This article investigates the approximate controllability of second order non-autonomous functional evolution equations involving non-instantaneous impulses and nonlocal conditions. First, we discuss the approximate controllability of second order linear system in details, which lacks in the existing literature. Then, we derive sufficient conditions for approximate controllability of our system in separable reflexive Banach spaces via linear evolution operator, resolvent operator conditions, and Schauder's fixed point theorem. Finally, we verify our results to examined the approximate controllability of the non-autonomous wave equation with non-instantaneous impulses and finite delay in the application section.

An amiss complement pathway can cause atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute kidney injury. An observational study to understand complement abnormalities and outcome among pediatric aHUS in absence of targeted therapy was done. We enrolled 35 children from July 2017 to December 2018. Besides recording clinical details, hematological and renal parameters were assessed. Complement analysis included a one-time evaluation of C3, C4, anti-factor H antibody (VIDITEST human ELISA kit), factor H, I, B (Sinogeneclon ltd.) and CD46/membrane co-factor protein (MCP) (flow cytometry). SPSS version 23 (Chicago, IL) was used for analysis. Median age was 49 months (sex ratio of 1.7:1). Hypertension was noted in 74.2%(26) and central nervous system involvement in 34.3%(12). At admission, mean hemoglobin was 6.7±1.8 g/dL, median platelet count was 78x109 cells/L(38,101) and median eGFR was 11.91ml/min/1.73m2(6.5, 21.3). C3 was low in 57% (20), while 25.7% (9) had low C4 levels. Anti-factor H antibody was positive in 44% (15). Low expression of MCP in leucocytes was seen in 26.7% (8). Further, 3 had low factor H and high factor B respectively, while 2 had low factor I levels. Plasma-therapy was initiated in 65.7%. Remission was noted in 48.5% (17), 31.4% (11) died and others discontinued treatment. Though anti-factor H antibody is the most common followed closely by low MCP expression, abnormal levels of different complement proteins were observed. Outcome was dismal without eculizumab. We recommend comprehensive complement analysis in pediatric aHUS. Development and availability of targeted therapy remains unquestionable.

Lectins are an important group of multivalent glycoproteins having the property of selectively recognizing and precipitating glycoconjugates. Although lectins have been reported from diverse biological sources, legume lectins is the best-characterized family of plant lectins. We have successfully cloned and sequenced the RbL ORF of 843bp from immature rice bean seeds (Vigna umbellata). We report the results of in silico analysis of novel lectin precursor of 280 amino acids from rice bean. BlastP analysis revealed more than 90% sequence similarity of RbL protein with Vigna angularis lectin and Vigna aconitifolia lectin. ProtParam analysis revealed acidic, stable and hydrophobic nature of RbL protein. Template based 3D structure of RbL protein was modeled using I-TASSER tool and validated as good quality model. Structural analysis revealed the presence of β-sandwich (Jelly roll fold or lectin fold) in modeled RbL. The protein was functionally annotated as a plant defense protein. Molecular docking was performed to analyze interactions of RbL protein with predicted ligands (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine β-galactose, Lactose and Adenine) and two selected ligands (Glucose and Mannose). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of RbL-ligand complexes confirmed robust hydrogen bonding interactions between ligands and RbL protein. The novel information generated in the study would be useful in exploring RbL protein for different biomedical and biotechnological applications.

Consent is a process of communication and the consent form is an important legal document of the evidence of discussion between doctor and patients. We observed frequent use of abbreviations in the consent forms in our department that can result in misunderstanding and miscommunication when consenting patients for orthopaedic procedures. We completed an audit cycle starting by reviewing a total of 350 consent forms retrospectively in level one trauma centres in October-November of 2019 for different orthopaedic trauma procedures. The standards for the project were guidelines published by the general medical council (GMC), The royal college of surgeons (RCS) Glasgow, and the British orthopaedic association (BOA). The results were presented at our mortality and morbidity meeting. Written Feedback was obtained from the attending members on how a change can be implemented to increase ccompliance in filling consent forms. A generic email was sent to all medical professionals to avoid the use of abbreviations on the document and encourage colleagues to point out errors if they spot them. The use of full medical terms and to avoid abbreviations in consent form was well advertised, The re-audit was performed for the period of January & February 2020 that included 400 consent forms. The results were analysed and compared with our original audit results. The use of abbreviations declined from 54% in first audit to 22% in the re-audit. DVT and PE were the most common abbreviations. This audit cycle has shown the importance of education and reminders to the health professionals in achieving better adherence to the guidelines and improves patient care.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by infecting with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that was recognized in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China. As the infection spread and rapidly becomes a global pandemic, effective therapy is urgently needed against the new coronavirus due to the increased morbidity and mortality rates. Based on this aspect, several therapeutic options have been explored, one of which is corticosteroids. Though the application of corticosteroids in treating COVID-19 remains controversial, this review aimed to evaluate and describe the effectiveness and safety of corticosteroids in the management of COVID-19.

Catheter ablation is a well-established treatment for drug refractory arrhythmia and intracardiac echocardiography is one of the tools used for this purpose. Despite a high volume of procedures performed worldwide the incidence of vascular complications still very low. We describe a case report of a percutaneous treatment to an inferior vena cava perforation by an intracardiac echocardiogram catheter after the failure of a conservative approach.

Background: Activity of autonomic nerve plays a critical role in the initiation and sustainability of atrial fibrillation (AF). Renal denervation (RDN) can significantly reduce systemic sympathetic tone. Our study aimed to explore the effect of RDN on the improvement of AF recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Methods and Results: We searched PubMed, EMBase and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials (RCT). The primary endpoint was AF recurrence at 1-year follow-up. The second endpoint included changes of blood pressure; renal function; left atrial diameter at 1-year follow-up. Four RCTs involving 496 patients were included in our meta-analysis. Compared to PVI alone, RDN combined with PVI could significantly reduce the recurrence of AF (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.62, p<0.001); significantly lowered both systolic and diastolic BP (SBP: SMD,-1.30; 95%CI: -2.10 to -0.50; p=0.001; DBP: SMD,-0.99; 95%CI: -1.51 to -0.48; p<0.001); improved eGFR (MD,13.95 mL/min/1.73m2; 95%CI: 6.41 to 21.49 mL/min/1.73m2; p<0.001); numerically reduced left atrial diameter (MD, -2.10mm; 95%CI: -4.61 to 0.42mm; p=0.10) at 12-month follw-up. Subgroup analysis showed more improvement on AF recurrence in patients with persistent AF compared with paroxysmal AF (OR, 0.17 vs. 0.48; Pinteraction=0.05). No renal artery complications were reported. Conclusion: RDN is a safe and efficient procedure. RDN in addition to PVI, is associated with reduced AF recurrence; better controlled blood pressure and improved eGFR compared to PVI alone at 12-month follow-up. The reduction of AF recurrence might be more remarkable in patients with persistent AF.

Symbiodiniaceae play important roles in the establishment of coral reef ecosystems in oligotrophic marine waters. Symbiodiniaceae Effrenium voratum is probably an exclusively free-living and heterotrophic species. How this species responds and acclimates to warming (a main environenmtal factor causes degradation of coral reef ecosystem) remain largerly unknow. In this study, we experimentally established the phenotypic landscapes related to the photobleaching and recovery processes of Effrenium voratum SCS01 following thermal stress. We found that thermal stress bleached the plastids of E. voratum SCS01 and caused the cells to become lighter in color; thereafter, the bleached cells recovered rapidly when they were returned to the optimal temperature. Accordingly, the dominant life form of E. voratum SCS01 shifted from mastigote cells to coccoid cells and then returned to mastigote cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the photobleaching of E. voratum SCS01 was due to increased degradation and decreased biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments. Furthermore, the thermally induced life form changes were related to the downregulation of genes for cell motility. Our results revealed the mechanism of photobleaching in E. voratum SCS01 and indicated life form transformation as a newly identified survival strategy of Effrenium voratum SCS01 under thermal stress.

The survey was conducted from August 2019 to February 2020, aimed at assessing medium and large-sized mammals’ diversity, richness, and relative abundance in the Fura-Faragosa Landscape (FFL), Gamo zone, Southern Ethiopia. Fixed-width line transects sampling method was used to collect data among four stratified habitats: forest, wet-land, grass-land and cultivated-land, and between seasons. A total of 685 mammalian records belong to 21 species, six orders and 13 families were identified, including globally vulnerable species such as Panthera leo, Panthera pardus and Hippopotamus amphibius. Overall, Papio Anubis and Chlorocebus pygerythrus were the four dominant species, while Civettictis civetta, Panthera leo and Panthera pardus were the least abundant in the FFL. The study revealed that the dry season was characterized by higher mammalian species abundance (377 records) but by lower species richness (20) than the wet season. At habitat level, all the species encountered in the three habitats (Except Panthera leo, Panthera pardus, and Colobus guereza - habitat specialists) are subsets of the species recorded in the grass-land habitat. Grass-land had the highest diversity index (H = 2.543) even though its area is small except wet-land. Wet-land had the lowest diversity index (H = 1.845) but contained species of conservation concern such as vulnerable Panthera leo and Hippopotamus amphibius. The species abundance was highest in the forest. The similarity index of mammalian species was highest between grass-land and forest (0.609). In general, the findings reveal that FFL is the potential area for mammalian conservation in Ethiopia. The findings will serve as baseline information for stakeholders to make effective conservation decisions and as a baseline for researchers wishing to conduct related ecological studies. As the area is rich in mammalian diversity and abundance, urgent conservation action is highly recommended. Keywords: distribution, diversity, Faragosa-Fura Landscape, mammals, relative abundance

A retrospective study of poxvirus infections diagnosed in cattle from Goiás state (GO), Brazil, between 2010 and 2018, was performed. All cases have been investigated by the GO Official Veterinary Service (Agrodefesa), from which technical forms and protocols of veterinary diagnosis laboratories were reviewed. In most cases, samples of oral or cutaneous tissues and/or swabs were submitted for virological diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or virus isolation. Thirty seven outbreaks/cases of vesicular disease were notified in cattle of 25 counties; in 33 cases the animals presented lesions clinically compatible with poxviruses. The etiology of 25 out of 33 outbreaks/cases was confirmed as poxviruses by PCR and/or viral isolation: 13 as bovine vaccinia virus (VACV), 6 as pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), 5 as bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and 1 coinfection (VACV and an Orf virus-like parapoxvirus). The laboratory confirmed cases occurred mainly in dairy cattle (19/25) and during the dry season (22/25). In adult cattle, gross changes were observed mainly in the teats and udder and included vesicles, ulcers, crusts, papules and scars and varied of type, severity and affected region, depending on the poxvirus species. In calves, the main lesions were ulcers in the mouth and muzzle. Human lesions compatible with poxvirus infections were observed for all diagnosed poxviruses, affecting especially the hands of milkers and other farm workers. Our data demonstrate the sanitary and economic relevance of these diseases and the wide circulation of different poxviruses in cattle from GO.

Drug induced skin reactions although common with older epileptic drugs like phenytoin, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, the newer antiepileptic drugs are less likely to cause. Oxcarbazepine, the succeeder of carbamazepine has better safety profile with respect side-effects and adverse drug reactions. The Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, an adverse drug reaction is found to be less common and there were few case reports in literature with oxcarbazepine. Here we are reporting a case of oxcarbazepine induced Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (SJS/TEN) Overlap in line with CARE guidelines.

I don't believe an abstract is needed for a commentary

Objective: This study was to retrospectively analyze short- and medium-term efficacy of one-stage hybrid surgery in treating complex aortic disease. Methods: From February 2017 to March 2021, Retrospective analysis of 473 Cases of patients with aortic disease treated by endovascular surgery, of which 24 were complicated aortic diseases (defined as not being treated by Endovascular surgery alone), all of which were performed one-stop hybrid surgery in Anhui Provincial Hospital. Their clinical records and follow-up data were reviewed. Results:11 cases underwent debranching technique and thoracic endovascular aortic repair(TEVAR), 4 cases underwent cardiac surgery combined with debranching technique plus TEVAR, 3 cases underwent cardiac surgery and TEVAR, 6 cases underwent left common carotid artery-left subclavian artery bypass and TEVAR. The incidences of pulmonary infection, pleural effusion, transient renal impairment, incision infection and cerebrovascular complications were 29.1%, 33.3%, 25%, 0 and 4.1%, respectively.One patient died of sudden cardiac arrest, a severe neurological deficit following cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the postoperative intensive care unit. The patients were followed up for 2 to 52 months,During follow-up, One patient suffered from sudden death with unknown cause at 25 months after surgery and the rest survived. Thrombosis was seen by CT in the false lumen of the thoracic stent segment in (22/24) patients; type Ⅰb endoleak occurred in (1/24) patient. Conclusions: One-stage aortic hybrid surgery suggests acceptable short- to medium-term efficacy in the treatment of complex aortic disease; it can avoid the damage caused by deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in traditional operations and promote the recovery of patients.

Background: Prevention of postoperative recurrence after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) relies on targeting specific pathological mechanisms according to individuals’ immunological profiles. However, essential biomarkers and biological characteristics of difficult-to-treat chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients are not well clarified. Objective: To explore the immunologic profiles of subgroups of CRS patients and determine specific cytokines responsible for recalcitrant or recurrent CRS with nasal polyposis (rCRSwNP). Methods: We used 30-cytokine antibody arrays to determine key cytokines related to recurrent polypogenesis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) experiments were conducted to assess levels of these key cytokines in 78 patients. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) isolated from nasal polyps were challenged with specific cytokines to examine levels of enhanced interleukin (IL)-8 production. Finally, we used immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining to check for the presence and distribution of the biomarkers within nasal polyps. Results: A cytokine antibody array revealed that IL-8, IL-13, IL-15, and IL-20 were significantly higher in the recalcitrant CRSwNP group. Subsequent ELISA screening showed a stepwise increase in tissue IL-8 levels in the CHR, CRSsNP and CRSwNP groups. PMNs isolated from 9 CRSwNP cases all demonstrated enhanced IL-8 production after IL-15 treatment. IHC staining labeled concurrent IL-8 and IL-15 expression in areas of prominent neutrophil infiltration. Conclusion: Our results suggest that IL-15 within the sinonasal mucosa plays a crucial role in promoting IL-8 secretion by infiltrating PMNs in recalcitrant nasal polyps. In addition, we propose a novel therapeutic strategy targeting the anti-IL-15/IL-8 axis in treating CRS with nasal polyposis.

Background: The prevalence of asthma has increased both among children and adults during the latter half of the 20th century. The prevalence among adults is affected by the incidence of asthma in childhood but also in adulthood. Time trends in asthma incidence are poorly studied. The aim was to study the incidence of asthma among adults from 1996-2006 and 2006-2016, and compare the risk factor patterns. Methods: Within the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden (OLIN) studies, two randomly selected population-based samples in ages 20-69 years participated in postal questionnaire surveys about asthma in 1996 (n=7104, 85%) and 2006 (n=6165, 77%), respectively. A 10-year follow-up of the two cohorts with the same validated questionnaire was performed, and n=5709 and n=4552, respectively, responded. Different definitions of population at risk were used in the calculations of asthma incidence. The protocol followed a study performed 1986 to 1996 in the same area. Results: The crude incidence rate of physician-diagnosed asthma was 4.4/1000/year (men 3.8, women 5.5) from 1996-2006, and 4.8/1000/year (men 3.7, women 6.2) from 2006-2016. When correcting for possible under-diagnosis at study entry, the incidence rate was 2.4/1000/year from 1996-2006 and 2.6/1000/year from 2006-2016. The incidence rates were similar across age groups. Allergic rhino-conjunctivitis was the main risk factor for incident asthma in both observation periods (risk ratios 2.4-2.6). Conclusions: The incidence of asthma among adults has been stable over the last two decades, and on similar level since the 1980s. The high incidence contributes to the increase in asthma prevalence.

Background Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non IgE-mediated food allergy, with potential dehydration secondary to vomiting. Differences exist regarding culprit foods, onset symptoms, and age of tolerance depending on the country of origin. We aimed to describe the characteristics of a French population of children with FPIES. Methods Data from 179 children who were referred for acute or chronic FPIES in two pediatric tertiary centers between 2014 and 2020 were retrospectively collected. The diagnosis of FPIES was based on international consensus guidelines. Clinical characteristics, culprit food and age at resolution were assessed. Results In the 192 described FPIES, the age at first symptoms was 5.8 months old. The main offending foods were cow’s milk (60.3%), hen’s egg (16.2%), and fish (11.7%). Single FPIES was observed in 94.4% and multiple FPIES in 5.6% of cases. The age at resolution of FPIES was 2.2 years old, and resolution occurred later for fish than for milk (2.9 years versus 2.0, p=0.01). Severe acute FPIES was a risk factor for delayed resolution (relative risk: 3.3 [1.2-9.2]), but not IgE sensitization. Performing an oral food challenge within 12 months after the first reaction increased the risk of failure (RR: 2.0 [1.2-3.5]). Conclusion In this French cohort of children with FPIES, the main culprit foods were ubiquitous. Rice, oat and soy were rarely or not involved. Multiple FPIES was infrequent. Our data confirmed the overall good prognosis of FPIES, the later resolution of FPIES to fish and in the case of severe acute FPIES.

Purpose Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a severe form of ocular allergic disease possibly related to an altered ocular surface microbiota. The aim of the study was to determine the bacterial and fungal composition of conjunctival microbiota in VKC compared with healthy controls (HC). Methods Lower fornix conjunctival swabs were obtained from 22 VKC children and 20 age, sex and ethnicity-matched HC. Total DNA was extracted, and used for 16S rRNA and ITS2 gene amplification and sequencing. Results High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and ITS2 amplicon libraries produced a total of 734,157 and 677,115 high-quality reads, respectively. Clustering of similar sequences (>97% of identity) resulted in 1,241 and 933 OTUs, respectively. Alfa and beta diversity metrics highlighted significant differences of conjunctival bacterial and fungal microbiota composition in VKC patients and HC. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria phyla were present in all subjects qualifying theme as a putative core microbiome of both HC and VKC groups. In addition, Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria met the core microbiome’s definition criteria in VKC patients. Of the 132 observed families, Moraxellaceae showed a higher abundance in VKC group than HC. Saccharomycetaceae, Malasseziaceae, and Dipodascaceae were present in all subjects, constituting the fungal core microbiome of both HC and VKC patients. OTUs referred to Malasseziaceae were significantly higher in VKC children compared to HC. Conclusion VKC patients and healthy controls have different conjunctival microbiomes. These results may provide new insights into the complex VKC pathogenesis.

Objective Clinical diagnosis and treatment of uterine scar pregnancy stage classification after cesarean section Methods From January 2017 to December 2019, clinical data of 133 patients with CSP were retrospectively analyzed. CSP was divided into two stages according to pregnancy time and size of pregnancy cyst: early stage and late stage; CSP was classified into type I, type II and type III according to the thickness of myometrium at uterine scar, location of gestational sac and growth direction of gestational sac. The stages and types were scored by CSP: early stage: 1 point for type I, 2 points for type II, and 3 points for type III;Late stage: 2 points for type I, 3 points for type II, and 4 points for type III;Finally, CSP was divided into light type, ordinary type and severe type according to CSP staging and type scoring method, and the corresponding treatment plan was further selected. Results Score 1: 20 light patients were selected ultrasound-guided uterine aspiration. Score 2-3: 108 ordinary type patients were pretreated with oral mifepristone before ultrasound-guided uterine aspiration; Score 4: 5 cases of severe patients were directly selected for surgical treatment. Conclusion A total of 133 patients with CSP were divided into light type, ordinary type and severe type by stage classification CSP score. Three different clinical treatment schemes were selected respectively, all of which achieved safe, accurate and effective treatment results.

There are many Avialae that call the valley of Washoe Co their home. This study had two periods of documentation, 11-1:45 and 3:30-4. The species of Avialae that were documented in locomotion are Columbidae, Anas platyrhynchos, Larus califoricus, Sturnus vulgaris, and Buteo.

Objectives: Few studies focused on the effects of radiation for different metastatic sites or radiotherapy doses on immune cell subsets. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of different irradiation doses and sites on the systemic immunity of patients with lung cancer. Method: Peripheral blood samples from 48 patients with lung cancer were collected, and the lymphocyte subsets were examined by flow cytometry. Results: In patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who received thoracic radiotherapy, the percentage of B lymphocytes after 20 fractions of radiotherapy was significantly lower than that recorded after 10 fractions (P=0.0046). In addition, the CD4+ naïve T-cell subsets at each different detection time point were significantly lower than the baseline (P=0.0304, <0.0001, <0.0004, respectively). In NSCLC patients with brain metastases who received brain radiotherapy, the percentage of B lymphocytes was significantly lower than the baseline (P=0.039). In patients with SCLC who received radiotherapy for the primary tumor, the percentage of CD4+ naïve T-cell subsets after 20 fractions was significantly lower than that observed after 10 fractions of radiotherapy (P=0.0444). There was no significant difference in other lymphocyte subsets at different time points or irradiated sites. Conclusion: Radiotherapy has a certain immunosuppressive effect. In addition, thoracic radiotherapy has an inhibitory effect on the proportion of T cells, whereas it does not significantly affect the proportion of T cells when irradiation of metastatic sites. It is suggested that the dose of radiotherapy in other metastatic organs of patients with lung cancer needs to be further escalated.

Increasingly, predicting and even controlling evolutionary processes is a sought after goal in fields ranging from agriculture, artificial intelligence, synthetic biology, oncology, and infectious diseases. However, our ability to predict evolution and plan such interventions in real populations is limited in part by our understanding of how spatial structure modulates evolutionary dynamics. Among current clinical assays applied to predict drug response in infectious diseases, for instance, many do not explicitly consider spatial structure and its influence on phenotypic heterogeneity, despite it being an inextricable characteristic of real populations. As spatially structured populations are subject to increased interference of beneficial mutants compared to their well-mixed counter-parts, among other effects, this population heterogeneity and structure may non-trivially impact drug response. In spatially-structured populations, the extent of this mutant interference is density dependent and thus varies with relative position within a meta-population in a manner modulated by mutant frequency, selection strength, migration speed, and habitat length, among other factors. In this study, we examine beneficial mutant fixation dynamics along the front of an asexual population expanding its range. We observe that multiple distinct evolutionary regimes of beneficial mutant origin-fixation dynamics are maintained at characteristic length scales along the front of the population expansion. Using an agent-based simulation of range expansion with mutation and selection in one dimension, we measure these length scales across a range of population sizes, selection strengths, and mutation rates. Furthermore, using simple scaling arguments to adapt theory from well-mixed populations, we find that the length scale at the tip of the front within which ‘local’ mutant fixation occurs in a successive mode decreases with increasing mutation rate, as well as population size in a manner predicted by our derived analytic expression. Finally, we discuss the relevance of our findings to real cellular populations, arguing that this conserved region of successive mutant fixation dynamics at the wave tip can be exploited by emerging evolutionary control strategies.

Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is the etiological agent of bovine papillomatosis, infectious disease characterized by the presence of benign tumors that can progress to malignancy. The phylogenetic classification of the PVs is performed based on the sequence homology of the Open Reading Frame L1, the most conserved among different viral serotypes. Given the immunogenicity of saponins, its has been used as a candidate as adjuvant use. For this reason, the safety of using saponin as an adjuvant has to be better determined to human or veterinary vaccine use. So, this study aimed to evaluate the mutagenic and genotoxic effect of saponins in comparison with the adjuvant widely used aluminum hydroxide using an isolated and purified L1 protein from BPV as model. In this study, genomic lesions, which after processed without repair can result in mutations, were detected by comet assay. Possible damages to genetic material caused by structural chromosomal changes (clastogenesis), as well as chromosomal losses were evaluated by the micronucleus test. Both tests were done on polychromatic erythrocytes and Vero cells. The evaluation of apoptosis and necrosis of treated Vero cells was made by Annexin V / PI staining and flow cytometry. The two vaccine products (L1 +Saponin and L1 + Aluminum Hydroxide) showed damages compatible with the positive control in the comet assay and both slightly elevated the micronucleus levels, in the Cell Viability Assay the results with Aluminum Hydroxide were satisfactory, characterizing Aluminum Hydroxide as a safer adjuvant according to the proposed tests, better than the saponins.

Title pageTitle - An uncommon RBC membranopathy : two case reports

Background: Fraudulent studies in peer-reviewed journals are contaminating the academic record. They therefore need to be retracted. This article examines allegations of fraud in a field study on the breeding biology of the Basra Reed-Warbler Acrocephalus griseldis, an endangered bird species which is almost exclusively breeding in Iraq. Methods: The study was published in July 2013 in ‘Zoology in the Middle East’, a peer-reviewed journal of publisher Taylor & Francis (TF). The journal was informed in September 2013 that the study was not based on valided facts. TF is since 2016 in the possession of two reports with investigations about the veracity of the study. I present and discuss, (a) the main findings of both reports, (b) relevant information collected later on, and (c) comments from stakeholders and others on (a) and (b). Results: Numerous efforts in 2015-2021 to get the raw research data were unsuccessful. There is no evidence that they exist. Several experts have confirmed that the study is based on fraud. TF, the journal and others have not provided experts with opposing views. TF, the journal and others have not provided rebuttals of the main findings of both reports. The first author, responsible for collecting all field data, has indicated that he is willing to retract the study. Conclusions: The Basra Reed-Warbler study is based on fraud and publisher TF does not take its responsibility to maintain the integrity of the academic record. The present article highlights the wish of many scientists that it becomes mandatory for all articles in all Web of Science journals that the raw data are available for all readers.