School Based Crime Prevention Education in India: Impact and Implementation AssessmentAbstractThis paper is an impact assessment of school based crime prevention education on juvenile delinquency in India. With the worrying emergence of juvenile involvement in criminal activities, the best way to stretch and teach a new approach is at school, where legal decentralization and behavioral competencies can be gained to avoid such actions. A quantitative and qualitative research approach via surveys and relative case studies shows the necessity of such impact assessments to realize current strengths and weaknesses of crime prevention education implementation. Findings of suggestion show that curriculum could be more expansive but with the gradual incremental changes over time, a sustained decrease in juvenile delinquency will occur.IntroductionAs juvenile crime and delinquent tendencies continue to rise all over India, an assessment of how schools can act as a practical intervention initiative is critical. Schools have significant influence over young people's daily lives, moral sensibilities, ethical development, and since attitude and behavior can change, crime prevention programs implemented in the school curriculum can create opportunities for reduction. Such increase in implementation of awareness will help students understand the reality of criminal charges and how they can charge themselves in the future, and newly learned expectations in school can be integrated through educated negative reinforcement and peer interactions. Curriculum associated with crime prevention can help youths learn how to better acclimate when faced with negative circumstances.Thesis StatementTherefore, when crime prevention education is implemented within schools, it is essential to reduce juvenile delinquency in India. Therefore, a more extensive application should be applied for a consistent long term change.Theoretical Framework: Social Learning and Developmental TheoriesSocial Learning Theory and Behavioral ConditioningSocial Learning Theory posits that much of behavior is learned and reinforced from observing others, particularly those with power or in stable positions (Bandura, 1977). In a school setting, teachers are the most considerable role models to students, and how they behave towards student interactions, for example, legitimizes students' thoughts on social situations as "appropriate." Thus, crime prevention education legitimizes what students learn about what they can and cannot do legally while expanding opportunities for critical thinking in the moral realm versus delinquent instillation. Over time, the proper school environment can reinstitute what efforts are legal and constructive behaviors to the point where acting appropriately becomes second nature for everyone in such environments.Developmental Theory and the Importance of Intervention During Critical Life StagesDevelopmental Theory suggests that intervention should occur during critical, developmental life stages to allow forgiveness and cognitive development (Erikson, 1950). Thus, with crime prevention education in a school setting during the formative years, students receive the proper tools to assess their actions and associated control with more ease. Interventions like these facilitate self-reflection assessments and provide structures for appropriately guided decision-making. These abilities become increasingly critical with peer pressure and gray social situations. Therefore, exposure at this time makes all the difference between becoming law-abiding citizens or delinquents.Crime Prevention Education in Indian SchoolsProgram Structure/Goals of PedagogyIn India's schools, crime prevention education aims to instill legal awareness, the importance of ethical decision-making, and critical social skills so that students become aware and empowered down the line to deflect anti-social influences. For example, this could occur through workshops by trained educators within the school environment, professionally facilitated guest speaker sessions by officers or judges, or police and facilitated Q&As (Sharma, 2020). Ultimately, goals include respect for the law, social harmony, collaborative responsibility, and personal accountability from a young age.Curriculum Teaching/Inclusion: Legal Awareness and Ethical Decision-MakingMany aspects of the curriculum are devoted to legal awareness. By understanding how the justice system works without fearing retribution or judgment, students better understand the implications of criminal behavior when/if placed in real-life scenarios. From learning basic tenets of legality to identifying institutions in the justice system's social fabric to understanding the importance of legal actions versus illegal ones, students learn how to operate civically (Patel, 2018). This is supplemented by ethical decision-making lessons.Empirical Evidence: Assessing the Effectiveness of Crime Prevention EffortsQuantitative Findings of Behavioral ChangeEmpirical evidence suggests that India-based crime prevention programs are effective. For example, a quasi-experimental study conducted by the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) found that students exposed to a guided curriculum on crime prevention were 30% less likely to assert aggressive acts and had a more informed understanding of ethical behavior relative to criminal action (ICSSR, 2020). Such quantitative findings suggest that over time, through guided and dedicated exposure to criminal intentions and activities, students are cultivated to become more productive citizens with stable control over their impulses and more educated perspectives on ethical social engagement.Qualitative Findings: Enhanced Peer Resistance and Social SkillsAdding to the findings is a qualitative case study from Mumbai which supports long-term changes in behavior for those engaged in relatively short exposure to crime prevention. Here, students were taught about crime prevention by way of situational activities and role-playing to illustrate how they may be approached by peers or confused in ambivalent, real-world scenarios. Researchers found that through follow-up interviews, students felt more empowered to reject negative peer pressure while simultaneously expressing their personal value systems more effectively. This implies that such situational learning gained from such activities had a lasting impact on their interpersonal skills and social capabilities (Joshi, 2019).The Effectiveness of Crime Prevention Education is Compromised by Socioeconomic Conditions and Unqualified PersonnelNo Nationalized Curriculum and Under-Trained TeachersUnfortunately, efforts of crime prevention in India are challenged by effectiveness conditional to socioeconomic status as well as the trained professionals needed who are not always accessible. First, there is no nationalized curriculum in place for schools to participate in such programs. Therefore, many schools either overly rely on ad-hoc efforts or have comprehensive programs of varying quality with varying results. Compounding this is that few teachers required in the fields are highly trained in criminology, psychology, or adolescent development. Thus, without a pedagogically sound approach to the complicated issues at hand regarding legal ethics and social awareness, these programs fall short. A standardized curriculum throughout India at the board of education level with accompanying professional development opportunities would alleviate such discrepancies (Singh, 2021).Economic Disparities of Schools That Are UnderservedEven if such remedies were implemented, many schools that exist within economically deprived realms have not been prioritized for funding. Many rural areas and underfunded schools suffer from ongoing deficiencies of educational resources, adequately trained personnel, and proper facilities. These go to the root of why teachers cannot engage students every day to dive deeper into activities for crime prevention efforts and why, without specific funding, these schools cannot maintain long-term exposure efforts to change student behavior. Extensive and inclusive funding is needed to support such schools for equity of access to long-term, academically sound, proactive endeavors (Kumar, 2020).Policy RecommendationsNational Standardized Curriculum for Crime PreventionA national standardized crime prevention curriculum would allow for the establishment of similarly effective implementation across India's diverse and varied schools. The crime prevention curriculum will incorporate essential ideas stemming from legal literacy, morality, ethics, social responsibility—all with an emphasis on real-life application. Schools that adopt a national standardized school curriculum would have a more universally effective quality control assessment from which researchers could grade and thus, in time, reconfigure their program results with effectiveness, appropriately decreasing youth delinquency.Funding for Teacher TrainingTeachers are the essential cogs in the wheel of effective facilitation, meaning funding for crime prevention programs solely dedicated to teacher training is imperative. This should include courses for basic criminology, juvenile justice and psychology, and conflict resolution in classroom settings so teachers have the dedicated skills and awareness to empower themselves within their classrooms. Such empowerment will allow for transference opportunities for extended periods of reflection and personal accountability as they acknowledge peer pressure and its downstream effects ultimately leading to pro-social behavior.More Opportunities for Experiential LearningCrime prevention programs must increasingly become successful at incorporating experiential learning into their endeavors—role playing, group discussions, simulations—with proven results of quickly changing student behavior. When students feel empowered by decision-making or can put themselves in somebody else's position through role playing, they are more apt to stand up for themselves or others in the future. The more opportunities provided for crime prevention workshops to add such experiential learning components would exponentially increase retention of crime prevention awareness.ConclusionCrime prevention education in the school system is a feasible long-term solution to India's struggle with juvenile delinquency. Research reveals that crime prevention lessons adequately teach kids about the law, enhance their decision-making abilities, and protect them from peer pressure. Yet, honoring these studies requires a more systematic approach to gradual implementation. The nation would benefit from a standardized approach developed across all schools, additional funding for teacher development, and underfunded schools selected to support endeavors to broaden access for vulnerable youth populations. If the school system could be a champion for intervention along this path, many future citizens could find new hope as more ethically aware and socially responsible individuals can emerge.References-Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice Hall. -Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. W. W. Norton & Company. -Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR). (2020). The impact of school-based crime prevention programs on juvenile delinquency. -Joshi, R. (2019). Crime prevention education: Case studies from Mumbai schools. Journal of Social Welfare Studies, 15(2), 150–172. -Kumar, S. (2020). Resource constraints in rural schools and the impact on crime prevention programs. South Asian Journal of Educational Reform, 18(3), 102–118. -Patel, M. (2018). Ethics and legal education in Indian schools: Reducing juvenile delinquency through curriculum integration. Indian Journal of Legal Studies, 13(1), 56–72. -Sharma, N. (2020). Evaluating crime prevention programs in Indian schools: A review. Journal of Educational Psychology, 27(4), 245–263. -Singh, T. (2021). Standardizing crime prevention education in India: Policy implications and challenges. International Journal of Legal and Educational Studies, 19(1), 32–48.

Gendered Perspectives on Juvenile Violent Crime in India: A Comparative Analysis of Offending Patterns Among Male and Female Youth AbstractThis paper provides a gender-sensitive and thorough analysis of juvenile violent crime in India, highlighting differing behavioral patterns, socio-cultural influences, and legal responses based on male or female juvenile offenders. Dominant discourses surrounding juvenile delinquency and crime have, to date, framed the act of delinquent behavior as "male," and the proclivity of juvenile crime has typically recognized only males as offenders. In light of the new and growing rates of young females engaging in criminal acts, there is a new need to consider age and sex-based approaches to juvenile crime. Using intersectional feminist theory and contemporary criminological research, this combination of scholarly approaches provides a unique opportunity to examine how gendered socialization, socio-economic challenges, and, familial hardship impacts the progression towards deliberative behavior in delinquent youth. The paper concludes with specific policy recommendations for the implementation of gender-sensitive measures within India's juvenile justice system. As well, this will promote further discussions in considering and implementing gender-sensitive measures concerning youth crime.

Juvenile Crime and the Indian Justice System: Reconstructing Rehabilitation and Reducing Recidivism through Structural Reform Abstract This article provides a thorough review and critical analysis of the juvenile justice system in India, primarily focusing on the structural capabilities and conceptual continuity of rehabilitation and recidivism reduction protocols. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act was intended to establish an impact-driven, restorative justice model for children, but it has consistently been undermined by ambiguities in legislation, operational ineffectiveness, and significant deficiencies in infrastructure. Using empirical literature, reports, and comparative case studies, this study seeks to confront the disconnect between legal intentions and institutional performance. Finally, it offers an integrative framework based on child development theory, community-based organizations, and evidence-based policy reform to align the juvenile justice system with international models of youth reintegration and social justice.  IntroductionJuvenile delinquency in India represents a significant socio-legal problem that continues to challenge the country's ability to fulfill its child protection responsibilities and provide a restorative model of justice. In theory, the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act provides a modern, welfare-based legal framework to enact policy priorities that focus on rehabilitation more than punishment. In practice, however, the system is hopelessly fragmented and chaotic, overpopulated by inconsistent institutional objectives, in providing nationally envisaged outcomes for juvenile offenders.The Act expresses a developmental jurisprudence that hopes to focus on the individualized care for, psychological support of, and educational empowerment of children, it is rendered ineffective by insufficient resources, misuse of state resources, and inadequate capacity to achieve its aims in an aligned manner. This only perpetuates the cycles of criminalization, rather than offer real rehabilitative alternatives.

The Influence of Media on Juvenile Violent Crime in India: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation into Mechanisms of Criminal Imitation among Adolescents Abstract This paper offers a rigorous academic discussion on the relationship between media depictions of violence and juvenile delinquency in India, particularly focused on the psychosocial processes of criminal imitation among youth. Given the growing number of digital media and the access to violent messaging from film, television, and social media, Indian youth regularly access ideologies celebrating aggression, revenge, and anti-social behavior. By utilizing Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory and George Gerbner's Cultivation Theory, this manuscript details how exposure to protracted and uniform violent media desensitizes youth to violence, blurs normative moral boundaries, and provides rationalizations for delinquent behavior. The interdisciplinary approach, that combines qualitative case studies and quantitative data from recent empirical studies, argues a necessary multi-prompted intervention – including media literacy education, legislative changes, and parental involvement through community based manner – to mitigate the growing normalization of violence and improve moral agency, or ethical resilience, for adolescents in India.  I. IntroductionThe rapid digitalization of India has created new norms of communication, identity, and social behavior. With the exponential growth of mobile internet and digital content access across socio-economic groups, the separation of representation in the digital world from real life, particularly among youth, is diminishing. One of the most alarming implications of living in a media-saturated world is the rise of new behavioral constructs where violence and the modeling of anti-social behavior, just like it is represented in media content, is normalized and imitative.In a culture where current cinema, entertainment, and stories are often dominated by narratives of retributive justice, super hyper-masculine heroes, and extrajudicial actions, the moral development of adolescents and young peoples' minds is in danger of becoming distorted and skewed. When repeated exposure occurs in stylized displays of violence in media, we must seriously consider the psychosocial implications of this content with juvenile audiences as it threatens to be internalized morally or socially with little to no consequence. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine and critically analyze the relationship between media violence and patterns of juvenile delinquency in India, with a focus on the psychosocial and psychological processes adolescents use to imitate criminal behavior.

Structural Determinants of Juvenile Violent Crime in India: An Integrated Socioeconomic and Familial Analysis AbstractThis paper provides a critical, interdisciplinary study of the structural causes of juvenile violent crime in India, demonstrating how socioeconomic deprivation, educational inequity, and family disintegration intersect to foster juvenile violence. While this study draws upon various empirical data, qualitative case studies, and criminological and social development theories, it will argue that juvenile violence is not simply a manifestation of individual deviance, rather it is a reflection of systemic inequities embedded in India's socio-economic landscape.This structural study revealed three key causative nexuses: (1) the negative correlation between education and juvenile institutionalization, (2) the mediating effect of dysfunctional family context for the development of youth deviance and social distancing, and (3) the imperative for community, accessible and culturally appropriate interventions to counter risk factors. The study concludes by offering integrated policy recommendations related to education, family rehabilitation, and community-based restorative justice frameworks. I. IntroductionIndia faces a real ethical, legal, and social dilemma with respect to rates of juvenile violent crime. India’s Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, is framed within a rationale of rehabilitation and not criminalization, empirical exploration of systemic antecedents for juvenile criminality remains scant.This paper asserts that any analysis of juvenile violence in India must take a structural criminological approach that examines poverty, educational inequity, family instability, and loose or problematic communities. These various phenomena cannot be deemed isolated deviations, but should be conceptualized as part of the larger, ecosystem of marginalization and abandonment.By viewing juvenile violence as highly-coherent in terms of its roots in socioeconomic structures and trans-generational socialization, this study attempts to shift the frame of violation from an individual responsibility to structural/holistic responsibility and interventions. II. Structural Socioeconomic Contributors to DelinquencyA. Poverty as Structural ViolenceFor many Indians today, poverty is not simply understood as income deprivation. It is understood as structural violence, systematically undermining the capabilities necessary for a decent human life. Children growing up in poverty may be chronically under-nourished, deprived of health care, in poor housing, and psychologically stressed, all of which will affect their cognitive development and the ability to cope emotionally (Gupta, 2018).Generally speaking, the informal economy—or criminal economy—entangles people living in slums like Dharavi and rural poor communities in precarious ways. Informal economies are commonplace where deviant behavior is normalised, and maintaining the capability to act violently is important, as an expression of some measure of power or agency, no matter how thin that power may be in the face of structural powerlessness (Mukherjee, 2020).

One of the important problems in probability theory is finding the distribution of the time of the sojourn of a system (a process) within a specified band. With this purpose, in this paper we consider the semi-Markov random processes with negative drift and positive jumps. An integral equation for the Laplace transform of conditional distribution of the time of the system sojourn within a given band is obtained. In this paper residence time of the system is given by the gamma distribution with parameters and resulting in a fractional order integral equation. In the class of gamma distributions, the resulting general integral equation of convolution type is reduced to a fractional order differential equation with constant coefficients. And also, in the presented paper we obtain exact solutions of the fractional differential equation in the form of infinite series.

Sourcing in chemical forensic science refers to the attribution of a sample to a specific source using a characteristic signature. It relies on the identification of chemical attribution signatures (CAS), including chemical markers such as residual synthetic precursors, impurities, reaction by-products and degradation products, or even metabolites. Undertaking CAS for chemical threat agents (CTA) can be used to provide an evidentiary link between the use of a given chemical and its precursor(s) to support forensic investigations. Organophosphorus compounds, a class of nerve agents can be produced by different, more or less complex synthesis routes that can lead to specific CAS. Chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphorus pesticide was selected as model compound. To assess the specificity of impurity markers originated from a chemical synthesis, untargeted fingerprints of crude CPF from different synthesis pathways were analyzed as a first use-case using metabolomics-based trace discovery strategies. Seven different CPF synthesis routes were considered and their crude mixtures were analyzed with a minimal sample preparation. Analyses were performed on a trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) coupled to liquid chromatography (LC) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Chemometrics analyses were conducted with multivariate methods to extract discriminating features (i.e. relevant impurities), annotate and identify them. Then, unknown samples were analyzed in blind conditions without any information of the synthesis pathway employed. The aim is to validate the methodology seeking some discriminating impurities identified in the first section to attribute and classify them according to the synthesis route.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess cognitive impairment in patients with pre-frontal low-grade gliomas (LGG) involving the Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus (SLF). Methodology: The current study documented cognitive impairment using the battery of tests temporarily licensed from The Many Brains Project (TMB) in patients who underwent surgery for pre-frontal low-grade glioma (LGG) with radiological evidence of involvement of the Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus (SLF). Results: Post-operative neuropsychological evaluations in patients with SLF lesions revealed significantly reduced cognitive performance compared to healthy participants. These deficits were evident in tests such as Simple Reaction Time, Visual Patterns, Digit Symbol Substitution, Digit Span, Attention tasks, and the Trail Making Test. Conclusion: Functional domains like attention, working memory, and executive function may be affected in the patients by both the tumor and neurosurgical intervention. Based on these results, we recommend using Reaction Time, Digit Substitution Test (DST), Multiple Object Tracking (MOT), and Trail Making Test (TMT) as practical cognitive evaluation tools, complementing traditional Intraoperative Neurophysiological techniques. Significance: Cognitive assessment is crucial in LGG patients, particularly when SLF is affected, to monitor deficits in attention, working memory, and executive function.

This study investigates eutrophication in Kraków’s urban freshwater bodies by analysing chlorophyll-a concentrations, which indicate phytoplankton biomass. We measured chlorophyll-a using fluorescence in four lakes: Staw Płaszowski, Zalew Nowohucki, the pond in Park Lotników, and Staw Dąbski and applied the Trophic State Index (TSI) to evaluate their eutrophication levels. Staw Płaszowski showed stable, low chlorophyll-a levels, suggesting resistance to significant phytoplankton blooms. In contrast, Zalew Nowohucki exhibited notable chlorophyll fluctuations and peaks, indicating variable conditions and nutrient inputs. The pond in Park Lotników and Staw Dąbski also displayed variability with rapid chlorophyll peaks, indicating increased susceptibility to eutrophication. Cyanobacteria content varied, with Zalew Nowohucki showing the highest variability and the pond in Park Lotników having a high proportion of cyanobacteria, likely due to its early stage of development. No cyanobacterial blooms reached critical levels. TSI classifications were: Staw Płaszowski as mesotrophic, Zalew Nowohucki as eutrophic, and the pond in Park Lotników as mesotrophic. Staw Dąbski showed seasonal fluctuations between mesotrophic and eutrophic states. Effective management requires a comprehensive approach, integrating multiple environmental factors and extensive sampling. Future research should focus on long-term monitoring and broader watershed considerations, including urban lakes, for effective eutrophication management.

Severe wind events caused by mesoscale convective systems (MCS) can lead to dangerous weather conditions, including lightning, severe wind gusts, and heavy rainfall. Understanding the connection between atmospheric phenomena and weather intensity is crucial to improve forecasting accuracy. This study investigates the relationship between lightning activities, radar reflectivity, and severe wind gust events in Johor Bahru, on the 30th of November 2022. The relationship between lightning activities and severe wind gusts has not been extensively studied, particularly in tropical regions like Johor Bahru, where weather events cause disruptions and economic losses. Data on severe wind gusts, radar reflectivity, satellite imagery, and lightning were used to map the damage path caused by the events. Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) software was employed to spatially visualize the areas impacted by the events. A total of 512 lightning flashes were recorded between 15:16 and 18:10 UTC, consisting of 76% negative CG flashes, 22% cloud flashes, and 2% positive CG flashes. The main event occurred from 15:30 to 17:30 UTC. The event was categorized into three phases: initial, mature, and dissipating. The mature phase exhibited the most intense convective activity, with 478 lightning flashes and radar reflectivity ranging from 35 to 59 dBZ. During the peak intensity of the mature phase, 88 IC flashes were recorded, representing 17% of total flashes. The alignment of increased IC flash activity with peak radar reflectivity highlights the potential of IC flashes as a reliable indicator of convective strength and a valuable tool for severe weather forecasting.

Note: nanowires have a structure that   has an amazing length-to-width ratio .  Nanowires are very thin - it is possible to create nanowires with a diameter of only one nanometer,  nanowires are used to create the smallest transistor(s). Nano wire can  have insulation, semiconductor or metal properties.  Insulators do not carry electric charges, while metals have very good electric charges.  Semiconductors lie between the two and are charged under the right conditions.   By placing semiconductor wires in the right configuration, transistors can be made that either  act as switches  or  amplifiers  . Some of the interesting and anti-flexible properties of nanowires are due to their small scale. 

Note : Nanowires ( NWS) alone cannot control the movement of electrons, so impurities must be added in a process called doping, typically with boron, phosphorus, selenium, or germanium. When the nanowire is doped, the electron movement can be converted,  allowing the electron flow to be turned on or   off  (stopping the electron flow), using the interlayer voltage of the nanowires (NWs   )   .  turns off Nanowires are another nanostructure thathas received many studies and researches. In general, the wire is said to be a structure that is extended in one direction (longitudinal direction) and is very limited in the other two directions. A basic feature of these structures that have two outputs is electrical conductivity. By applying the electric potential difference at the two ends of these structures and along their length, electric charge transfer occurs.

For absolute value terms related to yaw velocity generated by cross-flow effect and the unmodeled factors, a nonlinear parameter-varying (NPV) model is established with absolute value disturbances to regulate the heading of unmanned surface vehicle (USV) by state feedback (SF) control with a NPV disturbance observer (NPVDO). Firstly, the model of NPVDO is designed with gains to estimate the non-differentiable absolute disturbance. Secondly, a Lyapunov function is constructed with full states and varying parameter to solve the gains with NPVDO stability conditions by Euler homogeneity. Thirdly, since the NPVDO stability conditions contain the coupling term between the observer gain and the Lyapunov matrix, it is decoupled into NPVDO-sum of squares (SOS) conditions by the projection theorem and matrix transformation to solve NPVDO gains. Finally, a robust SF with NPVDO is designed for heading regulation with NPV model. Simulations and experiments indicate that NPVDO has a superior performance on parameter variation suppression and nonlinear non-differentiable disturbance estimation by comparing with other methods to reduce heading errors.

Controlling the nanostructure of conducting polymers (CPs) is essential for enhancing their performance in energy storage applications. Existing CPs often suffer from low effective pseudocapacitance due to poor ion permeability. In this study, we introduce a novel approach using hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) to synthesize porous poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). By leveraging the flexible hydrogen-bonding interactions, we incorporated 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) into HOF-16. Following in situ polymerization of EDOT, the HOF-16 was removed to form a porous, interconnected network of PEDOT. Electrochemical evaluations demonstrated that the porous PEDOT exhibited significantly enhanced performance, including high specific capacitance, excellent rate capability, and ~95% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. Compared to PEDOT without HOF, the porous PEDOT showed a 34% increase in specific capacitance and a 10% improvement in 10,000-cycle capacitance retention. This work highlights the potential of HOF-enabled synthesis in creating high-performance conducting polymers, offering a new avenue to improve supercapacitor performance, particularly in terms of capacitance and stability.

A document by Kamal Acharya. Click on the document to view its contents.

Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.

A musical instrument store is a web based application where users can view various musical instruments along with their description. The project provides user with a flexible and attractive GUI and shows him a list of products and carry out all the shopping activities online. This project is developed for users to have a brief look at the instruments without actually visiting the store. The website displays different kinds of instruments of different brands so that user can easily get their expected instrument. Users can explore instruments available and add it to their cart. Once the user is done with products selection, the system calculates the overall cost of the products bought and generates online bill for the user. User can even make payment online using credit card system. Having paid the bill online the user receives an email notification on his registered email id that provides a bill receipt of the instruments bought. The system also has an admin account that shows when visitors visited the site, which instruments they bought, their bill amount and when they logged out.

Models designed for artificial language understanding increasingly require robust memory retention mechanisms to maintain coherence and relevance across extended interactions. Introducing Dynamic Semantic Memory Retention (DSMR) provides a breakthrough in autonomous memory management, enabling hierarchical and context-driven memory recall that operates independently of user-prompt dependency. DSMR establishes a layered memory structure that supports the recall of semantically relevant information, reinforcing response coherence across both short-and long-term contexts. Through quantitative and qualitative analyses, DSMR consistently demonstrated higher retrieval accuracy, memory stability, and latency efficiency in contrast to standard configurations, proving effective in reducing error rates and enhancing contextual consistency across diverse scenarios. Additionally, DSMR's structured approach to memory retention and node prioritization offers scalability, positioning it as a foundational model for advanced memory functions within future interactive systems. Overall, the findings demonstrate DSMR's capacity to elevate language model performance by fostering a durable, autonomous memory framework suited for applications where long-term memory recall is critical.

The proliferation of ransomware as a prominent cyber threat has necessitated advancements in detection methodologies capable of recognizing complex, time-based behavioral patterns indicative of ransomware activities. Temporal Behavior Modeling (TBM) has emerged as a promising framework designed to capture ransomware's unique temporal characteristics, distinguishing it from other forms of malicious software through the analysis of sequential actions that unfold over time. Unlike traditional static or signature-based models, TBM leverages temporal analysis to detect behavioral progressions typical of ransomware, such as encryption timing and access irregularities, allowing for precise threat identification despite code obfuscation or structural alterations. The study introduces an innovative TBM framework, details its architecture, and demonstrates its capability to achieve higher accuracy, reduced false positives, and lower detection latency compared to behavior-based and signature-based models. Extensive experimental results illustrate TBM's robustness under various obfuscation techniques and its scalability across diverse ransomware families, providing insights into its adaptability in real-time cybersecurity environments. The findings emphasize the significance of temporal analysis in ransomware detection, establishing TBM as a foundational approach that strengthens defenses against sophisticated ransomware tactics and offers a scalable solution for ongoing security challenges.

Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of (R,S)-ketamine as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), treatment resistant depression, and co-morbid occurrences of these conditions. The (R) and (S) stereoisomers of ketamine have also demonstrated efficacy in attenuation of stress and depressive symptoms, with (R)-ketamine demonstrating reduced abuse potential and side effects. Although research on (R,S)-ketamine and its metabolites’ efficacy has been promising, less is known about the mechanisms by which these compounds elicit their therapeutic effects. Here, we review the research literature concerning the hypothesized mechanisms of (R,S)-ketamine and its metabolites. The pharmacodynamics of (R,S)-ketamine’s effects on depression involve the dentate gyrus, prefrontal cortex, the CA3 region of the ventral hippocampus (vCA3), dorsal raphe nucleus, and the prelimbic to dorsal raphe nucleus (PL-DRN) circuit. Concerning PTSD, The pharmacodynamics of (R,S)-ketamine include attenuation of the 5-HT dorsal raphe nucleus and activation of the PL-DRN circuit. Additionally, (R,S)-ketamine administration prior to stress exposure is associated with increased metabolism of purine and pyrimidine after stress, as well as potentiation of inhibitory neurotransmitters and dampening of excitatory neurotransmitters, with the exception of glutamic acid. The current evidence suggests that, although brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) expression through activation of tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) is likely necessary for (R,S)-ketamine’s remedial effects, NMDA receptor antagonism may be unrelated to its therapeutic efficacy.

Clogging of gravel-bed rivers is a major issue for fish and macro-invertebrate habitats as well as for groundwater-river exchanges. River clogging consists mainly of the deposition and infiltration of fine sediments within the bed matrix, which is a natural phenomenon but can be enhanced by human activities. Although there are several methods for estimating the degree of clogging, quantitative assessment of clogging remains challenging, not to mention the lack of comparison between these methods. We therefore implemented three quantitative methods for estimating clogging (bed material sampling, infiltration test, and interstitial water sampling), and assessed their effectiveness and suitability for application as a long-term monitoring solution. These methods were applied to a natural river bed characterised by high spatial heterogeneity of clogging. The results show good correlations between the different methods despite some scatter that can be linked to limitations of some methodologies in term of sampling itself or sampling depth. Indeed, sampling of the bed material using a McNeil sampler is limited to the first 15 cm below the surface, whereas the infiltration test or interstitial water pumping using a standpipe can be achieved for a depth deeper than 15 cm only. The infiltration test appears to be effective for relatively low clogging, while interstitial water sampling is more efficient for high clogging. The results also show that dissolved oxygen estimation alone may not be sufficient to accurately estimate physical clogging, particularly for cases of low clogging. However, it appears to be a good and simple complementary method to the interstitial water-sediment pumping method. The infiltration test and interstitial water-sediment sampling are simple, quick and easy to apply methods. The two methods are complementary, and suitable for a spatial clogging assessment, with the possibility of investigating a wide range of clogging degrees.

MetaStore reviews recent progress in metamaterials for energy storage, highlighting their potential to revolutionize electrochemical, thermal, and mechanical energy storage systems. This review covers design principles, material selection, and applications of metamaterials in supercapacitors, batteries, thermal energy harvesting, and mechanical energy storage. We discuss advantages, challenges, and future directions, providing a comprehensive overview for researchers and engineers.

Background: Distal splint bone fractures, common in racing Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds, are often complicated by secondary suspensory ligament branch (SLB) desmitis. These combined injuries are known to impair post-operative performance, but contemporary data on prognosis is limited. Objective: To evaluate the post-operative performance of horses following distal splint bone fracture ostectomy with concurrent SLB desmitis. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study Methods: Clinical, demographic, and racing data were retrospectively analyzed. Horses with a splint bone fracture and concurrent SLB desmitis underwent standing ostectomy and were followed for 24 months. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis assessed the time to return to racing. Pre- and post-operative performance was compared within the surgery group and against age-, sex-, and breed-matched controls using mixed-effects models. The effects of SLB lesion grade and adjunctive platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy were also analyzed. Results: Eleven horses (mean age 9 ± 1.6 years) with fractures of the distal 1/3 of the splint bone and concurrent SLB desmitis were included. The mean time to return to racing was 8.5 months (95% CI: 7.5–9.5). 64% (7/11) of horses raced at least three times post-operatively. Surgery group horses raced significantly more than controls over 24 months (mean difference: 2.2 ± 0.4; p < 0.0001). No difference was found between pre- and post-operative performance within the surgery group (p > 0.05). Horses with grade 1 SLB lesions raced more than those with grade 2 or 3 lesions (p < 0.0001) and controls (p = 0.0008). Age and PRP treatment had no significant effect. Main limitations: Relatively small surgery population size (n = 11) and lack of conservatively treated group for comparison Conclusion: Distal splint bone ostectomy with concurrent SLB desmitis had a favorable prognosis in cases of less severe SLB lesions.

Background Lameness is known to be the primary cause of athletic poor performance in horses. Back pain had a significant prevalence in equine athletes and are a common complaint during chiropractic evaluations. According to chiropractic theory, spinal articular dysfunction disrupts normal neural function that may lead to pain or poor performance. Objectives To analyse data collected by a retrospective study on Brazilian show jumping horses evaluated by a veterinary chiropractor for the presence of vertebral subluxation complexes (VSC), a spinal articular dysfunction. Study Design Retrospective analysis. Methods A total of 492 show jumping horses, from beginners to high-performance levels, were included in this retrospective analysis from 3 years of examinations. Their age varied from 4 to 19 years. The exam was performed by a veterinary doctor (DVM) and certified member of the International Veterinary Chiropractic Association (IVCA). Each horse had 30 spinal segments evaluated for the presence of dysfunctional articulations. Age and training level were also considered for analysis. Results Each horse had on average 11.9 (±3.5) VSC along their vertebral column. The minimal number of dysfunctional segments observed per patient was 2 (6.6% of spine segments) and the maximum was 23 (76.6% of spine). No animals in this study (0/492) were free of VSC, and (89.8%) presented segmental dysfunction in all 3 spinal regions. This study found the most affected vertebrae were L3, L2, L4, C1 and T7, respectively. Main limitations Lack of data on subsequent athlete performance after manipulation of VSC. Conclusions Jumping horses showed a high prevalence of VSC, especially in spinal joints with limited ranges of motion or those subjected to excessive loads, such as the lumbar spine, thoracic sling area, and atlanto-occipital joint. Practically, no equine athlete is free of spinal articular dysfunction.