Exploring Europa, one of Jupiter’s icy moons, is crucial for advancing our understanding of extraterrestrial geology and potential habitability. Current global gravity models are insufficient for detecting and characterizing specific seafloor features due to their coarse resolution. This study aims to predict whether Line-of-Sight (LoS) gravity signatures derived from Doppler residuals can be used to identify specific geological features on Europa’s seafloor, such as mountain ranges, valleys, impact basins, rift zones, and subduction zones. By employing spherical harmonic modeling, we assessed the detectability of these features and evaluated the resolution required to distinguish them. Our findings indicate that the expected LoS Doppler residual data may not provide sufficient resolution to differentiate between various geological formations on Europa’s seafloor, primarily due to the low resolution of gravity anomalies and the spacecraft’s distance from the surface. These limitations suggest that gravity signatures alone may not offer enough information for precise interpretation of Europa’s subsurface geology. Future research should explore alternative data analysis methods, such as machine learning, and combine gravity data with other geophysical measurements to improve the detection and characterization of Europa’s seafloor features.

10% coefficient of variation (COV) in All India Monsoon Rainfall (AIMR) assumes paramount importance as the government classifies years with AIMR above 110% as surplus and below 90% as deficit, shaping critical decisions. While most Indian regions exhibit a 20-40% COV for grid-level monsoon rainfall, the mystery surrounding AIMR’s 10% COV persists. An examination of 40 years of gridded monsoon rainfall data exposes the negative covariance between Central India (CI) and Northeast India (NE) constraining the COV of AIMR to approximately 10%. Utilizing Lagrangian backtracking of moisture, we found that during CI’s deficit rainfall years, NE experiences surplus with 61.69% moisture from terrestrial sources. In CI’s surplus years, major fraction of the moisture supply from ocean is confined to CI, resulting in NE facing deficit rainfall. Our findings emphasize the non-intuitive processes leading to the 10% COV in AIMR cautioning against relying on this value for scientific studies or planning.

The Arctic Ocean is undergoing rapid changes due to global warming and the reduction in sea ice, affecting its carbon cycle. Sparse observations of surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) limit our understanding of these changes. Here, we use continuous fields of surface pCO2 derived from a gap-filling technique to assess regional and temporal variations in pCO2 at high latitudes. We find an increase in the annual mean pCO2 throughout most of the Arctic. However, the rate of change since 2005 varies strongly between regions. By performing a spatio-temporal decomposition via empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, we suggest two primary drivers of seasonal variability, namely solar irradiance correlating negatively with pCO2 in the sub-Arctic and seasonal variations in the sea-ice cover correlating with the pCO2 in the high Arctic. Unraveling these dynamics is a crucial step toward better understanding the processes governing the Arctic’s carbon cycle in the future.

This article presents a dataset consisting of eye-tracking recordings obtained from fifteen patients with Broca’s Aphasia and six healthy individuals. The aphasic volunteers had good hearing and eye function, which allowed them to use a computer for communication. Data from aphasic and healthy participants was recorded once in two Speech-Language Pathology Clinics partners. The experimental design involved thirty-two recording sessions per participant, each one corresponding to the execution of the second version of the clinically validated Test for Reception of Grammar (TROG-2). This dataset can serve as a valuable benchmark for several applications, as it provides complementary information of individual insights, improving linguistic systems, exploring gaze functions, and monitoring cognitive processes in patients undergoing rehabilitation.

Note: Cobalt nanowires with a diameter of about 93 nm  are made using the electro-deposition technique on the aluminum mold of the nanowires by the galvano-static deposition method. Aluminum mold is made through multi-stage monodizing of pure aluminum sheet.Fabrication of arrays of vertical aligned cobalt nanowires on flat surfaces and field emission (FE) using them as electron cathodes.  These arrays are made by electrodeposition in the form of nanoparticles on Au/Ti substrates. / Si are obtained at very low temperature (<100 °C).After pattern removal, the arrays consist of structurally upright nanowires with high aspect ratios, uniform dimensions, and predetermined densities.  Electron field emission measurements of metallic properties and propagation of cobalt nanowires.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by significant cognitive impairment and predominantly affects the elderly. With no effective cure available, research continues to explore novel therapeutic and preventive strategies. Palmitic acid-9-hydroxystearic acid (9-PAHSA), a novel class of bioactive lipids with anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties, has shown potential as a dietary supplement. Mitochondrial dysfunction is recognized as a significant pathological feature of AD, with impaired mitophagy leading to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, thus exacerbating disease progression. This study evaluates the hypothesis that S-9-PAHSA can ameliorate cognitive dysfunction in AD by enhancing mitochondrial autophagy in 5xFAD mice. The treatment group received S-9-PAHSA in their drinking water for three months. Behavioral studies were conducted using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) and Y-Maze, with further assessments of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaque deposition, neuronal apoptosis, and mitochondrial health. S-9-PAHSA significantly enhanced spatial learning and memory, reduced amyloid plaque deposition, decreased neuronal apoptosis, and improved mitochondrial health and autophagy in 5xFAD mice. These findings suggest that S-9-PAHSA holds promise as a supplementary preventive and therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer’s disease treatment.

IntroductionThe CRYAB gene encodes the protein Alpha-B-crystallin, or αB-crystallin, a protein belonging to the small heat shock family of proteins that has been linked to normal cardiac homeostasis as well as cardiomyopathies, among other diseases 1. CRYAB, the causal gene, is 3.2 kilobases long and situated on chromosome 11 2. Although its role as a molecular chaperone for desmin is well established, it also engages in interactions with a diverse range of other proteins 1.Mutations in the CRYAB gene have been associated with congenital cataracts, myopathies, neurodegenerative diseases, and besides with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and less commonly with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM)1,3-5.However, the CRYAB association with DCM has recently emerged in the last decade, which is why it may not be included in the list of genetic mutations associated with DCM according to the most recent guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and some reviews in recent literature. However, increasing emerging observational evidence suggests an association with DCM. Below we describe the case of a patient who developed DCM whit restrictive physiology secondary to a heterozygous mutation of the CRYAB gene.

A comprehensive approach to management the bilateral maxillary sinus tracts: A case reportAli Chamani1, Maryam Forghanirad2, Reza Shakiba3, Arsalan Shahri4*Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranAssociate Professor of Endodontics, Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranStudent research committee, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranDental Materials Research Center, Mashhad Dental School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran*­ Corresponding author:Arsalan ShahriDental Materials Research Center, Mashhad Dental School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranTel: +98 915 425 5097Email: Arsalshahri98@gmail.comOrcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0980-7797Address: Dental Materials Research Center, School of Dentistry, Vakil Abad Blv, Azadi Square

In Deng et al (2021), the self-referential complex trial protocol effectively distinguished guilty participants from knowledgeable innocents in a mock theft case; however, the test’s power to discriminate guilty from innocent was limited (AUC=0.72). The present study made some notable changes from Deng and colleagues (2021). First, the guilty participants completed a simulated murder task at a virtual dock, and the knowledgeable innocent participants witnessed the simulated murder. The probe (i.e., the victim’s face) or one of the irrelevant stimuli (i.e., an unknown bystander’s face) was randomly presented in the first phase, followed by the target (i.e., the participant’s birthday) or one of the non-targets (i.e., an unrelated date) in the second phase. All participants were required to respond with “related to me” or “unrelated to me” button responses when seeing the face and the dates. This study further explored whether the discriminative power of the modified self-referential CTP for distinguishing the guilty from the knowledgeable innocent in a simulated murder case under virtual reality conditions could improve upon an AUC of 0.72. The results demonstrated that: (1) the modified self-referential CTP could effectively discriminate the guilty from the knowledgeable innocent in murder case (AUC=0.91); (2) it also could effectively distinguish the guilty from the unknowledgeable innocent (AUC=0.93) and correctly classify the knowledgeable innocent as innocent. The modified self-referential CTP is an effective method for distinguishing the guilty from the knowledgeable innocent.

jabbrv-ltwa-all.ldf jabbrv-ltwa-en.ldf Everyday sounds can elicit a range of emotional and physiological responses. For individuals with misophonia, some sounds can produce strong feelings of disgust, annoyance, and anger, often accompanied by increased perspiration and heart rate. Presently, methods of diagnosing misophonia rely on clinical interviews and self-assessment scales. Our study asks whether pupillometry can be an objective measure that correlates with self-reported misophonia severity. Previous studies show that both unpleasant and pleasant sounds increase pupil diameter (Partala and Surakka, 2003; Nakakoga et al., 2020); however, these have not compared pupil responses to disgust versus other emotions. Given prior indications that the response to visually disgusting stimuli is pupil constriction (Ayzenberg et al., 2018), we asked whether the pupil dilation to auditorily disgusting stimuli would be smaller than for other emotional sounds. In our listening task, we monitored pupil size changes while participants listened to positive and negative emotional sounds from the IADS database (Bradley and Lang, 2007) along with “triggers” known to be especially aversive to misophonics. Participants reported the intensity of their emotional reactions (disgust, anger, annoyance, happiness, sadness, fear) as well as valence and arousal. Misophonic listeners reported greater emotion intensity for emotions associated with triggers (disgust, anger, annoyance) as well as for fear. For all listeners, there was a positive association between changes in pupil diameter and emotion intensity. Overall, misophonics had greater pupil dilation than non-misophonics, but after equating for emotion category of the sounds, misophonic pupil dilation was only larger for trigger sounds (and marginally, disgusting sounds).

International students are considered a high-risk group for mental health and well-being challenges due to various psychosocial stressors they face. This study investigates the influence of social identities on the psychological well-being of international students. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 11 international students and three university support staff members at a university in Southern England. Using reflexive thematic analysis (RTA), we analysed the data and discussed the findings in relation to the Social Identity Model of Identity Change (SIMIC). Two key themes emerged: (a) Alienation in the UK, which complicated students’ adjustment and negatively impacted their psychological well-being, and at times, worsened mental health issues; and (b) Shared Experiences as a Foundation for Friendships and Service Utilisation, which facilitated the formation of friendships, helped students recognise their unique identity-based strengths, and encouraged engagement with university support services. These findings provide important insights for developing interventions specifically tailored to international students, highlighting their background-specific experiences.

jabbrv-ltwa-all.ldf jabbrv-ltwa-en.ldf Banana blossoms, a natural and sustainable source, were successfully prepared to produce carbon dots (BB-CDs) with promising anti-glycation properties. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), implicated in various degenerative diseases, were significantly reduced in food models fortified with the BB-CDs. Spherical in shape and measuring 2.06 nm, the BB-CDs possessed a rich surface chemistry, brimming with hydrophilic and reactive functional groups. The multi-stage kinetic analysis results revealed that BB-CDs inhibited the formation and accumulation of AGEs by reducing the conversion of reaction substrates to intermediates and intermediates into end products, while simultaneously enhancing the degradation of end products. In practical application, sponge cakes fortified with 2.5% BB-CDs exhibited marked reductions in AGEs, including N ε-carboxymethyllysine and N ε-carboxyethyllysine, by over 40%, both in free and protein-bound forms. Concurrently, BB-CDs improved the moisture retention and texture of sponge cakes, softening their structure. These findings demonstrate that BB-CDs is a novel exogenous inhibitor of AGEs, which can be applied to mitigate the production of harmful substances during thermal processing of food.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small bioactive molecules produced by a wide range of organisms, including non-Saccharomyces yeasts. These peptides exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, parasites, and some viruses, making them promising candidates as alternatives to conventional antibiotics. This review focuses on the current state of research on low molecular weight AMPs produced by non-Saccharomyces yeasts. We discuss the characteristics of these peptides, their mechanisms of action, and their potential applications in combating microbial infections and antibiotic resistance. Despite the recognized potential of yeast-derived AMPs, further research is needed to fully characterize these molecules and explore their practical applications. Future perspectives include the incorporation of these AMPs into nanocarriers to enhance their stability and efficacy, as well as their role in reducing the emergence of bacterial resistance.

Ransomware has become one of the most prevalent and damaging forms of cyberattacks, posing a significant threat to both individuals and organizations globally. A novel hybrid detection framework that integrates Isolation Forest for anomaly detection with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for sequence modeling offers a significant advancement in identifying ransomware activities within network traffic. The proposed approach leverages the anomaly detection capabilities of Isolation Forest to flag suspicious network flows and enhances detection accuracy through the sequential pattern recognition capabilities of LSTM, allowing it to identify ransomware communication patterns over time. Experimental results demonstrate that the combined model achieves high accuracy, precision, and recall, effectively reducing false positives and negatives while maintaining real-time processing capabilities. Through this hybrid detection method, organizations can better protect their infrastructure from ransomware attacks, ensuring rapid identification of malicious activities even as attack strategies evolve. The model's ability to operate in high-throughput network environments further underlines its relevance for large-scale cybersecurity applications.

While programmed death-1 (PD-1) antibodies play an important role in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer, these treatments can cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs). irAEs can affect multiple body systems, vary in severity, and have diverse clinical manifestations. Vitiligo-like depigmentation and acute kidney injury are relatively rare irAEs observed in clinical practice. This report describes the case of a patient with advanced gastric cancer who developed vitiligo-like depigmentation and acute kidney injury eight weeks after treatment with a PD-1 antibody combined with chemotherapy. The patient refused steroid treatment, leading to a progressive increase in serum creatinine concentration, recurrent proteinuria, sterile pyuria, and hematuria. Depigmentation was notably evident in sun-exposed areas of the face and both upper limbs. Eighteen weeks after discontinuing PD-1 treatment, the patient’s serum creatinine level and glomerular filtration rate had returned to normal levels, while the pyuria, hematuria, and proteinuria normalized. However, the vitiligo-like depigmentation showed no improvement. This case demonstrates that mild immunotherapy-induced acute kidney injury can show partial or complete renal function recovery without steroid treatment after cancer treatment discontinuation; however, without intervention, vitiligo-like depigmentation is difficult to improve.

Arabidopsis lyrata has become a useful system for the study of comparative genomics, hybridization, polyploidyization, and evolutionary transitions from outcrossing to selfing. Previous studies of its mating system have used microsatellite loci but low allelic diversity, particularly in self-compatible populations characterized by low levels of outcrossing, reduce these markers for more detailed studies. Here, we aimed to develop population-level SNP markers for A. lyrata ssp. lyrata. We performed de novo SNP discovery and identified 6,808 putative SNPs from genome-wide sequences of 22 individuals originating from a highly selfing population. Further filtering and marker validation enabled the development of 17 SNP marker loci that can be visualized using standard PCR-RFLP protocols. These markers had average minor-allele frequencies of 0.40 in the target population and four of seven markers were variable in a small sample from nine other A. lyrata populations. These PCR-RFLP markers have the potential to be useful for the analysis of mating patterns in within and beyond the inbred self-compatible populations of A. lyrata studied here, and enable the continued development of A. lyrata as a model for studying evolutionary transitions from outcrossing to selfing.

Hyers-Ulam (HU) stability for systems of incommensurate Fractional Differential Equations (FDEs) is studied. The existence and uniqueness of the mild solutions are obtained in the space of discontinuous functions. The related analysis for Laplace transforms is stated and it is used for HU stability. It is shown that the HU stability is equivalent to the convergence of the perturbed system toward the original system when the error of the perturbed source vanishes. Numerical methods based on HU stability are proposed. The analysis is investigated within some examples.

Background Delayed villous maturation (DVM) also called DVI (distal villous immaturity) is a placental maturation disorder that mainly affects maternal-to-fetal oxygen transfer. Objective We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of conditions associated with histopathological findings of DVM based on pathologist assessment after delivery. Search strategy Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, and MIDIRS databases were searched from inception to December 2023. Selection criteria Peer-reviewed, observational studies including cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies reported the histopathological findings of DVM after placenta delivery. Data collection and analysis Two reviewers performed the systematic article screening, bias assessment, and data extraction. Senior authors resolved disagreement between reviewers. The risk of bias scoring was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for cohort and case-control studies. The random-effect model was used for meta-analysis since there was clinical and statistical heterogeneity ( I2) across studies. For comparisons with an I2 value < 50% (low heterogeneity), the fixed-effect model was used. Main result There were 52 included studies considered eligible that reported DVM and linked pregnancy conditions. The conditions associated with DVM in term placentas were gestational diabetes (GDM) [OR(95%CI)=3.75(1.93, 7.29)], pregestational diabetes (PGDM) [OR(95%CI)=2.64(1.65, 4.22)], obesity [OR(95%CI)=1.91 (1.23, 2.98)], stillbirth [OR(95%CI)=5.46 (2.26, 13.20)], preterm birth [OR(95%CI)= 3.48 (1.11, 10.97)], and congenital anomalies [OR(95%CI)= 7.57 (3.91, 14.65)]. Conclusion DVM is a placental abnormality associated with dysmetabolism, particularly pregnancy diabetes, and obesity; and with adverse outcomes including stillbirth and congenital anomalies. In studies with variable DVM definition, it was also associated with preterm birth. Optimising metabolism could avoid preventable harm to the baby.

Background: Biomarkers of immune dysfunction, such as serum inflammatory cytokines, may provide clues to pathophysiology in persons presenting with first-episode psychosis (FEP). Aim: Investigate the expression of serum inflammatory cytokines in FEP. Methods: In this sub-study of an ongoing longitudinal HIV in FEP study, blood samples were collected from February 2021 to January 2023 in participants meeting DSM-5 criteria for FEP who were aged 18 to 45 years and had less than six weeks of antipsychotic treatment. A multiplex ELISA assay measured interleukin (IL) 6, 8 and 10 levels, correlating them with socio-demographic factors, body mass index (BMI), psychosis severity (PANSS), depression (PHQ-9), cognitive screening (International HIV Dementia Scale), substance use (WHO ASSIST) and HIV status. Results: 70 participants were included (male =74%), with substance use being present in 79-83%, and 63% reported exposure to trauma during childhood. Current alcohol use was associated with elevated IL-8 levels (p=0.01), and high IL-10 levels correlated with lifetime and current alcohol use (p=0.02, p=0.04, respectively). Sensitivity analysis of 58 HIV-negative patients found associations between elevated IL-6 and IL-8 levels and current alcohol use (p=0.04, p=0.01), and elevated IL-10 levels with lifetime tobacco use (p=0.01) and lifetime and current alcohol use (p=0.00, p=0.03). Cytokines were not significantly associated with psychosis and neurocognitive performance. Conclusion: While there is evidence of immune dysfunction in FEP, there is no clear clinical significance of this dysfunction. Better methodologically designed studies could assist in understanding the significance of immune dysfunction.

Aim To investigate treatment retention rates, dropout predictors and dropout chronology across patients with substance use disorders at a Women-Specific Outpatient Service in Brazil, across different age strata: Emerging Adults (18-25), Middle Aged Adults (26-59), and Older Adults ( 60+). Methods An observational cohort study, across 27 years. Sociodemographic and other exposures information were collected at enrollment. Survival curves with dropout as event were estimated for each age stratum and log rank tests were performed. Survival probabilities and Cox proportional hazards models were used to gauge dropout risk and determine dropout risk factors. Hazard functions of dropout were estimated to understand chronology of dropout across age strata. Results 714 women were included. Emerging adults exhibited significantly lower treatment retention with 10.2% survival at 104 weeks p<0.0001), and increased rate of early dropout, compared to the other age stratas. Higher education was a protective factor, associated with lower dropout risk (HR= 0.73, p=0.02). Cocaine/crack as the main substance of abuse was a risk factor (HR=1.36 , p=0.003). Hazard function curves showed a first peak of dropout in emerging adults at 12 weeks of treatment. Conclusions Emerging adulthood is a critical period for health interventions. The gender gap is narrowing and even inverting among Emerging Adults, and women are still underrepresented in studies. We found very high and early dropout rates among Emerging Adults in our sample. These findings underscore the necessity for early-stage risk stratification and intervention protocols for this subpopulation.

Kilian J Murphy1, Daire Ó hUallacháin 11 Teagasc – Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, IrelandCorresponding author: kilian.murphy@teagasc.ieAbstract 1. Agricultural ecosystems are increasingly shaped by the introduction of intersectional environmental policies, many of which are designed to address pertinent issues such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and sustainable resource use. However, these policies can come into conflict with one another, creating unintended consequences for biodiversity and land management.2. This research examines the current policy landscape in European agriculture, focusing on the ways in which directives aimed at environmental improvements, such as nitrogen management and biofuel production, can inadvertently impact biodiversity conservation goals. Drawing on recent case studies, this paper explores how new policies can interact with existing strategies and we examine the outcomes for nature, stakeholders and policy-makers.3. A recurring theme across our case studies is the need for tailored, site-specific longitudinal research to unravel the complexities of policy conflicts and pave the way for innovative, evidence-based, synergistic solutions that promote sustainable agricultural productivity, biodiversity conservation, and environmental health.4. This research emphasises the need for comprehensive research programmes to guide future policy-making, such that research is undertaken to support novel policy, ensuring that environmental goals are met without compromising biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes.5. Practical Implication : Cross-cutting policies may become increasingly common in the future of agricultural sustainability, therefore it is crucial for policymakers and stakeholders to fully understand the potential impacts (synergies and trade-offs) of implemented measures. Through collecting the necessary data, policy-makers, scientists and stakeholders can collectively make informed decisions and effectively address potential conflicts in an evidence-based manner.Key Words: Policy, Land-use change, biodiversity, environment, stakeholders, agriculture.

It is generally assumed that population size of all wild animal species are regulated through density-dependent mechanisms, but the mechanisms responsible have been difficult to identify for elephants and large whales. We have used information on physiological reproductive mechanisms in humans in a stochastic computer simulation study to explore how known density-dependent fertility mechanisms in humans could regulate population size in a hypothetical large mammal species, assuming no deliberate interference with sexual or reproductive processes. Two physiological reproductive mechanisms in women are dependent on nutrition in utero or early life: age at menarche and post-partum amenorrhea during lactation, and were included in the model. If large female mammals in general have physiological reproductive mechanisms similar to human females, strong density-dependence mechanisms will be the result, but with a substantial delay, 20 to 50 years. The model results are discussed in relation to what is known about populations of the Eastern North Pacific gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus), Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) and elephants (Loxodonta africana) in Amboseli National Park, Kenya.

We offer a detailed treatment of minimal, maximal, dissipative, accumulative, self‐adjoint operator realizations with exit from space of boundary–value problem for Sturm‐Liouville equation with unbounded operator coefficient having discrete spectrum andwith boundary condition dependent on Herglotz‐Nevanlinna function of eigenparameter. We also study self‐adjoint operator realizations having purely discrete spectrum or having continuous spectrum which coincide with any interval on real axis. That is done in terms of boundary conditions. In addition, in particular case we obtain asymptotics of spectrum of self‐adjoint operators with discrete spectrum.

This paper describes the role and institutional framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties (COP), with a focus the COP29 that will be held in Baku, Azerbaijan, 11-20 th November 2024. In this paper, I illustrate the changing United Nations Climate Negotiations Structure, highlighting the roles of key subsidiary bodies. Furthermore, I will present key areas to which I think attendees, mostly from the developing parts of the world, should watch out for at COP29. Also, I delve into roles of a host country and how Azerbaijan has exemplarily acted. To aid in understanding the complex structure of the COP, I also have highlighted common acronyms used in UNFCCC reports. Lastly, I have shared a provisional agenda of COP29. This paper aims to equip Government representatives, observers, media and stakeholders with the insights necessary for meaningful engagement at COP29 and beyond