewed 64 papers by 238 researchers from 51 journals. Through content analysis, five key themes emerged: (1) integrating LLMs for data processing and transformation in IoT, (2) LLMs in IoT security, (3) LLM optimization in IoT systems, (4) LLMs for conversational and user interaction in IoT, and (5) LLMs for decision-making and data analysis in IoT. A layered framework for LLM in IoT was also presented, mapping the current research landscape and guiding future studies.

Background: Thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs) have demonstrated efficacy in treating clinically significant thrombocytopenia, including chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia (CIT) in adults. However, data regarding their safety and efficacy in pediatric, adolescents, and young adult (AYA) patients with hematologic malignancies are limited. Methods: We retrospectively identified 15 pediatric and AYA patients aged 25 years or younger with hematologic malignancies treated with a TPO-RA at UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals between 2015 and 2023. Platelet counts and transfusion requirements were compared before and after TPO-RA therapy. Results: The median age at TPO-RA initiation was 16 years (range: 7-25 years). Nine patients (60%) had a history of bleeding or comorbidity that predisposed to severe bleeding risk. Eleven patients received romiplostim and four patients received eltrombopag. The median platelet count significantly increased from 24 x 10 9/L at baseline to 54 x 10 9/L after 3 weeks of any TPO-RA therapy (p =0.029). Monthly platelet transfusion requirements significantly decreased from a median of 15 to two units after TPO-RA therapy (p=0.007). Fourteen of the 15 patients (93%) achieved a sustained platelet count >50,000/µL within eight weeks, with a median time to response of 3 weeks. No TPO-RA-related adverse events were observed. Conclusion: TPO-RAs were effective in managing refractory thrombocytopenia in pediatric and young adult patients being treated for hematologic malignancies, with a favorable safety profile, even among patients with multiple comorbidities. These findings warrant further investigation through prospective clinical trials to confirm efficacy and establish clinical guidelines for this population.

Abstract Haploidentical bone marrow transplantation combined with donor peripheral blood stem cell transplantation is an effective treatment for pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, studies on differential protein expression and biological behavior changes following stem cell transplant failure-especially in cases where an A-type father donates stem cells to his O-blood type daughter with AML-M2 are rare. Furthermore, research on the bioinformatic characteristics and survival prediction of pediatric AML patients remains scarce. To address this gap, we utilized the GTEx and TCGA databases to perform an in-depth analysis of the disease characteristics and survival predictions in pediatric AML. Additionally, proteomic sequencing and validation were conducted on a specific case involving an A-blood type father donating haploidentical bone marrow and stem cells to his O-blood type daughter with AML-M2, who subsequently experienced transplant relapse. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the bioinformatic characteristics of pediatric AML and, through the unique perspective of this relapse case, explore the changes in protein expression. These findings offer valuable insights into the mechanisms of disease progression, optimizing treatment strategies, and preventing transplant failure in similar cases.

Executive function (EF) measures used with African children heavily depend on task-based assessments normed in minority world settings. This reliance poses a challenge as it limits the understanding of how children display their EF behaviors within their own culture. Environmental factors including income and parenting are associated with children’s EF development. In addition, culture-specific practices may shape what EF behaviors are adaptive. Therefore, tasks that do not incorporate culture-specific indicators of EF may lead to misinterpretation or underestimation of children’s true EF capabilities in these settings. To bridge this gap, we used a qualitative approach to design a new observation scale for assessing EF in naturalistic classroom contexts. This paper describes the qualitative work leading to the design of the observation scale, which was later piloted in a quantitative study (reported elsewhere). To design the observation scale, we asked 16 preschool teachers in Nigeria to describe observable behavioral indicators of young children’s EFs based on their own classroom experiences. Their responses were thematically analyzed using a deductive approach, based on the EF constructs of inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and planning. We used the codes from the thematic analysis to develop a set of pilot items for an observation scale aimed at assessing EF in context. This set of items was shared with international experts on EF who provided feedback on the items’ face validity; a final set of items was extracted to constitute the new observational measure. Our findings suggest that using qualitative approaches can help inform the cultural relevance of instrument design. Theoretical and practical significance of the findings are discussed.

This paper presents a novel integrated temperature sensor structure that utilizes a built-in feedback loop. The structure does not require any additional references, and it embeds the successive approximation logic from the SAR ADC into the temperature sensor circuit, eliminating the need for an external analog-to-digital converter. Consequently, the proposed structure is simpler and faster in converting temperature to digital code values than conventional integrated temperature sensors. The sensor is implemented in 90 nm CMOS technology. An inaccuracy of ±0.58 °C is achieved across a temperature range of -20 °C to 100 °C. With a conversion time of 0.7 μs, the temperature sensor can convert to a digital code value in a very short period of time. Additionally, with a conversion time of 0.7 ms, a resolution of 0.18 °C is achieved.

Cremastra appendiculata (D. Don) Makino is a rare perennial medicinal plant with significant medicinal and ornamental value. Its seeds exhibit a low germination rate in nature due to the species’ dependency on fungi to facilitate germination. Pre-laboratory studies have shown that symbiotic fungus Coprinus radians (Desm.) Fr. from the rhizomes of wild C. appendiculata that significantly promote its seeds germination and seedlings development. The growth of symbiotic fungi directly affects seed germination and seedling development. In order to obtain high-quality strains of the symbiotic fungus C. radian, the growth characteristics and culture conditions were investigated, which mainly include the temperature, light intensity, pH and nutrient supply suitable for growth. This study conducted single-factor experiments to screen and optimize the formulations and culture conditions for the parental strain, primary strain, and cultivation strain of C. radian, building on this foundation, the symbiotic seedling cultivation of C. radian with C. appendiculata was optimized to explore the best conditions. The results revealed that the suitable conditions for the cultivation of the parental strain of C. radian. Subsequently, The formulation suitable for the cultivation of the primary and cultivation strains was a mixture of willow wood, cottonseed hulls and sweet potato flour in a ratio of 8:1:1 with a water content of 30%. The symbiotic seedling cultivation methods were feasible. Results of these studies have screened suitable culture conditions for the strains of C. radian and conducted preliminary experiments for the establishment of symbiotic seedling propagation technology for C. appendiculata.

Objective: To investigate racial disparities in maternal mortality rates and prenatal care in Brazil from 1996 to 2022, focusing on differences between white and non-white women, and to assess the impact of systemic racism and healthcare inequities on these disparities. Design: Retrospective cohort study analysing maternal mortality rates, adjusted lethality percentages, and prenatal care consultations over a 27-year period. Setting: Brazil, using national public health records (DATASUS). Population: Women aged 15 to 44, with data categorized by racial groups—white and non-white. Methods: Maternal mortality rates per 100,000 live births and adjusted lethality percentages were calculated and examined using trend analysis. The Mann-Kendall test was used to assess the statistical significance of trends over time. Prenatal care adequacy was evaluated based on adherence to recommended protocols. Main Outcome Measures: Maternal mortality rates, adjusted lethality percentages, and the adequacy of prenatal care, segmented by race. Results: Non-white women consistently experienced higher maternal mortality rates, ranging from 0.57 to 1.10. Maternal mortality among white women declined significantly (p = 0.007), while the decline for non-white women was not significant (p = 0.526). Adjusted lethality rates decreased overall, but non-white women had persistently higher rates. Prenatal care improved over time, yet white women received more adequate care than non-white women. Conclusions: The study underscores enduring racial disparities in maternal mortality and prenatal care in Brazil, reflecting systemic inequities and structural racism. Despite overall improvements in maternal health indicators, significant disparities persist, particularly affecting non-white women. Funding: None.

Dental implant- related infections are serious complications after surgery that can results in loosening or even complete loss of the implant. Although endogenous electric fields (EEF) play an integral role in the human body, current methods involving external electrical stimulation are invasive and not suitable for clinical application. In this study, we using DC magnetron sputtering, investigates the effects of tantalum silver (Ta-Ag) coatings on titanium alloy (TC4) surfaces, focusing on their potential to influnce EEF that enhances antibacterial activity In this design, Ta-Ag configuration effectively increased the surface potential difference of TC4, and furthermore, promoting Ta/Ag ions release and reducing bacterial adhesion. The study concludes that the Ta-Ag coating, particularly the TC4-Ta/Ag implant, promotes a stable EEF, enhancing the long-term antibacterial and osteogenic properties of implants. This work provides a promising strategy for developing advanced implant materials with improved clinical efficacy.

For a spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) operating on low frequencies (such as P-band), turbulence in the Earth’s ionosphere may cause significant phase perturbations of the interrogating signals. These perturbations depend on both the antenna and target coordinates and may lead to substantial image distortions. In our previous work, we proposed a variational approach to correcting the distortions that we called the transionospheric SAR autofocus. It required solving a complex optimization problem but performed well in numerical tests.   As the optimization problem may be considered a hurdle, in the current work we compare the performance of the transionospheric SAR autofocus against that of a non-variational approach. The latter combines partial focusing with traditional autofocus where the phase perturbations are assumed to depend only on the antenna coordinates but not the target coordinates. In most cases, the optimization-based SAR autofocus produces sharper images compared to those by the alternative approach.

Models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) typically struggle to reproduce observed Antarctic sea ice trends, a bias that is substantially alleviated when constraining winds. Here we use wind-nudged simulations from two CMIP models to investigate the influence of clouds on sea ice area (SIA). We find that nudging model winds in coupled simulations towards reanalysis, in addition to improving SIA variability, is crucial to reproduce realistic cloud radiative effect (CRE) and cloud cover. We then unveil a negative relationship between biases in CRE anomalies near the sea ice edge and SIA anomalies, which helps explain the remaining discrepancies between simulated and observed SIA: a positive 1 Wm-2 CRE anomaly bias contributes to a negative 0.43 106 km2 SIA anomaly bias. Finally, we find that most CMIP6 models (10 of 12) show positive trends in CRE anomaly biases, which should amplify SIA decline in response to climate warming.