Abstract Aim: Oxidative stress represents a cornerstone of a wide range of chronic diseases. Studies have identified an inconsistent effect of green tea on regulating oxidative stress. We aimed to examine the evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) to assess the effects of green tea on oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in adults. Methods: A systematic search of English language publications in PubMed, Scopus and Embase was performed up to September 1, 2020. Data were pooled using the random-effects method and were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Fourteen RCTs met inclusion criteria. There was a significant relationship between green tea and TAC. Our results indicated that green tea had significant effects on TAC (weighted mean difference [WMD]: 0.18; 95 % CI, 0.07, 0.29, P =0.001) and significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 98.6%, p <0.001) which was largely related to sex and BMI. Subgroup analysis in TAC identified a significant relationship except in low dose and obese individuals. No relationship between MDA and green tea was observed overall and in all subgroups. Conclusions: We found that the intervention with green tea significantly increased the TAC, while, it had no significant effect on MDA. Key Words: green tea, oxidative stress, total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde.

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is the causative agent of feline infectious peritonitis and diarrhea in kittens worldwide. In this study, a total of 173 feline diarrheal fecal and ascetic fluid samples were collected from 15 catteries and six veterinary hospitals in southwest China from 2017 to 2020. FCoV was detected in 80.35% (139/173) of the samples using the RT-nPCR method; these included infections with 122 type I FCoV (87.8%) and 57 type II FCoV (41%). Interestingly, 51 cases (36.7%, 51/139) had co-infection with types I and II, the first such report in mainland China. To further analyze the genetic diversity of FCoV in southwest China, we amplified 23 full-length spike genes, including 18 type I and five type II FCoV. The 18 type I FCoV strains shared 85.9%–100% nucleotide sequence identities between one another and the five type II FCoV strains shared 97.4%–98.9% nucleotide sequence identities between one another. This result suggests that the N-terminal domain (NTD) of 23 FCoV strains showed a high degree of variation (73.6%–80.3%). There was five type I FCoV strains with two aa insertions (159HL160) in the NTD region. In addition, 18 strains of type I FCoV belonged to the Ie cluster, and five strains of type II FCoV were in the IIb cluster based on phylogenetic analysis. It is worth noting that five type I FCoV strains also had recombination in the NTD, and the recombination region was 135–625 nucleotides of the S gene. This study constitutes a systematic investigation of the current infection status and molecular characteristics of FCoV in southwest China.

Bluetongue (BT) is an OIE-listed disease of ruminants caused by a Bluetongue virus (BTV) of the Orbivirus genus within the family Reoviridae and transmitted by biting midges of the genus Culicoides. BTV circulation has been described in North African countries and many BTV emergences in Europe were related to the wind-driven dissemination of infected midges from those countries. During the fall of 2020 (September and October), an epizootic of BT linked to BTV4 marked the epidemiological situation in several delegations of Tunisia with clinical cases recorded in sheep and cattle. Eco-climatic variables are known to influence the Culicoides presence and abundance and, therefore, the probability of occurrence of BT. A logistic regression model (LRM) was used to examine which eco-climatic variables were most likely associated with delegations reported BT cases. Eco-climatic variables included: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Day Land Surface Temperature (DLST), Night Land Surface Temperature (NLST), precipitation, elevation, cattle and sheep distribution. Our findings, based on the LRM, demonstrate that the key factors that contributed significantly to BT cases distribution among delegations in Tunisia included DLST and NDVI. Positive correlation between sheep distribution and rainfall amounts was demonstrated. Statistical analysis focusing on the most affected delegations during the BT epidemic (the Sahel and the Centre of Tunisia) demonstrated that the epidemic situation seems to be a consequence of the combination of the following environmental parameters: NDVI with values ranging between 0.16-0.3, moderate rainfall 2-4-fold above the normal (10-50 mm) and DLST values between 32 and 34°C.

Objective: To identify an optimal gaze angle for precisely evaluating the function of vertical semicircular canals in video head impulse test (vHIT) and draw a comparison on the performances among three different systems for vHIT. Design: Two-center prospective study. Setting: Participants were sit 1.2 meters away from the wall in a noise-proved room that dedicated for vHIT experiments. For the gaze-angle projects, targets were placed on the wall sequentially at the pre-marked lines for different angles. During the comparison experiments, similar settings were ensured in both hospitals, like distance to wall and angle of staring. Same examiner performed the comparison between two systems in one location. Participants: 26 healthy participants were recruited in the gaze-angle experiments, 16 of which were further involved in inter-examiner tests. For the comparison projects, 9 and 13 participants were recruited, respectively. Any participant with otologic or vestibular disorders was excluded. Results: Our research showed that instead of right ahead at 0 degree, when torsion applied at vertical semicircular canal planes, 25-degree is a better place to set the targets. At this angle, a more accurate VOR gain was easier to be obtained. Besides, our evaluations of three different systems showed that a new vHIT system, VertiGoggles ZT-VNG-I (VG) performed as good as the long-tested OtometricsICS impulse (Oto) and EyeSeeCam (ESC). Conclusion: We proposed a new protocol to set the targets 25 degrees from right ahead after tilt head 45 degrees to evaluate vertical canals during vHIT. Furthermore, the new VG system is good for clinical practices.

Introduction: Olfaction impairment occurs in about 90% of patients with Parkinson’s Disease. The Sniffin Sticks Test is a widely used instrument to measure olfactory performance and is divided into three subtests that assess olfactory threshold, discrimination and identification. However, cultural and socioeconomic differences can influence test performance. Objectives: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the existent data about Sniffin Sticks Test performance of Parkinson’s Disease patients and healthy controls in different countries and investigated if there are other cofactors which could influence the olfactory test results. A subgroup analysis by country was performed as well as a meta-regression using age, gender and air pollution as covariates. Results: Four hundred and thirty studies were found and sixty-six articles were included in the meta-analysis. Parkinson’s Disease patients showed significantly lower scores on the Sniffin Sticks Test and all its subtests than healthy controls. Overall, the heterogeneity among studies was moderate to high as well as the intra-country heterogeneity. The subgroup analysis, stratifying by country, maintained a high residual heterogeneity. Conclusion: The meta-regression showed a significant correlation with age and air pollution in a few subtests. A high heterogeneity was found among studies which was not significantly decreased after subgroup analysis by country. This fact signalizes that maybe cultural influence has a small impact on the Sniffin Sticks Test results. Age and air pollution have influence in a few olfactory subtests.

Objectives Admission of patients with necrotising otitis externa (NOE) has been rising steadily over the last five years and mortality and morbidity associated with the disease is high. Our objective is to assess the value of adjuvant hyperbaric oxygen therapy in patients with necrotising otitis externa. Design and setting A retrospective, observational, case-control study was conducted by examining patients’ records over a four-and-a-half-year period at two secondary care sites in the UK. The (Non-HBO) control group treated conventionally and the (HBO) group treated with additional adjuvant HBO in a multiple occupancy therapy chamber at the James Paget University Hospital. The primary outcome measure was death. Secondary outcomes measures were resolution of pain and recovery from otalgia, facial nerve palsy and other cranial nerve palsies. Results There were 10 patients in the HBO group and 20 in the non-HBO group; mean age was 82.3 years and 88.3 years respectively. The mortality rate was 30% in the HBO group compared to 55% in the non-HBO group. Patients tolerated HBO well, had greater resolution of pain (90% vs 64%) and resolution of facial nerve palsy (67% vs 31%) than the non-HBO group. Resolution of other cranial neuropathies was similar. Conclusion Our case series suggests that HBO is potentially a life-saving intervention. It also suggests that patients treated with HBO therapy for NOE appear to improve both in terms of pain and facial nerve palsies compared with conventional treatment and sets the precedent for a trial to formally compare the adjunctive intervention of HBO.

We argue here that the increased prevalence and use of sensors in ecology, and the increased availability of networking, has allowed for the development of a new research paradigm, called the Ecological Internet of Things. This new paradigm combines global scale sensor networks collecting a wide array of data types that will enable researchers to address important, pressing ecological questions. This paper presents an overview of this new research paradigm and discusses the challenges that ecologists and conservationists must overcome to realize the full potential of this set of tools and techniques. To facilitate discussion and collaboration, we present a simple ontology for ecological sensors that allows for a common terminology and conceptual vocabulary among researchers with a variety of backgrounds. Lastly, we discuss the necessary next steps that allow for the realization of an Ecological Internet of Things.

Darwinism and its later developments together constitute a well-established paradigm. Nevertheless, some aspects of the paradigm continue to be the subject of animated debate. We show here how field theory, of the kind habitually used in physics, may offer a fresh complementary interpretation. We posit the existence of a classical scalar field, the vital field, whose intensity is sensitive to the inverse of specific entropy, such that its distribution tends to very high values in the interior of living beings. The field equations give rise to the existence of vital field waves, with their corresponding corpuscles, which we call vitons. To test this model, we have applied it to two specific problems: a) the intriguing existence of such progressively complex and improbable living beings, and b) the rapid difusion of the mutation of an individual to become a collective mutation of the entire species. This model is neither teleological nor based on the anthropic principle.

Background: The ongoing outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a major threat to human health, which impairs the functionality of several organs. One of the hardest challenges in the fight against COVID-19 is the development of wide-scale, effective, and rapid laboratory tests to control disease severity, progression, and possible sudden worsening. Monitoring patients in real-time is indeed highly demanded in this pandemic era when physicians need reliable and quantitative tools to prioritize patients’ access to intensive care departments. In this regard, salivary biomarkers are extremely promising, as they allow for a fast and non-invasive specimens’ collection, which can be repeated multiple times. Methods: We compare salivary levels of immunoglobulin A subclasses (IgA1 and IgA2) and free-light chains (FLC k and λ) in a cohort of 29 SARS-CoV-2 patients and 21 healthy subjects. Results: We found that each biomarkers differs significantly between the two groups, with p-values ranging from 10-8 to 10-4. The performance ranking of these markers, shows that λFLC level (p=1.4e-8) is the best-suited candidate to discriminate the two groups, with an accuracy of 0.94 (0.87-1.00 95% CI), a precision of 0.91 (0.81-1.00 95% CI), a sensitivity of 1.00 (0.96-1.00 95% CI) and a specificity of 0.86 (0.70-1.00 95% CI). Conclusion: These results suggest λFLC as an ideal indicator of patient conditions. This is more strengthened in consideration that λFLC half-life (approximately 6 hours) is significantly shorter than the IgA one (21 days): thus λFLC appears displaying the potential to effectively monitor patients fluctuation in real-time

Objective To assess the incidence of uterine rupture, its association with previous uterine surgery and vaginal birth after a caesarean section (VBAC), and the maternal and perinatal implications. Design Population-based retrospective study. Setting Shanghai, China. Participants A total of 209,112 deliveries were attended and 41 uterine rupture cases were included. Methods All pregnant women treated for ruptured uterus in one center between 2013 and 2020 were included. Their case folders retrieved from the medical records room were retrospectively reviewed. Main outcome measure Adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Results The incidence of uterine rupture was 1.96/10 000 births. 16 (39.0%) had maternal and fetal complications. There were no maternal deaths secondary to uterine rupture, while perinatal mortality attributable to uterine rupture was 7.32 %. Among all case, 38 (92.68%) were scarred uterus and 3(7.32%) were unscarred uterus. The most common cause of uterine rupture was previous cesarean section while cases with a history of laparoscopic myomectomy often had serious adverse outcome. 24 (59%) of ruptures were anterior lower uterine segment. Fetal heart rate monitoring changes are the most reliable presenting clinical symptom in our study. Conclusion Incidence of uterine rupture in the study area was consistent with developed countries. Further improvement in obstetric care and strong collaboration with referring health facilities was needed to ensure maternal and perinatal safety.

In this research, for interval-valued functions, we give a new version of Jensen inclusion which is called Jensen-Mercer inclusion. Moreover, we establish some new inclusions of Hermite-Hadamard-Mercer type for interval-valued functions.

In this paper, we consider the scattering of a time-dependent electromagnetic wave by an elastic body immersed in the lower half-space of a two-layered background medium which is separated by an unbounded rough surface. By proposing two exact transparent boundary conditions (TBCs) on the artificial planes, we reformulate the unbounded scattering problem into an equivalent initial-boundary value problem in a strip domain with the well-posedness and stability proved using the Laplace transform, variational method and energy method. A perfectly matched layer (PML) is then introduced to truncate the interaction problem with two finite layers containing the elastic body, leading to a PML problem in a finite strip domain. We further verify the existence, uniqueness and stability estimate of solution for the PML problem. Finally, we establish the exponential convergence in terms of the thickness and parameters of the PML layers via an error estimate on the electric-to-magnetic (EtM) capacity operators between the original problem and the PML problem.

AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of CFP and SUL in critically ill thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) patients undergoing TPE. METHODS Critically ill TTP patients receiving a dose of 3 g CFP/SUL (2.0 g/1.0 g) intravenously every 8 h were included in the study. Serial blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 h at the third infusion with TPE (Session I) and the sixth infusion without TPE (Session II). Effluent samples were also collected at the effluent port of plasma eliminated during TPE. Concentrations of CFP and SUL in plasma and effluent were measured using LC/MS/MS. RESULTS Specific pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated to evaluate the effect of TPE on CFP and SUL. The amount of drug eliminated during TPE (QPE) were 395.75±147.38 and 35.25±11.32 mg, respectively. Percentage eliminated by TPE (fe%) were 11.38±3.18% and 2.74±1.13%, respectively. Calculated percentages of total drug clearance by TPE (%CLPE) were 27.71±10.8% and 6.16±2.16%, respectively. There were no significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC0-8, Vd, T1/2a) between session I and session II for both CFP and SUL. CONCLUSIONS A single plasma volume TPE does not remove clinically significant amounts of CFP and SUL. Dosage adjustment in critically ill TTP patients after the procedure is not necessary. CFP is more likely to be removed than SUL during TPE due to its small Vd and high protein binding (Pb). Elevated plasma drug concentration due to organ dysfunction may permit more drug removal during TPE.

Abstract: Purpose: To explore the impact of SLC47A1 ( Solute carrier family 47 member 1, SLC47A1 ) gene polymorphism on the treatment of diabetes, we conducted a statistical analysis of the SLC47A1 genetic testing results and patient data in the second quarter of 2019 in our hospital. Methods: We investigated 372 cases of SLC47A1 gene test reports and patient medical records, collected information on gender, age, diabetes type, complications and the relationship between genotype and biochemical indicators before and after metformin treatment to explore the guiding effect of SLC47A1 gene test on metformin. Results: GG genotype had the highest incidence in men, <30 years or type 2 diabetes patients; GA genotypes have the highest incidence in women, >30 years or type 2 diabetes patients; and AA genotype have the highest incidence in men, <30 years or type 1 diabetes. Besides, the complications that each genotype tended to occur were also significantly different. At the same time, compared with the biochemical parameters before the guidance, the biochemical parameters after the guidance were significantly improved. In addition, in all genotypes patients, only patients with AA genotype had the best improvement in biochemical parameters, Among them, the HbA1b parameters of the GG genotype patients were significantly reduced; the 2h-CP, HbA1b and HbA1c parameters of the GA genotype patients were significantly reduced; and also the Glu, 2h -CP, HbA1b and HbA1c parameters of AA genotype patients were all significantly reduced. Conclusion: The guidance of SLC47A1 gene polymorphism on metformin medication could improve diabetes treatment effect, and patients with AA genotype had the best treatment effect.

C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) can induce strong inflammatory response to injury. Targeting C5aR1 has emerged as a novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic method. However, the role of C5aR1 in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury and the definitive mechanism have not been elucidated clearly. Here we determine whether C5aR1 signaling is essential to the development of post-ischemic inflammation and brain injury and whether it is a valid target for therapeutic blockade with soluble receptor antagonist PMX53. In an in vitro model (oxygen and glucose deprivation and reperfusion, OGD/R) and in vivo model (middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion, MCAO/R) of I/R, neuronal cells of rats showed significantly up-regulated gene expression of C5aR1, and notable inflammatory response demonstrated with elevated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6. Inhibition of C5aR1 by PMX53 treatment significantly reduced cell injury and inflammation, and promoted brain function recovery. The further mechanism studies showed that inhibiting C5aR1 by PMX53 protected rats from MCAO/R injury, decreased cell inflammation and apoptosis via inhibiting TLR4 and NF-κB signaling pathway and reducing the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in MCAO/R rats. In addition, manipulation of the C5aR1 gene expression in vitro displayed that the inflammatory cascades signals including TLR4, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were coincidently regulated with the regulation of C5aR1 expression levels. Thus, our results demonstrated a pathogenic role for C5aR1 in the progression of brain injury and inflammation response following I/R injury. Our study clearly demonstrated that C5aR1 inhibition might be an effective treatment strategy for ischemic stroke.

Biosurfactant mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) have great potential in application as an alternative to chemical surfactants in many fields, while the low-efficiency production and new-to-market nature largely limited its real applications. In this study, a high-efficiency fermentation process to furnish MELs with P. aphidis DSM 70725 was developed, involving addition of iron salts and Tween 20. Concentration, productivity and conversion yield of the MELs was improved to 61 g L-1, 0.255 g L-1 h-1 and 0.68 g g-1, respectively, which have about 100% improvement over the regular fermentation process. This newly developed strategy was then used to fermentatively produce MELs at the pilot-scale (1, 000 L). In addition, MELs were found to possess excellent emulsification activity against xylene, and have phenomenal antimicrobial activity against U. maydis and C. albicans which is not influenced by pH, salinity or initial cell density. Accordingly MELs appear to be superior alternatives to the chemical surfactants traditionally employed in the pesticide industry.

There are three types of dendritic cells (DCs) including CD1c+ conventional DCs (cDCs), CD141+cDCs and CD303+plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in human peripheral blood, however, more details of DC subsets are still obscure. Here we systemically investigated the subpopulations of human blood-derived DCs. Our data showed that there are three subsets of CD1c+cDCs and three subpopulations of CD141+cDCs expressing CD205 and/or CD103 in human peripheral blood. CD303+pDCs can be divided by two groups: CD303high(hi) and CD303lowpDCs expressing CD205 and/or CD103. There are six new subpopulations expressing CD205 and/or CD103 in CD303+pDCs. The protein expression of co-stimulatory molecules and the production of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines by these cDC and pDC subsets are different from those of each other. Our results imply that CD1c+CD205-DC, CD141+CD205- cDC and CD303+CD205-pDC subpopulations may be immune tolerogenic and immature DCs, but CD1c+CD205+cDC, CD141+CD205+cDC and CD303+CD205+pDC subsets are probably inflammatory and mature DCs due to their different levels of co-stimulatory molecule expression and pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine production. The subpopulations of cDCs and pDCs expressing CD205 and/or CD103 in human peripheral blood may perform diverse immune functions according to their different biological features, therefore, these new subsets of cDCs and pDCs may be potential targets for immunotherapy to treat autoimmune diseases and tumors in the clinical trials in the future.

Introduction : Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a method used to diagnose and stratify patients with known disease. The use of breath-by-breath analysis of exhaled air in a stress test helps us to understand the root cause and pathophysiology of pathological patterns causing clinical symptomatology. Aim : Using CPET to elucidate the role of chest deformity on human physical abilities, to determine the correlation of the measured parameters with the anthropometric index (AI) evaluating the severity of the deformity in patients with pectus excavatum (PE). Methods : The study included 30 paediatric patients with PE. According to AI, patients were divided into two groups, to patients with AI below 0.12 and patients with AI 0.12 and more. Patients underwent CPET using a breath-by-breath exhaled gas analysis method and continuous monitoring of cardiac parameters. Ventilation and cardiac parameters were statistically processed, the severity of the deformity was correlated with the results using the Pearson index. Results : The severity of the deformity according to AI had no effect on peak ventilation, VO2peak and WRpeak. By graphical representation and prognosis of the data, we demonstrated the relationship between the severity of the deformity and the efficiency of ventilation, OUES and O2Pulse at the peak of the exercise. Ventilation efficiency expressed as the slope of the VE/VCO2 curve also had a graphically dependent trend without statistical significance. Conclusion : CPET data obtained suggest that physical fitness parameters in patients with PE have a correlation with the severity of the deformity expressed by AI. The OUES parameter is a promising parameter for assessing the overall physical fitness of these patients and a parameter with potential use in deciding on the appropriateness of a therapeutic intervention. Key words : cardiopulmonary exercise testing, pectus excavatum, exercise tolerance

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumour in preschool-aged children, with a median age of onset of 2 years. The most frequent site of occurrence is retroperitoneum. An extensive surgical resection is often needed and is an important tool in the management of this disease even in metastatic patients. We describe the nutritional management of a chylous leakage occurred in a toddler with metastatic neuroblastoma after its surgical resection. A multimodal approach including a-lipidic diet and parenteral nutrition allowed both chylous fistula closure and specific nutritional requirements coverage without impairment of neither oncological treatment following surgery nor child's growth.

A series of Lindquist-type polyoxometalate (POM)-porphyrin hybrids were designed to study the effect of POMs on the performance of dyes. The electronic transition properties, absorption spectra, and photovoltaic performance of these hybrids for n-type DSSCs were studied. The absorption spectra of dyes 2-5 exhibit broader and larger absorptions than synthesized dye 1. Further analysis of electronic transition properties indicates that the introduction of POM makes the charge transfer process longer and stronger. Moreover, the photovoltaic performances of these designed dyes are suitable for efficiency n-type DSSCs. These designed dyes can be used as shortlist dyes for n-type DSSCs.

In this paper, a stochastic predator-prey system incorporating a prey refuge is proposed and studied. Sufficient criteria for the existence and uniqueness of an ergodic stationary distribution of positive solutions to the system are established through Lyapunov analysis method. Moreover, we also obtain sufficient criteria for extinction of the predator population.

In this paper, we propose a fourth-order exponential wave integrator Fourier pseudo-spectral method for the Klein-Gordon-Schr\”{o}dinger (KGS) equation. The proposed method is time symmetric and explicit so it is easy to apply by the fast Fourier transform (FFT). By using the standard energy method and the mathematical induction, we make a rigorously convergence analysis and establish error estimates without any CFL condition restrictions on the grid ratio. The convergence rates of the proposed scheme are proved to be at the fourth-order in time and spectral-order in space, respectively, in a generic $H^m$-norm. Extensive numerical results are reported to confirm our error bounds. Because that our error estimates are given under the general $H^m$-norm, the conclusion can easily be extended to two- and three-dimensional problems without the stability (or CFL) condition under sufficient regular conditions. The proposed fourth-order method could also find applications to solve other coupled system such as the Klein-Gordon-Dirac system.

To procure the desirable dynamical performance, some control strategies have currently burgeoned into essential study activities in fractional-order intricate systems with delays. This paper examines the bifurcation control problem of a delayed fractional-order predator-prey model in accordance with an enhancing feedback controller. Initially, the bifurcation points of devised model are precisely figured out via theoretic derivation by taking time delay as a bifurcation parameter. Then, a range of comparative analysis on the influence of bifurcation control are numerically discussed including enhancing feedback, dislocated feedback and eliminating feedback approaches. It witnesses that the stability performance of the proposed model can be immensely heightened by the enhancing feedback approach. The feasibility of the devised scheme are nicely verified by means of numerical simulations. Our results provide important theoretical guidance for the application of enhancing feedback control scheme in engineering.

Endothermy (production and retention of metabolic heat) enhances the physiological functions of mammals, birds and a few fish species. The opah, Lampris megalopsis (Lampridiformes), is the only known teleost with whole-body endothermy that confers physiological and ecological advantages in competition. The genetic mechanisms of opah whole-body endothermy are unclear. We sequenced the opah genome and assembled a high-resolution genome. Through analysis of positive selection, rapid evolution, and family expansion, we discovered several genes that likely contributed to the development of dark red pectoral muscles, uncoupling protein sarcolipin mediated heat production, retia mirabilia and adipose metabolism in opah. A functional experiment showed that the positively selected glycolysis enzyme LDHM exhibits higher catalytic activity in energy supply related pathways. The results illustrate possible molecular and genetic mechanisms involved in whole-body endothermy in fish.