This paper deals with mathematical analysis of a generalized fractional alcoholic model. The present model is constructed by the Atangana-Baleanu fractional operator with the memory function, which is utilized for the generalization of alcoholic model. The used memory function provides the information on entire domain of model except the initial stage. The existence of solution is veried by Picard iterative method and uniqueness of solution is also proved.

This article aims to study the Quasi-least square mixed finite element (FE) method for the approximate solution of Magnato-Hydro-Dynamic equations (MHD). The resulting non-linear system of equations are linearized around a characteristic state, resulting in first order linearized least-square models that yield algebraic system of equations with symmetric positive definite coefficient matrices. A central feature of the method is that it does not require (Ladyzhenskaya-Babuska-Brezzi) LBB conditions on the finite dimensional subspaces and the resulting bilinear form is symmetric and positive definite. Secondly, it only needs to choose the value of a single parameter to find the well-posedness of the model equations. For the theoretical accuracy and authentication of the method, we investigate existence of the solutions and obtain a priori error estimates. The variables are fluid velocity, fluid pressure and magnetic field. Numerical tests are performed in order to assess the stability and the accuracy of the resulting methods. Result shows good agreement with analytical solutions.

SVEIR epidemic model; age-dependence; basic reproduction number; local and global stability; uniform persistence

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the female genital system is extremely rare. It may be confused with cervix uteri malignancies when being diagnosed.

Purpose Only 25% of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) patients have a pathological response to neo-adjuvant therapy (NAT) before oesophagectomy. Early response assessment using PET imaging may help guide management of these patients. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesise the evidence detailing response rate and diagnostic accuracy of early PET-CT assessment. Methods We systematically searched several databases including MEDLINE and Embase. Studies with mixed cohorts of histology, tumour location, and a repeat PET-CT assessment after more than one cycle of NAT were excluded. Reference standard was pathological response, defined by Becker or Mandard classifications. Primary outcome was metabolic response rate after one cycle of NAT defined by a reduction in maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax) of 35%. Secondary outcome was diagnostic accuracy of treatment response prediction, defined as the sensitivity and specificity of early PET-CT using this threshold. Quality of evidence was also assessed. Random-effects meta-analysis pooled response rates and diagnostic accuracy. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019147034). Results Overall, 1341 articles were screened, and six studies were eligible for analysis. These studies reported data for 518 patients (aged 27-78 years; 452 [87.3%] were male) between 2005-2020. Pooled sensitivity of early metabolic response to predict pathological response was 77.2% (95%CI 53.2%-100%). Significant heterogeneity existed between studies (I2=80.6% (95%CI 38.9%-93.8%), p=0.006). Pooled specificity was 75.0% (95%CI 68.2%-82.5%), however no significant heterogeneity between studies existed (I2=0.0% (95%CI 0.0%-67.4%), p=0.73). Conclusion High-quality evidence is lacking, and few studies met the inclusion criteria of this systematic review. The sensitivity of PET using a SUVmax reduction threshold of 35% was suboptimal and varied widely. However, specificity was consistent across studies with a pooled value of 75.0%, suggesting early PET assessment is a better predictor of treatment resistance than of pathological response. Further research is required to define optimal PET-guided treatment decisions in OAC.

Background: The most common infections among renal transplant patients are urinary tract infections (UTI). Our main objective in this study is to determine the incidence of UTIs in patients who have undergone renal transplantation in our hospital, to identify the causative microbiological agents, risk factors and determine the effects of UTI on short-term graft survival. Methods: Adult patients, who underwent renal transplantation between October 2011 and July 2018, were included in this study. Urinary tract infections which developed within the first year of renal transplantation were investigated. Patients were compared regarding demographic, clinical, laboratory characteristics, and graft survival. Results: 102 patients were included in our study. Forty patients (51.9%) were male and 37 (48.1%) were female. Sixty-seven urinary tract infection attacks in 21 patients were recorded. Age (p=0.009; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.014-1.105), longer indwelling urinary catheter stay time (p=0.027; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.010-1.174) and urologic complications (p=0.032; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.094-0.896) were found as risk factors for UTI development in the first year of transplantation. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most frequently isolated microorganisms. Of these bacteria, 63.2 % were found to be extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) positive. Resistant microorganisms were more frequent in male patients (31 episodes in males vs. 12 episodes in females, p=0.0015). UTI had no negative impact on short-term graft survival. Conclusion: Patients with advanced age, who had a longer duration of bladder catheterization and urologic complications should be followed carefully regarding UTI. Since there is a high incidence of UTI in male transplant patients, more frequently caused by resistant microorganisms, infection control methods should be applied more vigorously especially in male transplant patients.

In a pandemic, where it is impossible to distinguish a pauci-symptomatic/asymptomatic patient, all must be regarded as potentially infected. The symptoms of COVID-19 are non-specific and cannot alone be used for screening. On detecting significant positive women in Non-covid suspect obstetric population led to change in strategies. Application of Truenat test for Covid screening in these asymptomatic obstetric patients on admission led to appropriate segregation of infective patients and avoided extra burden on RT-PCR lab. Our experience may be informative in re-adjusting the existing policies for other healthcare systems while setting up a mixed Covid- obstetric setting.

Multi-domain proteins are not only formed through natural evolution but can also be generated by recombinant DNA technology. Because many fusion proteins can enhance the selectivity of cell targeting, these artificially produced molecules, called multi-specific biologics, are promising drug candidates, especially for immunotherapy. Moreover, the rational design of domain linkers in fusion proteins is becoming an essential step toward a quantitative understanding of the dynamics in these biopharmaceutics. We developed a computational framework to characterize the impacts of peptide linkers on the dynamics of multi-specific biologics. We constructed a benchmark containing six types of linkers that represent various lengths and degrees of flexibility and used them to connect two natural proteins as a test system. The microsecond dynamics of these proteins generated from Anton were projected onto a coarse-grained conformational space. The similarity of dynamics among different proteins in this low-dimensional space was further analyzed by a neural network model. Finally, hierarchical clustering was applied to place linkers into different subgroups based on the neural network classification results. The clustering results suggest that the length of linkers used to spatially separate different functional modules plays the most important role in regulating the dynamics of this fusion protein. Given the same number of amino acids, linker flexibility functions as a regulator of protein dynamics. In summary, we illustrated that a new computational strategy can be used to study the dynamics of multi-domain fusion proteins by a combination of long timescale molecular dynamics simulation, coarse-grained modeling, and artificial intelligence.

Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is a common type of cutaneous adverse drug reaction. It is a delayed-type of hypersensitivity reaction that occurs and recurs as lesions at the same skin site due to repeated intake of an offending drug. Drugs like ciprofloxacin, acetaminophen, fluconazole, nimesulide, and metronidazole have been reported to cause the bullous form of FDE. FDE due to azithromycin have been reported, but the bullous variant is extremely rare. We herewith describe a case of azithromycin‑induced bullous FDE; which is, to the best of our knowledge, the second such case being reported.

A 60-year-old man presented to our hospital with pericardial effusion. He died of respiratory failure 13 months later. Autopsy revealed right atrial angiosarcoma extending into the right lung. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a primary cardiac angiosarcoma that displayed direct lung invasion.

Habitat selection by animals is conventionally linked with nature selection pressures. However, niche construction as a potent evolutionary agent palys a crucial role for many types of evolutionary habitat selection by species and this modifies nature selection pressures. We used data obtained from an 11-year period to observe the evolutionary habitat selection by the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) in relation to the niche construction of livestock management. We hypothesized that the niche construction of local nomads affects the evolutionary habitat selection of the plateau pika, and furthermore that the plateau pika does not fit niche conservatism in the Kobresia ecosystem of the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau (QTP). In order to verify the above hypotheses, we used the distance to the nearest yak-bedding areas and dung management as the variables that most strongly explain variation in pika occupancy (probability) and detection probability based on free-ranging livestock. Both pika occupancy and detection probability decrease sharply with increasing distance to the nearest yak-bedding area, suggesting that pika population densities are highest closest to yak-bedding areas. There is a strong correlation between dung cover and occupancy of the plateau pika; the more dung drying on the ground, the more plateau pikas occupy the area. Consequently, the plateau pika is frequently detected in damaged grass. Rangeland dominated by Kobresia sedges on the QTP is modified by livestock grazing and management, especially by dung management. This is the first research suggesting that local nomads may cause expansion of the habitat of the plateau pika. In sum, the habitat of the plateau pika is expanding and there is strong evidence that it retains its biodiversity on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in spite of exposure to poison as control measure. Still, the current control management of the plateau pika may result in diminished diversity of both fauna and flora species and a collapse of the food web on the QTP.

Objective: To explore the memory mechanism and coding principle of cognition. Methods: Analysis, demonstrate (argument and proof), etc. That is., make full use of objective facts (relevant phenomena, relevant experimental results, etc) to explore the memory mechanism and coding principle of cognition. Results: Have discoveried the memory mechanism and basic coding principle of cognition on the basis of finding out the tropism of sensory activities and reactive activities, and have created a cognitive theory system. Conclusion: ①Normally, sensory activity has a focused/dominant tropism and reaction activity has a spread tropism. ②Human body can carry out menory activities only by the way of forming or opening up specific internuncial nerve pathway; that is to say, the mechanism for forming or opening up specific internuncial nerve pathway is the memory nerve mechanism of cognition. The basic principle to encode information with ’arraying and combining efferent nerve pathways’ is matching/corresponding to this memory mechanism. ③The discovered mechanism and principle are completely consistent/accordant with the macroscopic and microscopic structural characteristics of nervous system and all the relevant facts. ④ The methods of analyzing and integrating of all relevant facts can overcome the shortcomings and limitations of experimental methods.

Background: Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance prediction remains substantial in Kawasaki disease (KD), with limited data on the predictive value of coagulation profile for IVIG resistance, particularly for repeated IVIG resistance. Therefore, the aim of our study was to testify the predictive validity of coagulation profile for both initial and repeated IVIG resistance in KD. Methods: A total of 385 KD patients were prospectively recruited between April in 2015 and May in 2019. Coagulation and other profiles were evaluated between IVIG-responsive and IVIG-resistant groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the association between coagulation profiles and IVIG resistance. ROC curves analysis was further performed to assess validity of coagulation profiles in predicting both initial and repeated IVIG resistance. Results: PT, APTT and D-dimer were significantly increased in initial IVIG-resistant group with ATIII significantly reduced. Meanwhile, ATIII was declined markedly in repeated IVIG-resistant patients. PT, APTT, D-dimer and ATIII cutoff values of 13.95 s, 41.15 s, 1.48 mg/l, and 89.5% yielded sensitivities of 73%, 32%, 71%, 81%; specificities of 55%, 88%, 62%, 51% for predicting initial IVIG resistance, respectively. The cutoff value of ATIII for predicting repeated IVIG resistance was 68.5%, with sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 55%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that PT, APTT, D-dimer and ATIII were independent risk factors for initial IVIG resistant patients with KD. Conclusions: Coagulation profiles were significantly dysregulated in KD patients. Some of them particularly ATIII may serve as complementary laboratory markers for prediction of both initial and repeated IVIG resistance.

Aim: To investigate the difference in both numbers and acuity of presentations to the Paediatric Emergency Department (PED) during the peak time period of the current global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Design: This single centre retrospective observational study used routinely collected electronic health data to compare patient presentation characteristics between 21st March and 26th April 2020 compared to the equivalent time period in 2019. Results: There was a 90% decrease in attendances to PED, with a 10.23% reduction re-attendance rate. Children presenting were younger during the pandemic, with a median age difference of 2 years. They were more likely to present in an ambulance (9.63%), be admitted to hospital (5.75%) and be assigned the highest two Manchester triage categories (6.26%). There was a non-significant trend towards longer lengths of stay. The top 10 presenting complaints remained constant (although the order changed) between time periods. There was no difference in mortality or admission to PICU. Implications: Our data demonstrates that there has been a significant decrease in numbers of children seeking emergency department care. It suggests that presenting patients were proportionally sicker during the pandemic; however, we would argue that this is more in keeping with appropriate acuity for PED presentations, as there were no differences in PICU admission rate or mortality. We explore some of the possible reasons behind the decrease in presentations and the implications for service planning ahead of the winter months.

The process of fermenting tofu extends thousands of years. Despite a resurgent interest in microbial communities and fermented foods, little knowledge exists concerning microbial diversity of communities of fermented ‘hairy’ tofu known in China as Mao tofu. We used high-throughput metagenomic sequencing of the ITS, LSU and 16S rDNA marker genes to disentangle the Mao tofu fungal and bacterial community composition and diversity across the four most important markets in the Yunnan region of China. We show that hairy tofu in this region consists of around 170 fungal and 365 bacterial taxa. Significant differences in community structure were found between markets and niches. Machine learning random forest models were able to accurately classify both market and niche of sample origin. An over-abundance of yeast taxa were detected, and Geotrichum were the most abundant fungal taxa, followed by Torulaspora, Trichosporon, and Pichia. Mucor (Mucormycota) was also abundant in the LSU data and especially in the outside niche (rind), which consists of the visible ‘hairy’ mycelium. The majority of the bacterial OTUs belonged to Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidota, with Acinetobacter, Lactobacillus, Sphingobacterium and Flavobacterium the most abundant members. Of interest, putative fungal pathogens of plants (e.g. Cercospora, Diaporthe, Fusarium) and animal (e.g. Metarhizium, Entomomortierella, Pyxidiophora, Candida, Clavispora), as well as bacterial (e.g. Legionella) pathogens, were detected. Non-target eukaryotic taxa detected in by LSU amplicon sequencing included soybean (Glycine max), Protozoa, Metazoa (e.g. Nematoda and Platyhelminthes), Rhizaria and Chromista, providing evidence of additional biocomplexity and diversity in the tofu microbiome.

In this work the flow behavior of granular material in flat-bottomed funnel flow silos was investigated through 3D Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations. It is observed that particles in the flowing zone move collectively, manifested by the oscillatory fluctuations of the averaged particle vertical velocity and the non-Gaussian characteristics of the fluctuations of individual velocity around average. The delayed correlations of velocity fluctuation and the Fourier spectrums of velocity and contact force between particles were analyzed to characterize the propagation of flow fluctuation. It is found that there exist two special vertical positions in the converging zone. The lower one corresponds to the emission source from which the velocity wave propagates both upwards and downwards. The higher one locates at the upper boundary of converging zone and is characterized by the most violent fluctuation of contact force. Possible mechanisms of the appearances of these two vertical positions are discussed.

The thermal dissociation process of natural gas hydrate is a Stefan phase change problem with moving boundaries. Based on the heat conduction model in integral form, for the continuous single-phase hydrate control volume, an energy conservation condition involved interfacial coupling Stefan is built, for the control volume of the thermal dissociation natural gas hydrate with a sharp moving boundary. A Neumann solution of Stefan phase change model has been obtain, for the thermal dissociation in a semi-infinite natural gas hydrate reservoir, using Boltzmann similar variables; and the uniqueness is determined for the Stefan model, by monotonic proving of the transcendental equation. By example analysis, the monotonicity of the transcendental equation and the uniqueness solution of Stefan model, have been verified. By MATLAB programmes, the laws of temperature distribution, dissociation frontal brim, and the sensitivity parameter fitting of temperature have been studied during the thermal dissociation process of a hydrate reservoir.

In this study, psychosocial impact of coronavirus lockdown on Nigerians was assessed through a cross-sectional descriptive survey across the 36 States and Federal Capital Territory in Nigeria. The survey comprised a sample of 740 adults (54.32% male and 45.68% female). The 3 psychosocial metrics investigated were depression, stress and anxiety. Data obtained in the survey were analysed using the descriptive (percentages and frequency) and inferential (test for association using chi-square trend test-Cochran-Armitage trend) statistics. Findings showed that coronavirus lockdown had a psychosocial impact on Nigerians, particularly on mental wellbeing as agreed upon by 50% of respondents. While the lockdown was established to have ushered in symptoms of anxiety and depression, educational level and religion were statistically significant in association with depression at χ 2 = 11.510, p-value = 0.0007 and χ 2 =8.3419, p-value = 0.0039 respectively. Cases of domestic violence with emphasis on rape increased due to frustration, idleness and inaccessibility to sex commercial workers. Based on these findings, it is concluded that coronavirus lockdown had a psychosocial impact on Nigerians. Therefore, it is recommended that Nigerian governments should put more stringent measures aimed at containing these social vices, by proactively engaging law enforcement agencies to prosecute those that violate curfew hours. Again, the government should devise other measures of involving citizens in proactive activities that could disengage them from inexplicable behavioural patterns; this would enable them develop the right attitude for positive mental wellbeing.

Background and Purpose: Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most prevalent birth defect, and maternal cigarette smoking is a known risk factor. Nicotine replacement therapies are recommended to pregnant women who smoke to aid in smoking cessation, as this alternative is thought to be safer compared to cigarette smoking. However, these products contain nicotine, and the safety of nicotine on the developing heart is not well known. We examined the effects of maternal nicotine exposure (MNE) during pregnancy on fetal heart development in mice. Experimental Approach: C57BL/6 female mice were treated with nicotine at 1.5 mg/kg/day using subcutaneous osmotic pumps and bred with normal male mice. The effects of MNE on fetal hearts were analyzed. Key Results: MNE resulted in CHDs and hypoplastic coronary arteries in fetal mice at significant incidences of 43% and 31%, respectively. CHDs included septal defects, atrioventricular septal defects, double outlet right ventricles, thickened aortic and pulmonary valves, isolated hypoplastic left ventricles, and ventricular hypertrophy. Moreover, MNE resulted in altered gene expression of key cardiogenic regulators and higher levels of oxidative stress in the embryonic hearts. Fetal heart epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was lower with MNE. Conclusions and Implications: MNE results in a higher incidence of congenital heart defects and coronary artery defects. These findings provide insight into the dangers of nicotine replacement therapy to fetuses during pregnancy.

Given the significant role of inflammation during various diseases, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is being developed from basic research to clinical application in inflammatory diseases. CAP is a neuro-immunomodulatory pathway that exerts a more rapid and efficient response to systemic inflammatory responses, providing new directions for the research and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Chinese herbal medicine prescriptions, single herb, extracts, and components exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects through CAP for the treatment of sepsis, acute lung injury, COVID-19, Alzheimer’s disease, etc. The present article comprehensively and systematically reviewed the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of CAP. Simultaneously, its related pathways such as JAK2/STAT3 and NF-κB were listed. The role of CAP in various inflammatory diseases and Chinese herbal medicine mechanism through CAP was also summarized. The purpose of this article looks forward to providing new targets and perspective for treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Catalytic structured foam reactors show promising characteristics for process intensification such as low pressure drop, high specific surface area, and remarkable heat transport. Especially for the design of small-scale dynamically operated reactors the understanding of heat transport is crucial. With computational fluid dynamics (CFD) we can thoroughly investigate the thermal field of the coupled gas/solid under reaction conditions and understand heat transport in structured reactors. In the past, we mimicked the heat production during exothermal reactions with uniformly distributed volumetric heat sources in the solid. Here, we compare thermal fields of such simplifications with full-model calculations using the strongly exothermal CO oxidation as model reaction. We find that heat flows of the reaction and of artificial heat source calculations match well and reliable mean temperature increases can be computed. This helps to determine heat removal mechanisms and estimate thermal stress.

The global pandemic of 2020: The COVID- 19 is responsible for the worst public health emergency worldwide, as declared by WHO in January of 2020. The disease first began in a small city named Wuhan in Hubei province of China with the clinical presentation of viral pneumonia which has led to a worldwide pandemic. As the name suggests, we are well aware that the diseases is transmitted in aerosols and thus, led the world population into isolation, quarantine and social distancing, another cause of deteriorating mental health. Anyhow, this project focuses on analyzing the accessible information, through research papers, peer- reviewed and non-peer reviewed to understand the medical management of Coronavirus based on the pandemic, morphology, qualitative and quantitative impact of COVID-19, in the world’s two biggest economies- China and India. As understood, coronaviruses are typically known to cause infections in vertebrate mammals and avian populace with symptoms ranging from mild distress to septic shock with renal failure. The worldwide spread of the virus has resulted in large number of deaths, without providing us with the ultimate cure. As of now, there is no vaccination available, leaving us helpless. The best treatment for now, is to self- isolate and avoidance of human contact to forestall the contraction of this infection. The WHO, individual researchers, healthcare organizations and well established pharmaceuticals have been working around the clock to best discover an Antibody against Coronavirus, to the fix the battle against coronavirus. Fortunately, there have been a few vaccine trials have begun and succeeded until this hour. But, we have to study the infection with the goal that we can cure, and if not cure at least eliminate the disease.

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A computation analysis is performed to study double-diffusive natural convection in a right-angle trapezoidal cavity packed with a porous medium. The horizontal top and bottom boundaries are insulated and impermeable. The vertical left sidewall is kept at a constant heat flux and high concentration, whereas the temperature and concentration of the mixture at the inclined sidewall are held at lower temperatures and lower concentration. The dimensionless nonlinear system is solved by employing finite difference method along Successive Under Relaxation technique. The findings are compared and validated with the existing literature for the Darcy flow driven through a single buoyancy effect (difference in density is only due to temperature variations) in a porous square enclosure. The numerical results are expressed in the form of dimensionless temperature, concentration, streamlines, isotherms and iso-concentrations, local and average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. It is demonstrated that the Rayleigh number and buoyancy parameter enhance both surface heat and concentration rates.