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The Microbiome of Pediatric and Young Adult Cancer Survivors and Metabolic Syndrome
seth rotz
Naseer Sangwan

seth rotz

and 7 more

October 26, 2020
Background Metabolic syndrome and obesity occur commonly in long-term pediatric cancer survivors and exacerbate other chronic conditions. The intestinal microbiome is associated with metabolic syndrome and obesity in the general population, and is perturbed during cancer therapy. We aimed to determine if long-term survivors of pediatric cancer would have reduced bacterial microbiome diversity, and if these findings would be associated with components of the metabolic syndrome, obesity, and chronic inflammation. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study examining the intestinal microbiome, clinical factors, and biomarkers between 35 long-term survivors and 32 age, sex, and race matched controls. All subjects were ages 10-40, and survivors were at least five years from the time of diagnosis. Results Survivors had decreased alpha diversity compared to controls (Shannon index p=0.001, Simpson index p=0.032) and differently abundant bacterial taxa. Further, among survivors, those who received radiation to the central nervous system or abdomen/pelvis had decreased alpha diversity compared to those that did not receive radiation (Shannon and Simpson p<0.05 for both). Although, no specific component of metabolic syndrome or cytokine was associated with measures of alpha diversity, survivors with low adiponectin-lectin ratio, elevated body mass index, and elevated C-Reactive protein had differently abundant taxa compared to those with normal measures. Conclusions The microbiome of cancer survivors remains less diverse than controls even many years after diagnosis, and exposure to radiation may lead to further loss of diversity in survivors. The microbiome may be associated with metabolic syndrome and chronic inflammation in survivors.
New understanding of TFEB and autophagy in the development of endometriosis:review
qiuyu chen
yu zhao

qiuyu chen

and 6 more

October 26, 2020
Endometriosis is a benign gynecologic disease, but it is similar in behavior to malignant tumors, so it is called “benign gynecologic cancer”. At present, its pathogenesis is not fully understand. Autophagy has been the focus of recent research on various diseases, which has also been shown to have regulatory abnormalities in endometriosis. TFEB is a key regulator of autophagy. The upstream signal molecules and downstream effector proteins of TFEB have abnormal expression in endometriosis. So TFEB may be an effective target for controlling the development of endometriosis. This review aims to discuss the relationship between TFEB and endometriosis.
Predictors of Phylogeographic Structure among co-distributed taxa across the complex...
Jessica Fenker
Leonardo G. Tedeschi

Jessica Fenker

and 3 more

October 26, 2020
Differences in the geographic scale and depth of phylogeographic structure across co-distributed taxa can reveal how microevolutionary processes such as population isolation and persistence drive diversification. In turn, environmental heterogeneity, species’ traits and historical biogeographic barriers may influence the potential for isolation and persistence. Using extensive SNP data and a combination of population genetic summary statistics and landscape genomic analyses, we explore predictors of the scale and depth of phylogeographic structure in co-distributed lizard taxa from the topographically and climatically complex monsoonal tropics (AMT) of Australia. We first resolve intraspecific lineages and then test whether genetic divergence across space within lineages is related to isolation by distance, resistance and/or environment, and whether these factors differ across genera or between rock-related versus habitat generalist taxa. We then test whether microevolutionary processes within lineages explain differences in the geographic scale and depth of intraspecific phylogeographic lineages. Results indicate that landscape predictors of phylogeographic structure differ between taxa. Within lineages, there was prevalent isolation by distance, but the strength of isolation by distance is independent of the taxonomic family, habitat specialization and climate. Isolation by environment is the strongest predictor of landscape-scale genetic divergence for all taxa, with both temperature and precipitation acting as limiting factors. The strength of isolation by distance does not predict the geographic scale of phylogeographic structure. However localized lineages had higher mean individual heterozygosity and less negative Tajima’s D. This implies that finer-scale phylogeographic structuring within species is associated with larger and more stable populations and, hence, persistence.
Pulmonary Manifestations of Immune Dysregulation in CTLA-4 Haploinsufficiency and LRB...
Katie Krone
Abbey Winant

Katie Krone

and 9 more

October 26, 2020
Objective: The primary immunodeficiency syndromes of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) haploinsufficiency and lipopolysaccharide-responsive and beige-like anchor protein (LRBA) deficiency present with multisystem immune dysregulation. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the pulmonary manifestations of these two diseases. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the pulmonary clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic characteristics of 6 patients with CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency and 4 patients with LRBA deficiency with pulmonary involvement followed at a large tertiary care center. Results: Chronic respiratory symptoms were more frequent in patients with LRBA deficiency versus CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency (4/4 versus 1/6). Cough was the most common respiratory symptom. Abnormalities in pulmonary exam and pulmonary function testing were more frequent in LRBA deficiency (4/4, 2/4) compared to CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency (1/6, 2/6). Chest CT findings included mediastinal lymphadenopathy (4/4 in LRBA deficiency versus 1/4 in CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency), pulmonary nodules (4/4, 3/4), ground-glass opacification (4/4, 3/4), and bronchiectasis (3/4, 1/4). Lymphocytic inflammation, concentrated bronchovasculocentrically and paraseptally, was observed in all patients who had lung biopsies (N=3 with LRBA deficiency; N=3 with CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency). Granulomas were seen in all patients with CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency and in no patients with LRBA deficiency. Conclusion: Despite phenotypic overlap amongst these diseases, LRBA deficiency demonstrated greater severity of pulmonary disease, indicated by respiratory symptoms, pulmonary exam, and intrathoracic radiologic findings. Lymphocytic inflammation is a key histologic feature of both of these disorders. Pediatric pulmonologists should suspect these disorders in the appropriate clinical, radiological, and pathological context to better diagnose and treat these patients.
Respiratory outcomes in the first ten years-of-life in children with gastroschisis: a...
Osamuyi Asemota
Gabrielle  Derraugh

Osamuyi Asemota

and 6 more

October 26, 2020
Background Little attention has been given to the long-term respiratory outcomes of children with gastroschisis. The purpose of this study was to determine if gastroschisis survivors have more respiratory illnesses in their first 10 years-of-life compared to age-matched controls. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of all gastroschisis children born in Manitoba between 1991-2017. Gastroschisis cases were identified from a clinical database, and a date-of-birth matched control cohort was constructed from a population-based data repository. International Classification of Disease codes were used to compare the risk and frequency of respiratory diagnoses for children with gastroschisis to date-of-birth matched controls from 0-5 years-of-age and 5-10 years-of-age. Results The 0-5 years-of-age analysis included 117 gastroschisis cases and 1205 date-of-birth matched controls; children with gastroschisis had a higher risk of asthma (RR=1.46, 95%CI:1.03,2.55, p=0.029), acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis (RR=1.61, 95%CI:1.27,2.03, p<0.001), pneumonia (RR=1.99, 95%CI:1.45,2.72, p<0.001), viral pneumonia (RR=5.15, 95%CI:1.79,14.81, p=0.007), and pneumonia due to unspecified organism (RR=2.06, 95%CI:1.45,2.92, p<0.001). Gastroschisis children 0-5 years-of-age were also diagnosed more frequently with bronchitis/bronchiolitis (RR=2.14, 95%CI:1.79,2.57, p<0.001) and viral pneumonia (RR=8.10, 95%CI:3.79,17.31, p<0.001). The 5-10 years-of-age analysis included 73 cases and 738 controls; no difference in the risk of respiratory illness was found for gastroschisis cases and controls in this age group. However, gastroschisis cases were more frequently diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia (RR=3.03, 95%CI:1.67,5.51, p<0.001) and influenza (RR=3.03, 95%CI:1.67,5.51, p<0.001). Conclusion Our study shows that children with gastroschisis have an increased risk of asthma and respiratory infections compared to children without gastroschisis, especially in the first 5 years-of-life.
Virologic Characteristics of Cases of COVID-19 in Northern Vietnam, January -- May, 2...
Hang Nguyen
Son Nguyen

Hang Nguyen

and 9 more

October 26, 2020
Background: Vietnam confirmed its first case of SARS-CoV-2 infection on January 23, 2020 among travelers from Wuhan, China and experienced several clusters of community transmission until September. Vietnam implemented an aggressive testing, isolation, contact tracing, and quarantine strategy in response to all laboratory-confirmed cases. We report the results of SARS-CoV-2 testing during the first half of 2020 in northern Vietnam. Methods: From January through May, 2020, 15,650 upper respiratory specimens were collected from 14,470 suspected cases and contacts in northern Vietnam. All were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time RT-PCR. Individuals with positive specimens were tested every 3 days until negative twice. Positive specimens from 81 individuals were cultured. Results: Among 14,470 tested individuals, 158 (1.1%) cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection were confirmed; 89 were imported and 69 were associated with community transmission. Most patients (122, 77%) became negative after two tests, with 11 and 4 still testing positive when sampled a fourth and fifth time, respectively. Among 81 specimens with Ct values <30, SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from 29 (36%). Seven patients testing positive again after testing negative had Ct values >30 and negative culture. Conclusion: Early and widespread testing for SARS-CoV-2 in northern Vietnam identified very few cases which, when combined with other aggressive strategies, may have dramatically contained the epidemic. We observed rapid viral clearance and very few positive results following clearance. Large scale molecular diagnostic testing is a critical part of early detection and containment of COVID-19 in Vietnam and will remain necessary until a vaccine is widely implemented.
Association of serum albumin levels with inflammation and clinical outcomes in childr...
Moises Rodriguez-Gonzalez
Patricia Rodríguez-Campoy

Moisés Rodríguez-González

and 4 more

October 26, 2020
Objective: To evaluate if hypoalbuminemia on admission predict disease severity in children with acute bronchiolitis (AB). Working hypothesis: Hypoalbuminemia is associated with worse outcome in infants with AB. Study design: Single-centre prospective cohort study. Patient-subject selection: Infants aged <12 month-old with AB. Methodology: Serum albumin levels were determined within the first 24 hours upon inclusion. The primary outcome was the need of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission. Results: We enrolled 90 cases of AB. Serum albumin was independently associated with C-Reactive protein levels (CRP) (rs=-0,28; p=0.002). Fourteen (15.5%) cases required PICU admission. They presented lower serum albumin levels (3.7 (0.11) vs 4 (0.5) g/dl; p=0.034) regarding those patients without severe illness. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, hypoalbuminemia was independently associated with a higher risk of severe illness (adjusted Odds Ratio 4.1 (1.2-85); p=0.032). The area under the ROC curve for serum albumin to predict adverse outcome was 0.70 (95% Confidence interval of 0.59-0.79). A cut-off point of 3.5 g/dl presented a sensitivity of 0.71, specificity of 0.68, positive predictive value of 0.29, and negative predictive value of 0.92. Conclusion: Low serum albumin levels at admission are significantly associated with higher PICU admission rates in infants with AB. The inflammatory response could play a key role in the occurrence of hypoalbuminemia in AB.
Hyperinflation is Associated with Increased Respiratory Rate and is a More Sensitive...
Heather Muston
James Slaven

Heather Muston

and 7 more

October 26, 2020
ABSTRACT Background: The goal of this study was to identify clinical features associated with abnormal infant pulmonary function tests (iPFTs), specifically functional residual capacity (FRC), in infants with cystic fibrosis (CF) diagnosed via newborn screen (NBS). We hypothesized that poor nutritional status in the first 6-12 months would be associated with increased FRC at 12-24 months. Methods: This study utilized a combination of retrospectively and prospectively collected data from ongoing research studies and iPFTs performed for clinical indications. Demographic and clinical features were obtained from the electronic medical record. Forced expiratory flows and volumes were obtained using the raised volume rapid thoracoabdominal technique (RVRTC) and FRC was measured via plethysmography. Results: A total of 45 CF NBS infants had iPFTs performed between 12-24 months. Mean forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 0.5 second, and forced expiratory flows were all within normal limits. In contrast, the mean FRC z-score was 2.18 (95%CI=1.48, 2.88) and the mean respiratory rate (RR) z-score was 1.42 (95%CI=0.95, 1.89). There was no significant association between poor nutritional status and abnormal lung function. However, there was a significant association between higher RR and increased FRC, and a RR cutoff of 36 breaths/min resulted in 92% sensitivity to detect hyperinflation with 32% specificity. Conclusions: These results suggest that FRC is a more sensitive measure of early CF lung disease than RVRTC measurements and that RR may be a simple, non-invasive clinical marker to identify CF NBS infants with hyperinflation.
Decompression sickness and echocardiography: a case of echo bubble contrast accumulat...
Allam Harfoush
Mohammad Ramadan

Allam Harfoush

and 2 more

October 26, 2020
Decompression sickness (DCS) refers to a disorder that is caused by rapid decrease of environmental pressure. Clinical manifestations are due to formation of free bubble gas as consequences of suddenly reduced ambient pressure in the various body tissues
Treatment of Liver Disease using Secondary Metabolites of Azadirachta indica by Molec...
Divya Singh
Noopur Khare

Divya Singh

and 1 more

October 26, 2020
Transthyretin acts as a best protein target for which the medication could be intended as an inhibitor to treat the disease. Various flavonoids and alkaloids were retrieved from Azadirachta indica plant as an agent to bind the pockets of the protein. In order to investigate the binding patterns of flavanoids and alkaloids against Transthyretin (PDB ID: 1ICT) and to use simulations of molecular docking and molecular dynamics, the current in- silico research was performed. The molecular docking result indicates that Quercetin (CID: 5280343) binds to the region of active Transthyretin. pkCSM and molinspiration were used to analyse all of the candidate’s properties. For the molecular dynamic simulation studies the best compound Quercetin has been chosen. The Molecular Dynamics Simulations analysis showed that 3000 ps of Transthyretin and Transthyretin-Quercetin complex were stable. Finally, the in silico research predicts that Quercetin may serve as a good inhibitor for the treatment of the disease and that its therapeutic potential may be demonstrated by further in vitro and in vivo studies.
Effects of grassland converted to cropland on soil microbial biomass and community fr...
shiming tang
shucheng li

shiming tang

and 4 more

October 26, 2020
Grassland converted to cropland affected soil physical and chemical properties and soil microbes. However, these parameters were often studied separately and their combined responses to grassland reclaim remain unclear. To evaluate the impacts of grassland cultivation on soil microbial communities (based on phospholipid fatty acids, PLFAs) and the links between soil microbes and physicochemical properties, we performed a paired field experiment following the conversion from native grasslands to 30-60 year-old cropland in the agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China. The concentrations of soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (STN) and the soil microbial biomass consistently decreased with grassland conversion to cropland. Grassland conversion also significantly decreased the relative abundance of bacterial and fungal PLFAs and the fungal to bacterial ratio (F:B) at 0-10cm soil layer, but those parameters remained unchanged below 10cm soil layers. Grassland conversion affected the microbial biomass mainly through soil C and N content rather than soil pH, moisture and aggregation. These findings revealed that cultivation-induced soil nutrient loss may enhance soil microbe depletion and affect microbial community assembly (shifts in fungi, AMF, Act, GP, and GN bacteria). This implies that conversion of grassland to cropland should be avoided because of the risk of degradation of soil nutrient and microbes.
A fairer way to compare researchers at any career stage and in any discipline using o...
Corey Bradshaw

Corey J. A. Bradshaw

and 7 more

October 26, 2020
AbstractThe pursuit of simple, yet fair, unbiased, and objective measures of researcher performance has occupied bibliometricians and the research community as a whole for decades. However, despite the diversity of available metrics, most are either complex to calculate or not readily applied in the most common assessment exercises (e.g., grant assessment, job applications). The ubiquity of metrics like the h-index (h papers with at least h citations) and its time-corrected variant, the m-quotient (h-index ÷ number of years publishing) therefore reflect the ease of use rather than their capacity to differentiate researchers fairly among disciplines, career stage, or gender. We address this problem here by defining an easily calculated index based on publicly available citation data (Google Scholar) that corrects for most biases and allows assessors to compare researchers at any stage of their career and from any discipline on the same scale. Our ε′-index violates fewer statistical assumptions relative to other metrics when comparing groups of researchers, and can be easily modified to remove inherent gender biases in citation data. We demonstrate the utility of the ε′-index using a sample of 480 researchers with Google Scholar profiles, stratified evenly into eight disciplines (archaeology, chemistry, ecology, evolution and development, geology, microbiology, ophthalmology, palaeontology), three career stages (early, mid-, late-career), and two genders. We advocate the use of theε′-index whenever assessors must compare research performance among researchers of different backgrounds, but emphasise that no single index should be used exclusively to rank researcher capability.
BI DIGITAL PORTFOLIO FOR VARIOUS STORE FRONTS
Farhana Sethi

Farhana Sethi

October 26, 2020
BI Portfolio central cataloging helps business users to understand what BI Assets an organization has, where it is located and what stories it tells. It helps to prioritize work and resources. BI portfolio provides a central place where all business intelligence assets are cataloged. It offers over 3000 BI Assets, each BI Asset is align with one or more Storefront mapped with various Categories, tags and Key processes.
Low dispersal and recurrent polyploidization in a grass maintain photosynthetic diver...
Jill Olofsson
Emma Curran

Jill Olofsson

and 13 more

October 25, 2020
Geographical isolation facilitates the emergence of distinct phenotypes within a single species, but reproductive barriers or selection is needed to maintain the polymorphism after secondary contact. Here, we explore the processes that maintain intraspecific variation of C4 photosynthesis, a complex trait that results from the combined action of multiple genes. The grass Alloteropsis semialata includes C4 and non-C4 populations, which have co-existed for more than one million years in the miombo woodlands of Africa. Using population genomics, we show that there is genome-wide divergence for the photosynthetic types, but the current distribution is not a result of a simple habitat displacement scenario as the genetic clusters overlap in ecology and geography, being occasionally mixed within a given habitat. We find evidence of introgression between photosynthetic types, but hybrids are rare and no clear hybrid zone is formed. Selection against hybrids likely limits gene flow and differentiation is accentuated in multiple parts of the genome pointing to selection on numerous genes. Coupled with strong isolation by distance within each genetic group, this selection created a geographical mosaic of photosynthetic types, which was further reinforced by recurrent polyploidization. Together, these factors enabled the persistence of divergent physiological traits of ecological importance within a single species despite gene flow and habitat overlap.
Genomic balancing selection is key to the invasive success of the fall armyworm
Sudeeptha  Yainna
Wee Tek Tay

Sudeeptha Yainna

and 20 more

October 25, 2020
A successful biological invasion involves survival in a newly occupied environment. If a population bottleneck occurs during an invasion, the resulting depletion of genetic variants could increase inbreeding depression and decreased adaptive potential, potentially resulting in the extinction. How invasive populations survive and thrive in a newly occupied environment and how, in many cases, they maintain moderate levels of heterozygosity are still contentious issues. The pest Fall armyworm (FAW; Lepidoptera: Spodoptera frugiperda) is native to the Western hemisphere. Its invasion in the Eastern hemisphere was first reported from West Africa in early 2016, and in less than four years, it swept sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, finally reaching Australia. In this study, we used population genomics approaches to investigate the factors explaining the invasive success of the FAW. We observe a drastic loss of mitochondrial polymorphisms in invasive populations, whereas nuclear heterozygosity exhibits a mild reduction. The population from Benin in West Africa has the lowest length of linkage disequilibrium amongst all invasive and native populations despite its reduced population size. This result supports that balancing selection increased heterozygosity by facilitating the admixture of invasive populations from distinct origins and that, once heterozygosity was sufficiently high, the FAW started spreading globally in the Eastern hemisphere. As comparable heterozygosity levels between invasive and native populations are commonly observed, we postulate that heterozygosity restoration through balancing selection could be widespread among successful cases of biological invasions.
KAPPA OPIOID RECEPTOR BLOCKADE IN NAc SHELL PREVENTS SEX-DEPENDENT ALCOHOL RELAPSE-LI...
Jesús Lorente
Javier Cuitavi

Jesús Lorente

and 5 more

October 25, 2020
Background and Purpose Pain-induced negative affect reduces life quality of patients by increasing psychiatric comorbidities, including alcohol use disorders (AUD). Indeed, clinical data suggest pain as a risk factor to suffer AUD, predicting relapse drinking in abstinent patients. Here, we analyse the impact of pain on alcohol relapse and the role of kappa opioid receptors (KOR) activation in mediating this pain-induced effects since KOR play an important role in pain-driven negative affect and AUD. Experimental approach Female and male Sprague Dawley rats underwent to two alcohol intermittent access periods separated by a forced abstinence period. The complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) model of inflammatory pain was introduced during abstinence and alcohol intake after alcohol reintroduction was assessed. Additionally, we used behavioural approaches to measure stress and memory impairment and biochemical assays to measure KOR expression in abstinence and reintroduction periods. Finally, KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine (norBNI) was administered in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS) during abstinence to prevent pain-induced alcohol relapse-like phenomenon in CFA-female rats. Key results Only female CFA-treated rats increased alcohol intake during reintroduction period. Concomitantly, this group showed enhanced stress-like behaviour and increased KOR expression in the NAcS that was developed during abstinence and remained during reintroduction period. Finally, norBNI administered in the NAcS prevented pain-induced alcohol relapse-like behaviour in female rats. Conclusions and implications Our data evidenced that inflammatory pain constitutes a risk factor to relapse only in female rats, by the arise and maintenance of stress probably mediated by kappa opioid receptor (KOR) signaling in the NAcS.
Evaluation of Inflammatory and Hematological Parameters in Patients Diagnosed with CO...
Cigdem Mermutluoglu
Recep Dursun

Çiğdem Mermutluoğlu

and 8 more

October 26, 2020
Background: COVID-19, as a contagious infectious disease, can affect many systems and cause changes in inflammatory and hematological parameters. This study aims to research the effects of hematological and inflammatory parameters on prognosis of the disease and the duration of hospitalization. Methods: 186 patients aged 15-92 with positive COVID-19 PCR test results and a control group consisting of 187 healthy individuals with similar characteristics in terms of age and gender are included in the study. Age, gender, hematological variables, and inflammatory parameters of the patients on the 1st and 5th days of hospitalization were recorded retrospectively. Results: The mean age of the patient’s group was 47.0 ± 18.4 years and 54.3% were male. WBC, lymphocyte count, and platelet count were statistically lower in the patient group compared to the control group, while MPV, NLR, and PLR levels were higher. On the 5th day of the patient follow-up compared to admission day, it was observed that the neutrophil count and MPV level were lower; However, the platelet count and ferritin level were statistically higher. While there was a significantly positive correlation between the duration of hospitalization and the 5th day D-dimer (r = 0546, p < 0.001) and ferritin (r = 0.568, p < 0.001); there was a negative correlation between the duration of hospitalization and admission day lymphocyte count (r = 0.256, p = 0.006) and the 5th day lymphocyte count (r = 0.325, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Increased levels of ferritin and D-dimer and decreased count of lymphocyte are among important factors affecting the duration of hospitalization for COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, we think that neutrophil count and MPV levels are low and platelet count and ferritin levels are high during the course of the disease, so these parameters can be used as prognostic indicators of the disease.
Laparoscopic Surgical Approach for the Treatment of Pelvic Piriformis Syndrome
Ahmet Kale
Gulfem Basol

Ahmet Kale

and 7 more

October 26, 2020
A document by Ahmet Kale. Click on the document to view its contents.
Comparison of Long-Term Renal Functions after Partial versus Radical Nephrectomy In a...
Volkan Izol
Fatih Gokalp

Volkan Izol

and 10 more

October 26, 2020
Abstract Purpose: To compare the functional outcomes of patients who underwent partial (PN) or radical nephrectomy (RN) for clinical T1 (cT1) renal tumors using the Kidney Cancer Database of the Urooncology Association, Turkey. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1004 patients who underwent PN and RN for cT1 renal tumors at multiple academic tertiary centers between 2000 and 2018. Patients with preoperative end-stage chronic kidney disease and/or metastatic disease were excluded. Results: There were 452 patients in the PN group and 552 patients in the RN group. The eGFR was significantly reduced in both groups on postoperative day one (PN=13.7 vs. RN=19.1 ml/min/1.73 m2: p<0.001). In the PN group, eGFR showed a tendency to recover according to a quadratic pattern and reached preoperative levels in the first and third years (95.6±28.8 ml/min/1.73 m2 and 96.9±28.9 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively), with no significant difference between the eGFRs in the 1st and 3rd years (p=0.710). To define groups at risk, different cut-off values for the GFR were considered. Among patients with a baseline GFR<90, the RN cohort had significantly lower eGFRs in the first and third years than the PN cohort (p=0.02). Logistic regression showed that comorbidities, coronary artery disease, diabetes and hypertension had no adverse impacts on the changes in the eGFR (p=0.60, p=0.13, and p=0.13, respectively). Conclusion: For the treatment of stage T1 kidney tumors, the first choice should be open or laparoscopic partial nephrectomy due to the superior long-term preservation of renal function and overall survival, regardless of age and comorbidities.
Phenotypic resistance diversity underpinned by a diverse repertoire of candidate NLR...
Pezhman Safdari
Layla Höckerstedt

Pezhman Safdari

and 4 more

October 25, 2020
High levels of phenotypic variation in resistance appears to be nearly ubiquitous across natural host populations. Molecular processes associated with this variation in nature are still poorly known, although theory predicts resistance to evolve at specific loci driven by selection associated with the response to pathogen. Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes play an important role in pathogen recognition, downstream defense responses and defense signaling. Identifying the natural variation in NLRs has the potential to increase our understanding of how NLR diversity is generated and maintained, and how to manage disease resistance. Here, we sequenced the transcriptomes of five different Plantago lanceolata genotypes when inoculated by the same strain of obligate fungal pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis. A de novo transcriptome assembly of RNA-sequencing data yielded 24,332 gene models with N50 value of 1,329 base pairs and gene space completeness of 66.5%, suggesting a high-quality assembly. The gene expression data showed highly varying responses where each plant genotype demonstrated a unique expression profile in response to the pathogen, regardless of the resistance phenotype. Analysis on the conserved NB-ARC domain demonstrated a diverse NLR repertoire in P. lanceolata consistent with the high phenotypic resistance diversity in this species. We find evidence of selection generating diversity at some of the NLR loci. Jointly, our results demonstrate that phenotypic resistance diversity results from a crosstalk between different defense mechanisms. In conclusion, characterizing the architecture of resistance in natural host populations may shed unprecedented light on the potential of evolution to generate variation.
Inno-duction: is there a logical formula for breaking new ground?
Robert Martins Junqueira

Robert Martins Junqueira

December 14, 2020
 Introduction   In dealing with innovation, naming it and hoping for it to be clear and distinct as to what is being referred to will not suffice. Figuring out in some way what innovation is may on its own assist any researcher or manager in discerning that whatever pre-set arrangements or dogmas she/he comes across along her/his career are not holy or unchangeable, but rather potential sources of input that could be developed or exploited in more or less intelligent, innovative or even profitable ways.    How could it be better for researchers to grasp what innovation is than showing researchers the logical and precise way in which innovation is generated? As a result of such an understanding, scientists would acquire, at a derisory cost—i.e., by merely recognizing the formalized logical possibility of breaking new ground or bringing about new arrangements—, a huge benefit, namely that of managing to critically examine their activities, along with their respective methods and material resources, thereby finding renewed avenues to engage in their R&D areas, as well as to perform with a view to achieving innovative results. But is there a logical formula to innovate?    There is no reason not to begin by introducing something innovative to bring in the meaning of innovation. Take, as an example, the word "inno-duction." It is a very modest innovation, but also very simple and therefore prone to serve, with all due care, to the present purpose. After being decomposed, both "inno-vation" and "intro-duction" formed the word "innoduction."Development    This could have been the first time ever that the word "innoduction" appeared. It certainly was not, as \citealt{eekels_fundamentals_2000,eekels_fundamentals_2001} and others, such as Amaresh Chakrabarti \citealt{2002}, had already employed the word "innoduction," and did so in a far more significant way than that found above. They used the concept to refer to an alleged fourth sort of inference—that of innoduction, a logical formula for innovative thinking—beyond deduction, induction, and abduction.    Three sorts of inference are known by tradition: deduction (i), induction (ii), and abduction (or hypothesis, iii). The following are illustrations of the three sorts of syllogism:i) all the 'smiles' on the screen are 'emojis' and these 'smiles' are on the screen, so these 'smiles' are 'emojis;'ii) these 'smiles' are 'emojis' and these 'smiles' are on the screen, so all the 'smiles' on the screen are 'emojis;'iii) these 'smiles' are 'emojis' and all the 'smiles' on the screen are 'emojis,' so these 'smiles' are on the screen.    These (supra) are the three sorts of syllogism that we are all broadly conversant with. In deduction, conclusion has exact value, for it necessarily follows from the underlying assumptions. In induction, conclusion has probabilistic value, for it amplifies what would be the necessary conclusion of what would therefore be a deductive syllogism. For the example above (ii) to be a deduction, the conclusion would have to be that "at least some of the 'smiles' on the screen are 'emojis'."    Abduction, which may seem to the inattentive eye to be a mere case of "shooting in the dark," is logically worthwhile because it is not possible to "abduct" a fact without, invariably, facing two premises qualified to play the roles of conclusion and of one premise of that which would be—were the conclusion of the abduction the missing premise to complete the triad—a deductive syllogism. Thus, the conclusion of the abduction is a logically surprising fact, yet it does not constitute a logically inexplicable or ridiculous move.    As suggested by \citealt{cramer-petersen_reasoning_2019}, but few before Eekels have employed the term "innoduction," which perhaps was not forged yet in the early 1990s, when \citealt{Roozenburg_1993} established the distinction between "explanatory" and "innovative" abductive inferences or, in other words, abduction and innoduction.    Naming this document in such a way—though it is a fact that the employment of the word "innoduction" did not constitute, in itself, a lexicological sort of breakthrough—was instrumental in providing a rough representation of what is conventionally meant by innovation: bringing about new arrangements or breaking new ground.    There has not been a duplication of the finding of the word, let alone the concept of innoduction. But even if it involved a duplication, not of the innovation, of course, but rather of the discovery of the word, it should be noted that there is nothing to be discouraged about. When portraying scientific landscapes, room should be made for the wise guidance provided by  \citealt{ramon_y_cajal_advice_1999}, who found it invaluable to run the risk of duplicating findings, rather than dropping all efforts to carry out further research.    In no rightful way can inquiry be blocked, whatever the degree of probability of confirming either this or that hypothesis, unless there is no longer any doubt. As \citealt{peirce_writings_1986} said in 1872, it is because uncertainty persists that the inquiry itself continues. By the time the doubts are dispelled, the inquiry can no longer last. In the Peircean sense, as \citealt{deledalle_charles_1990}  taught, the "irritation of doubt" triggers thoughtfulness, but there is a chance to settle down and attain belief, meaning what puts a limit to doubt.    However, that is not the case here, because treating the subject of this essay continues to overload the mind with uncertainties, much beyond what would be reasonable in delineating a course of inquiry. Whenever this is so, the mind becomes apathetic or way too clingy, overburdened by the universe where it is in, and its snout can be seen guiding its wide-eyed gaze in the face of an empty, nude void, akin to that of Goya's Drowning Dog \cite{semihundido}.Conclusion     The proposal here consisted only of the presentation of and commentary on the question about the existence of a logical formula for producing innovation. If such a formula, or innoductive syllogism, should prove to be effective, certainly it should be of the utmost concern for managers and researchers, just as for the overall population, to address it properly.    It could be that a community of researchers and managers aware of such a formula would be in a better position to produce and transmit the know-how about and based on such a formula, as well as to develop the appropriate expertise and flexibility to cope with a possibly disruptive impact on society at large, as a new age in the production of scientific and technological outputs would certainly be upon the horizon.    Consequently, a reality would have to be faced in which there would be no reason to seek hopelessly for innovative solutions to meet the scientific and societal challenges. Rather than trying to hit the target of innovation, managers and researchers in general would have to commit more diligently to the processes of harvesting, sorting, compiling, and commenting on the relevant resources, as well as to acquiring a sense of the value of these activities, to which others, such as translation and transliteration, could be appended.    Should a straightforward logical formula crack open the floodgates of a river brimming with innovative results, or should there be an explosion of innovation, there is no doubt that it would be needful to learn how to navigate the stormy waters that would be found in the science, technology and innovation ecosystem.    Likewise, it would be better to resist tempting and megalomaniac tendencies towards excessive aggregation of data and resources. This was a real challenge during the Renaissance, a time when researchers were looking to backup data, resulting in a growing datobesity throughout the period. Being aware of the loss of old works played a key role in determining the agenda of the Renaissance. Further and further available data streams signalled nothing but the pressing need to get to work.    The urge to collect data certainly led people other than Theodor Zwinger, the editor of Theatrum Humanae Vitae, to launch themselves into frenzied ventures, to say the least. Still, such ventures could not be put down for free to the folly, obsession, or madness of some fools. In fact, as \citealt{deuff_digital_2018}  said, the compilers felt comfortable in doing as they were doing. They believed that they were contributing to some common good.    It would certainly be challenging to manage a burst of innovation stemming from a generalized application of innoduction.  However, is there really such a logical formula to break new paths?
Mecânica Clássica - Pontos de equilíbrio e pontos de retorno
Mario Cezar Bertin

Mario Cezar Bertin

November 02, 2020
Nesta seção, estudaremos pontos de equiíbrio e pontos de retorno de potenciais unidimensionais. Pontos de equilíbrio estão relacionados a estados estáticos estáves e instáveis de um sistema, através dos pontos críticos do potencial, de primeira derivada nula. Estudaremos, também, pontos de retorno, que são pontos de energia cinética nula de um sistema.
The methylome of Biomphalaria glabrata and other mollusks: enduring modification of e...
Nelia Luviano
Marie Lopez

Nelia Luviano

and 9 more

October 24, 2020
5-methylcytosine (5mC) is an important epigenetic mark in eukaryotes. Little information about its role exists for invertebrates. How 5mC contributes to phenotypic variation in invertebrates can be investigated by experimental alteration of methylation patterns. Here, we apply new non-nucleoside DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTi) to introduce global changes into the methylome of mollusk species. Flavanone inhibitor Flv1 was highly efficient in reducing 5mC in the freshwater snails Biomphalaria glabrata and Physa acuta, and to a lesser degree, probably due to lower stability in sea water, in the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Flv1 has no toxic effects and significantly decreased the 5mC level in the treated B. glabrata generation and in its untreated offspring. Drug treatment triggers significant variation in the morphometric traits in both generations. An epigenotyping by sequencing method corroborates hypomethylation effect of Flv1 in both B. glabrata generations and identifies one Differential Methylated Region (DMR) out of 8, found both in Flv1-exposed snails and its progeny, demonstrating a multigenerational effect of an induced epimutation. By targeted bisulfite sequencing, we confirmed hypomethylation in a locus associated with reduced gene expression.
Amazonian mammal monitoring using aquatic environmental DNA
Opale Coutant
Cécile Richard Hansen

Opale Coutant

and 8 more

October 24, 2020
Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has emerged as one of the most efficient method to assess aquatic species presence. While the method could in theory be used to investigate non-aquatic fauna, its development for inventorying semi-aquatic and terrestrial fauna is still at its early stages. Here we aimed at investigating the reliability of aquatic eDNA metabarcoding for inventorying mammals in Neotropical environments, be they aquatic, semi-aquatic or terrestrial. We collected aquatic eDNA in 96 sites distributed along three Guianese watersheds and compared our inventories to expected species distributions and field observations derived from line transect samples. Species occurrences and emblematic mammals’ richness patterns were consistent with the expected distribution of the fauna and our results revealed that aquatic eDNA metabarcoding brings additional data to line transect samples for diurnal non-aquatic (terrestrial and arboreal) species. eDNA also provided data on species not detectable in line transect surveys such as semi-aquatic, aquatic and nocturnal terrestrial and arboreal species. While wise application of the eDNA method to inventory mammals still needs some developments to optimize sampling efficiency, it can now be used as a complement to traditional surveys.
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