Cooperation among consumers can stabilize consumer-resource dynamics, by preventing over-exploitation by individuals maximizing self-interest. While stability in cooperative consumers is often attributed to behavioral interactions, such as punishment of defectors, the role collective environmental modification plays in these population dynamics is not yet known. Microbial biofilms are an important instance of cooperative resource use involving environmental modification. Here, we demonstrate that biofilms can act as a refuge and a source, stabilizing cooperative populations by ensuring positive growth rates for cooperative consumers when rare. Our modeling reveals that stability is achievable across a diverse parameter space, encompassing diverse physiological processes, behaviors, and environmental interactions, indicating multiple pathways to stability for cooperative consumers via environmental modification. For such consumers, the environment is not a static template for ecological and evolutionary dynamics but an active medium shaped by their interactions, opening up novel theoretical and practical directions for understanding and managing cooperative systems.

Diamesinae is one of the eleven subfamilies of Chironomidae, characterized by its preference for cold waters, typically found in mountainous regions. We aimed to study the biodiversity and distribution of two genera of this subfamily found in high-altitude streams in the Andes (Paraheptagyia and Limaya), by combining morphological and molecular analyses. A database with 190 larval specimens of Diamesinae, collected between July and October of 2011 from 20 streams in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, at altitudes above 2000 m.a.s.l. was used. Paraheptagyia was found in the three countries, whereas Limaya was only found in Ecuador and Perú. Morphological analyses were based on 105 larvae mountings, using several specimens for each morphospecies, as a result, the antennal ratio (AR) was a valuable differentiator for Limaya, whereas Paraheptagyia could not be distinguished by using morphological characters. The ABGD, ASAP, and bPTP methods were used to delineate operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using 130 Molecular sequences (113 for Paraheptagyia and 17 for Limaya). For the genus Limaya, two OTUs were identified using all methods, one for Ecuador and one for Peru. Seven OTUs were identified for the genus Paraheptagyia. Five of the seven OTUs were found in Peru and the other two were shared between Ecuador and Colombia. The presence of the Huancabamba depression on the border between Ecuador and Peru likely acts as a genetic barrier, limiting gene flow. The difference in branch length between Peruvian and Ecuadorian/Colombian species supports Brundin’s (1966) hypothesis, indicating a south-to-north colonization pattern.

Vultures, as obligate scavengers, play a vital role in maintaining a healthy ecosystem. South Asia is home to nine species of vultures, and Nepal hosts all of them. Remarkably, all these species have also been recorded in Pokhara. This could be attributed to Pokhara’s location along bird migration pathways and the consistent availability of food at its landfill sites throughout the year. This landfill site has been translocated to another site due to the construction of Pokhara regional international airport close to former landfill site. In this context, we aimed to estimate the seasonal abundance of vultures as well as understand the discrepancy in people’s perception on vulture conservation before and after the landfill site is shifted to another location. Data was collected using key informant interviews, questionnaire surveys, and direct field observations. The collected data was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, employing Chi-square and Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests. The relative abundance of the Egyptian Vulture was found to be the highest among observed species. We found an association between people’s perception towards vulture and their socio-economic factors (age, education and income source). The Wilcoxon signed rank test revealed that threat scores for various factors such as human persecution, NSAIDs, collision with aero planes and electrocution were statistically significant. Our study revealed that the threat of electrocution increased slightly after the landfill site was relocated. However, the risk of collisions with airplanes remained relatively low both before and after the shift. Despite the relocation, the landfill site continues to provide a suitable habitat for vultures, likely due to consistent food availability and the proximity of nesting habitats near forests, cliffs, and rivers. This highlights the importance of promoting balanced development alongside nature conservation to mitigate future challenges and ensure the coexistence of human activities and wildlife.

Climate change is altering local temperatures and resource availability of many ecosystems. We explore the impacts of these changes on the metabolism of phytoplankton, organisms that are crucial as the base of aquatic food webs and engines of aquatic biogeochemical cycling. Specifically, we investigate the metabolic responses of six freshwater phytoplankton species---representing green algae, diatoms, and cyanobacteria---to warming in combination with light, phosphorus, and nitrogen, the three most critical resources for phytoplankton. Using direct-infusion mass spectrometry, a high-throughput metabolomics approach, we identify interactive effects of temperature and resource availability on phytoplankton metabolism. We detect thousands of metabolites involved in key pathways, including amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. Our results show that resource limitation had a stronger effect on metabolism than temperature across all species. While each resource induced distinct metabolic changes, nitrogen and phosphorus limitation triggered more similar responses, whereas light limitation resulted in a unique metabolic profile. We also identified a core set of metabolic pathways involved in all responses, alongside resource-specific pathways. These findings provide mechanistic insights into how phytoplankton metabolically respond to key environmental drivers, enhancing our understanding of their responses to future climate conditions.

Abstract Aim: Enasidenib, an isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibitor (IDHI) that selectively inhibits IDHI-2, is currently approved for treating Acute Myelogenous Leukemia(AML). This study identified and characterized adverse events (AEs) significantly related to IDHI in treating AML and compared the differences of subgroups to provide clinical reference. Methods: AEs reports were collected from the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System(FAERS). Enasidenib’s AEs were collected from the third quarter of 2017 to the third quarter of 2024. The reporting odds ratio (ROR) and Bayesian confidence propagation neural network(BCPNN) were used to assess the reporting of AEs induced by enasidenib in treating AML. When the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of ROR > 1.0 and (IC-2SD)＞0 was considered the threshold for a signal. Results: A total of 2098 AE reports were retrieved from FAERS. Reports for males were higher than females, and patients aged 65-85 years reported the highest number of AEs. Interestingly, 52 PTs in at least 3 cases were classified as unexpected AEs, such as fatigue, asthenia, platelet count decreased, full blood count decreased, dizziness, constipation, etc. There are similarities and differences in the presentation of enasidenib-related AEs in subgroups of different genders and ages. Conclusion: Gender-specific and age-specific patients should be concerned about the occurrence of appropriate AEs when taking enasidenib for AML. Our study provided evidence for enasidenib in the treatment of AML.

The SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line is a widely used in vitro model for studying neuronal differentiation and neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) due to its ability to undergo neuronal-like differentiation and express key neuronal markers relevant to AD pathology. However, current differentiation protocols often lack physiological relevance, primarily due to the absence of extracellular matrix (ECM) components critical for mechanotransduction and cellular adhesion. This study describes a novel and efficient method for differentiating SH-SY5Y cells into neuron-like cells by combining retinoic acid (RA) treatment with a laminin-rich ECM (LrECM). Our approach significantly enhanced neuronal differentiation markers, including β3-tubulin and NeuN, and promoted extensive neurite outgrowth. Immunofluorescence analysis showed increased expression of these markers, confirming enhanced neuronal characteristics. Western blot results further validated sustained β3-tubulin expression over time. Adding LrECM also augmented cholinergic differentiation, as evidenced by increased acetylcholinesterase activity measured through colorimetric assays. The findings highlight the critical role of LrECM in enhancing neuronal differentiation and maintaining neuron-like characteristics over longer periods. This approach provides a valuable improvement for refining in vitro models used in the study of neuronal development and neurodegenerative diseases, particularly AD.

Objective To perform an epidemiological and survival analysis on a cohort of HB-NENs patients using the latest data. Method In this cohort study, 390 patients diagnosed with HB-NENs between January 1, 1975, and December 31, 2020, were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Related data were used for epidemiologic and survival analysis, as well as the development and validation of a nomogram to predict the overall survival probability of individual HB-NENs patients. The study cutoff date was December 31, 2020, and statistical analysis was performed from May 1 to July 31, 2023. Result The age-adjusted incidence rate of HB-NENs increased 1.76-fold from 1992 to 2020 (annual percentage change [APC], 2.73; 95% CI, 1.86-3.65; P < 0.05). Furthermore, the incidence of HB-NENs in the extrahepatic bile duct increased most significantly (APC, 3.73; 95% CI, 2.03-5.46; P < 0.05), gallbladder also increased most significantly (APC, 3.51; 95% CI, 1.97-5.08; P < 0.05), whereas patients with HB-NENs in the liver had no significant difference. As for tumor type, the incidence increased in HB-NECs (APC, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.34-4.53; P < 0.05) but the incidence was stable in HB-NETs. On multivariable analyses, age at diagnosis, race, tumor size, grade, tumor type, tumor stage, and surgery were significantly associated with overall survival for HB-NENs patients. Furthermore, a nomogram based on associated factors was constructed to predict the 6-month, 1-year and 2-year survival probability, with the concordance indexes of 0.829 (95% CI, 0.800-0.857) for the internal validations and 0.801 (95% CI, 0.745-0.857) for the external validations. Conclusion In this study, the occurrence and prevalence of HB-NENs have exhibited a persistent upward trend over nearly two decades. Furthermore, this study proposes that a nomogram comprising eight prognostic parameters can effectively quantify the mortality risk in HB-NENs patients.

Introduction: Stomach cancer is a serious health problem worldwide, as it is one of the most common cancers and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death. Mast cells perform functions in the immunity system and are a type of discriminated myeloid cell. In this study, we evaluated the correlation between tryptase-positive mast cell density with prognostic histopathological findings in gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted as a cross-sectional study, using tissue samples from 40 patients who underwent radical gastrectomy at Sina Hospital between 2022 and 2023. After histopathological examination and determination of tumor histopathological characteristics, the samples were subjected to immunohistochemical staining using a monoclonal antibody against mast cell tryptase. Results: In this study, the median density of mast cells in tumor tissue was 8/10 high power fields. There was no significant relationship between mast cell density and the number of lymph nodes involved, as well as tumor type, grade, location, and size. Furthermore, there was no significant relationship between mast cell density and tumor vascular invasion or neural invasion. Conclusion: Mast cells have vital roles in normal immune systems and pathological situations. Mast cell density in tumor tissue might be considered for the prognosis of patients before treatment but the function of mast cells has not been completely explained in gastric cancer and needs confirmation to introduce new target therapy.

Most studies evaluating the performance of quantum switches have primarily relied on mathematical models. While some have considered switch simulation, they have largely overlooked the impact of concurrent entanglement requests, a crucial factor in practical switch design and optimization. This work addresses this gap by developing a NetSquid-based simulator of a quantum switch that supports concurrent entanglement requests. We validate the simulator against a well-established capacity model and present preliminary findings for concurrency scenarios that have not yet been analytically explored, offering novel insights into quantum network performance research.

The study was desiqned to show interaction between organic carbon dynamics and soil physical properties at two depths within different landuse. The two landuse are: continuous maize (CM) field which had been cultivated by farmers for 15 years and a planted Gliricidia sepium fallow (GF) adjacent 15 years fallow field. The mean values of organic carbon stock were 2.59 Mg ha-1 for continuous maize plot and 5.0 Mg ha-1 for Gliricidia sepium fallow with a significant different at P ≤ 0.05. Continuous maize plot had higher bulk density at 0 - 0.1m depth (1.53g cm -3) than Gliricidia sepium fallow plot (1.25 g cm -3). Continuous maize plot had higher bulk density at 0 – 10cm depth (1.53g cm -3) than Gliricidia sepium fallow plot (1.25 g cm -3). The soil moisture content at various times and different depths generally showed the following trend: CM < GF (P ≥ 0.05). The mean values were 0.476g/g (CM) and 0.621 g/g (GF) at 0 – 10cm depth. At 10 – 20 cm depth, the values were 0.404 g/g (CM) and 0.591 g/g (GF) and finally at depth 20 – 30 cm, the values were 0.364 g/g (CM) and 0.550 g/g. The result also show a significantly higher value of saturated hydraulic conductivity in Gliricidia sepium Fallow plot (0.12mm s -1) compared to continuous maize plot (0.104 mm s-1). Gliricidia sepium fallow plot had higher equilibrium infiltration rate (0.103 mm s-1) than continuous maize plot (0.015mm s -1). The high organic carbon in planted fallow of Gliricidia sepium impact positively on the soil physical properties studied and revealed how continuous cultivation planting maize was deleterious to soil organic carbon accumulation.

Changes in the Earth’s global parameters—particularly variations in the  length of day, ΔLOD—are caused by a multitude of geophysical processes, including that of core dynamics. New signals have emerged in the recent space-geodetic record of ΔLOD that are not explained solely based upon dynamics of the Earth’s core. On the other hand, recent studies emphasize the increasing impact of climatic processes on ΔLOD, yet even these fail to account for the mentioned emerging signals. Here we propose that these signals are explained once we account for ’core-climate coupling’ (3C). Using the observations of ΔLOD, global climate change, and core flow models, we unravel a 3C with a coupling strength of 4±2%. This dynamic link elucidates nonlinear interactions between the climate and core processes. To explain the origin of this coupling, we propose a mechanism that accounts for 79 ± 18% of the coupling strength and is based upon the pole tide caused by the deviations of the Earth’s rotational pole induced by climatic processes. This newly discovered 3C phenomenon demonstrates the interplay between internal and external geodynamics, which is fundamental for a better understanding of global geophysics.

Adult Ileocolic Intussusception as a Rare Complication of Curcumin Qingdai (CURQD) Use in a Patient with Ulcerative Proctitis: A Case Report and Review of Literature Kobina Essilfie-Quaye MD 1,2,3, Ronald Lee MD1,2,3, Jasmay Randhawa,1,2,3, Natalie Rivera-Rodriguez1,2,3, Eric Castaldo1,2,31University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Graduate Medical Education 6850 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL 328272HCA Florida North Florida Hospital, Internal Medicine Residency Program 6500 W Newberry Rd, Gainesville, FL 326053HCA Florida North Florida Hospital, 6500 W Newberry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32605

Cluster Analysis of Age-Dependent Allergen Sensitization and Allergic Disease Association To the Editor,Allergen sensitization patterns are closely linked to the prevalence and severity of allergic diseases across different age groups.1,2 In children, these patterns shift significantly with development, making it crucial to identify distinct sensitization profiles and their associations with allergic diseases at various developmental stages.1,3 While longitudinal studies have explored these associations in birth cohorts, real-world data on these relationships remain limited.2,4Consequently, studies leveraging real-world data are necessary to enhance generalizability and deepen our understanding of these associations in diverse populations.2,5 By identifying specific sensitization clusters, we can determine high-risk groups for allergic disorders, implement preventive strategies, and develop individualized treatment approaches based on endotypes.3,4 In this study, we investigated allergen sensitization patterns across age groups and their relationship with allergic diseases using a single-center common data model (CDM).This single-center retrospective observational cohort study utilized the Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) CDM, formatted according to the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership CDM. Patients who underwent allergy testing, including skin prick tests (SPT), multiple allergen simultaneous tests (MAST), and allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) tests, between January 2002 and December 2021 were included. For SPT, a reaction was considered positive if the mean wheal diameter was ≥3 mm or exceeded the histamine control. For MAST, allergens classified as class 3 or higher were considered positive. For specific IgE tests, a value of ≥0.35 KU/L was considered positive.If a patient underwent multiple allergy tests, a positive sensitization result was recorded if at least one test was positive. Conversely, a patient was considered nonreactive only if all tests yielded negative results. If test results were unavailable, they were treated as missing data (NA values).Patients were categorized into five age groups: Group 1: <3 years, Group 2: 3–5 years, Group 3: 6–11 years, Group 4: 12–19 years, and Group 5: 20–29 years. Only patients who underwent allergy testing in at least two different age groups were included in the study. Hospital visit codes were retrieved and categorized for allergic disease classification (Supplementary Table). Allergy test results for each age group were integrated into 17 allergen categories.Cluster analysis was performed using latent class analysis (LCA),6,7 with the optimal number of clusters determined using the Gower distance. The prevalence of allergic diseases across age groups was compared. Continuous variables were expressed as means and standard deviations, and categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Categorical variables were compared across age groups, conditions, and clusters using Pearson’s chi-square test.8 Statistical analyses were conducted using R version 4.3.3, and the gLCA package was used for LCA.The study included 1,656 patients, with a median age of 5 years (interquartile range [IQR], 2–11 years) at the first test. Among these patients, 65.9% were male. A total of 3,402 allergy tests were conducted at a median age of 7 years (IQR, 4–14 years). The types of allergy tests administered included SPT (16.2% of patients, 21% of the total tests), MAST (70% of patients, 56.6% of total tests), and specific IgE testing (13.8% of patients, 22.4% of total tests). The most frequently diagnosed allergic disease was rhinitis (47.2% of patients, 54.4% of total tests), followed by respiratory diseases (41.2% of patients, 39.4% of total tests). Eczema (24.2% of patients, 24% of total tests) and asthma (20% of patients, 23.5% of total tests) were also frequently diagnosed (Table 1).Allergy test results were analyzed to classify patients into four sensitization clusters (Figure 1). Cluster 1 had a high rate of sensitization to house dust mites (HDM). Cluster 2 was sensitized to common food allergens, including eggs, grains, legumes, meat, milk, and shellfish. Cluster 3 exhibited high sensitivity to a broad range of allergens. Finally, Cluster 4 had a high rate of sensitization to multiple aeroallergens, including HDM, mold, animal dander, trees, and weed allergens (Figure 1).The trajectory of allergic sensitization clusters across age groups 1–5 years was analyzed. The early infancy sensitization pattern was predominantly represented by Cluster 2, mostly sensitive to food allergens (44.7%), followed by Cluster 3, which exhibited polysensitization, and Cluster 4, which showed sensitization to aeroallergens, both appearing at similar proportions. In age Group 2, (3–5 years), Cluster 1 became the most dominant at 32.7%, followed by Cluster 4 at 31.7%, which was primarily associated with inhalant allergens, particularly HDM. In age groups 3 to 5, Cluster 1 remained the most dominant cluster, with sensitization rates of 53.9%, 55.4%, and 41.8%, respectively, HDM as the primary allergen (Supplementary Figure 1).The prevalence of allergic diseases, including asthma, eczema, food allergies, and rhinitis, was analyzed for each allergen sensitization cluster across age groups 1–5 years. Analysis of patients diagnosed with asthma showed that Cluster 1, which primarily exhibited sensitivity to HDM, was predominant among all age groups. In age Group 1, 32.4% of patients in Cluster 1 were diagnosed with asthma. This percentage increased to 44.6% in age Group 2, 46.7% in age Group 3, and then declined to 28.8% in age Group 4. In age Group 5, 22.9% of patients in Cluster 1 were diagnosed with asthma. In the case of eczema, Cluster 2, which exhibited high sensitivity to food allergens, was generally the most dominant in all age groups. Clusters 2 and 3 were the most prevalent clusters in eczema, indicating that polysensitized individuals could be at higher risk for multiple allergic diseases. Food allergy prevalence was highest in Cluster 3, which was characterized by polysensitization, in age Group 1, with 33 of 111 patients (29.7%) affected, followed by Cluster 2, which exhibited sensitivity to food allergens, with 26 of 203 patients (12.8%) affected. Similar patterns of cluster dominance were observed in age Groups 2 and 3. Clusters 1 and 4 demonstrated a higher prevalence of allergic rhinitis than other clusters, suggesting that patients with respiratory diseases were more likely to be sensitive to aeroallergens, as shown in Figure 2.This study demonstrated that allergen sensitization patterns evolve as children grow older, shifting from food allergens in infancy to aeroallergens in later childhood and adulthood. Distinct sensitization patterns were associated with specific allergic diseases, aiding in disease prediction and guiding treatment approaches. Understanding early-life sensitization patterns may help identify high-risk groups, enabling early interventions and targeted prevention strategies. Identifying distinct sensitization clusters supports more personalized and endotype-driven treatment approaches. Recognizing age-related changes in sensitization patterns is essential for long-term allergic disease management.However, this study has limitations. Conducted at a single center, its findings may not be generalizable to the broader Korean population. Including only patients who underwent allergy testing may have introduced selection bias toward individuals at higher risk for allergies. The retrospective study design limited causal inference and control over confounding factors. Although multiple age groups were analyzed, this is not true longitudinal study. Additionally, environmental factors such as allergen exposure, living conditions, and dietary habits may have influenced sensitization patterns but were not fully accounted for.In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into allergen sensitization patterns and their relationship with allergic diseases across different age groups. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of allergic sensitization, reinforcing the importance of early identification, prevention, and tailored management strategies in clinical practice.Keywords : Age-dependent, allergic diseases, allergen, cluster analysis, sensitization

The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is a unique polymerase that incorporates nucleotides at the 3’-terminus of single-stranded DNA primers in a template-independent manner. This biological function has propelled the development of numerous biomedical and bioengineering applications. The extensive utilization of TdT is constrained by its low expression levels in E. coli and low optimal operating temperature. To address these limitations, we designed and isolated a fusion enzyme combining TdT and the DNA-binding protein from Sulfolobus solfataricus. This fusion protein exhibited a threefold increase in DNA-binding affinity to double-stranded DNA and demonstrated improved thermostability, denaturing at temperatures up to 48°C, along with an enhancement in the expression yield of the target protein. The fusion of Sso7d to the C-terminus of TdT enhances catalytic activity for nucleotide removal from the coding end, while completely abolishing nucleotide addition activity. Conversely, the presence of Sso7d at the N-terminus of TdT decreases nucleotide incorporation and enhances nucleotide removal activity, with this effect significantly influenced by substrate length and the presence of metal ions in the reaction mixture. Overall, the obtained fusion enzymes could serve as prospective candidates for novel specific applications, such as gene editing, mutagenesis studies, and aptamer engineering.

Aluminum toxicity constitutes a critical environmental constraint limiting plant productivity in acid soils. Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) can mitigate Al-induced stress and promote root growth in Pinus massoniana (masson pine), but the molecular and metabolic underpinnings are unclear. This study presented a comprehensive analysis of transcriptional, metabolic, and hormonal alterations in P. massoniana roots inoculation with Lactarius deliciosus ( Ld 2) under 1.0 mM Al 3+ stress. Results showed the symbiotic system activated phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, facilitating L-fucose accumulation in cell walls and upregulating Al transporter gene XTH31, thereby enhancing extracellular sequestration through cell wall remodeling. Concurrently, symbiotic roots exhibited significant reductions in osmoprotectants including carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, and flavonoids, accompanied by hormonal reconfiguration featuring elevated salicylic acid/gibberellin levels and decreased jasmonate content. Molecular regulation analysis revealed Ld 2-induced upregulation of growth-related genes ( MYC2, GH3, TCH4) alongside suppression of COI1, ARF9/19, and DELLA genes, while stress-responsive markers ERF1/2, ABF, and PR-1 showed marked activation. The dual adaptation strategy combines cell wall reconstruction for enhanced physical barriers with metabolic reprogramming and hormone crosstalk-mediated physiological adjustments, providing valuable insights for the application of plant-mycorrhizal symbioses in ecological restoration and afforestation endeavors.

Soil salinity is a major stress limiting agricultural productivity worldwide. To counteract the adverse effects of salinity, plants from coastal habitats may engage in positive interaction with microbial partners. We recently discovered inland and coastal populations of Brassica fruticulosa with contrasting salinity tolerance. Here we characterize the microbiomes of salt-tolerant (PST) and salt-sensitive (PSS) populations, analyzing the diversity and abundance of bacteria and fungi taxa in bulk soil, rhizosphere, roots, and leaves of eight populations. We tested in a reciprocal transplant experiment the effects of two salt-tolerant (MST) and two salt-sensitive (MSS) rhizospheric microbiomes on PST and PSS plants under high salinity. Inoculation with MST enhanced salinity tolerance, improved growth, nutritional status, and reduced oxidative stress of PSS plants. Later, we isolated 113 bacterial strains from MST, 26 of which grew in 150mM NaCl and exhibited phosphate solubilization and siderophore production mechanisms. Further screening for nitrogen fixation, auxin production, and ACC deaminase activity allowed us to select 15 top candidates for mediating tolerance. Only five strains significantly promoted salt-sensitive plants growth under saline conditions. These findings highlight that the microbiome of species adapted to harsh conditions harbor a reservoir of potentially beneficial microorganisms that may improve plant resilience to salinity.

Background: Adrenocortical tumors (ACTs) are exceedingly rare in children. The Wieneke scoring system is commonly used for malignancy classification; however, the prognostic role of immune checkpoint markers, particularly programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), remains uncertain. Given the emerging role of immune checkpoints in cancer progression, this study evaluates PD-L1 expression in pediatric ACTs and its correlation with clinical outcomes. Procedure: A retrospective review was conducted on 23 pediatric ACT patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2020. Clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical data were analyzed. Tumor samples were stained for PD-L1 using immunohistochemistry, with a positivity threshold set at ≥3%. Malignancy classification was performed using the Wieneke scoring system, and correlations between PD-L1 expression, malignancy classification, and patient outcomes were assessed. Results: Among the 23 patients, 12 had adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) and 11 had adrenocortical adenoma (ACA). PD-L1 positivity was observed in three patients: one with ACA and two with ACC. One patient demonstrated PD-L1 positivity in both primary and metastatic tumor samples. Wieneke scoring classified 11 patients as malignant, one as intermediate, and 11 as benign. No significant correlation was found between PD-L1 expression and Wieneke scores. Conclusions: Although PD-L1 expression was more frequent in ACC cases, it did not demonstrate a significant prognostic impact. This finding aligns with broader variations in PD-L1 significance across different cancers. While immune checkpoint markers are implicated in tumor progression, their role in pediatric ACT remains unclear. Further multi-center studies are required to determine their prognostic relevance and therapeutic potential, particularly in the context of immunotherapy.

Adversarial AI is an emerging threat in cybersecurity, where machine learning (ML) techniques are exploited to both attack and defend digital systems. Malicious actors leverage adversarial ML to manipulate AI models, evade detection, and compromise security protocols. Conversely, cybersecurity professionals use ML to develop robust defense mechanisms that detect, mitigate, and counteract these attacks. This dual nature of AI-driven cybersecurity creates a continuous arms race between attackers and defenders. Key adversarial strategies include evasion attacks, data poisoning, and model inversion, which expose vulnerabilities in AI systems. To counter these threats, defensive approaches such as adversarial training, anomaly detection, and explainable AI enhance system resilience. As AI continues to evolve, the integration of adaptive security frameworks, threat intelligence, and ethical AI practices becomes crucial in safeguarding digital infrastructures. The study of adversarial AI highlights the need for continuous innovation in cybersecurity to address emerging risks in an increasingly automated and AI-dependent digital landscape.

Farmers use low-density polyethylene plastic mulching films to suppress weeds and protect plants from biotic and abiotic stresses; however, these films are a source of microplastics in ecosystems. Understanding the effect of film-derived microplastics on the rhizosphere microbiome and plant growth and development is therefore crucial. Here, we investigated how plastic residues in soils affect the interaction between the rhizosphere microbiome and Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana). To this end, we prepared plastic residues (≥5 mm), mixed them with agricultural field soils (5%, w/w), and incubated the mixed soils at 25°C and 80% relative humidity in the dark for 120 days to allow stabilization of the microbial community at the laboratory scale. The two independent variables (the presence of plastics and soil incubation) and their interaction did not affect seedling growth or flowering time. Bacterial taxon compositions in the rhizosphere were significantly changed by plastic treatment, soil incubation, and their interaction, although the evenness, richness, and diversity within each bacterial community remained unchanged. Notably, population sizes of bacterial families, such as Alcanivoracaceae, Cytophagaceae, and Latescibacteraceae, in the rhizosphere were altered by the presence of plastic. Additionally, the two independent variables and variation in the rhizomicrobiome induced changes in the transcription patterns of genes involved in photosynthesis, nitrogen assimilation, and the response to oxidative stress, suggesting that plastic residues influence microbial and plant activity. These findings suggest that plastic residues in soil indirectly affect the bacterial community and plant physiology; thus, their interaction should be considered in efforts to maintain sustainable agroecosystems.

Growing studies have revealed associations between smartphone addiction, depression and anxiety. However, most studies failed to examine the complex symptom-level connection, limiting insights into how specific smartphone addiction symptoms interact with mental health outcomes. This study aims to identify central and bridge symptoms within the smartphone addiction-depression-anxiety network among Chinese university students. A nationwide sample of 99,941 Chinese university students completed the Smartphone Addiction Scale for College Students (SAS-C), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7). Network analysis was employed to estimate symptom connections, centrality, and bridge symptoms. Withdrawal behavior (SA1), depressed mood (D3), everything is an effort (D4), nervous (A1), and uncontrollable worry (A2) emerged as central symptoms. Excessive app use (SA5), D10 (could not get going), D4 (everything is an effort), and A1 (nervous) served as critical bridge symptoms linking smartphone addiction with depression and anxiety. This study reveals the complex interactions between smartphone addiction and depression and anxiety symptoms in university students. Targeted interventions addressing everything an effort, nervous, withdrawal behavior, and excessive app use may disrupt the comorbidity cycle.

Hibernation is an energy-saving adaptation associated with physical inactivity. In contrast to most mammals, hibernating bears demonstrate limited loss of muscle mass and protein content over the prolonged periods of immobility and fasting during winter. This suggests that bears have natural adaptive mechanisms preserving muscle mass and functionality. To identify transcriptional changes that underlie molecular mechanisms attenuating muscle loss, we conducted a large-scale gene expression profiling (14,194 genes) by transcriptome sequencing in quadriceps of adult black bears, comparing hibernating animals (n=5) and summer active animals (n=5). Gene set enrichment analysis showed significant positive correlation between hibernating phenotype and expression changes of genes involved in translation, ribosome and the mTORC1 mediated signaling. In contrast, coordinated transcriptional reduction was detected for genes involved in catabolism of branched chain amino acid (BCAA) suggesting preservation of BCAA. These findings imply maintenance of protein biosynthesis through the mTORC1 signaling positively activated by availability of BCAA in muscle during hibernation. Support for this conclusion comes from overexpression of RRAGD and RRAGB, crucial regulator of the mTORC1 response to leucine availability, and up regulation of EIF4B, downstream target of the mTORC1 signaling. Consistent with the mTORC1 suppression of autophagy-dependent protein degradation, MAP1LC3A and ULK1 were down regulated in hibernating muscle. The maintenance of protein biosynthesis and decrease in protein catabolism through the mTORC1 signaling as response to BCAA availability likely contribute to the preservation of muscle protein through prolonged periods of immobility and fasting during hibernation.

Background: Fidelity assessments are crucial for ensuring evidence-based delivery of first episode psychosis (FEP) services. The First Episode Psychosis Services Fidelity Scale (FEPS-FS) is a validated tool for evaluating FEP programs, but its application in Asian contexts remains unexplored. This study applies and adapts the FEPS-FS to evaluate Singapore’s Early Psychosis Intervention Programme (EPIP) in 2024, examining its contextual applicability within Singapore’s healthcare framework. Methods: Fidelity was assessed at EPIP through program data analysis, health record reviews, and interviews with staff, patients, and families. Three evaluators scored 37 items on a 5-point scale, with ratings determined by consensus. Two items were selectively added from an earlier FEPS-FS version to address local contexts. Items rated ≤3 indicated areas needing attention. The FRAME methodology documented adaptations for local challenges, particularly in weight management and substance use interventions. Results: EPIP demonstrated high fidelity to evidence-based FEP practices, particularly in program structure and clinical processes. Twenty items achieved maximum ratings, including team integration, family engagement, and clozapine adherence. Lower ratings (≤3) identified gaps in participant ratios, psychiatrist caseload, and medication practices. Five items, primarily related to psychological and occupational therapies and substance use interventions, were unscored due to documentation differences, highlighting the need for tailored adaptations. Conclusion: This study demonstrates EPIP’s strong adherence to evidence-based practices while highlighting areas for improvement, particularly in resource allocation and documentation. The findings underscore the need for culturally sensitive adaptations of fidelity measures and innovative solutions to address challenges in early psychosis services within Asian healthcare systems. Future research should focus on developing structured documentation systems that balance standardization with personalized care, and explore strategies to enhance metabolic health interventions and substance use management in the local context.

Background: Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a severe mental health condition characterized by emotional instability, impulsivity, and interpersonal difficulties, often emerging during adolescence. Early identification and intervention targeting traits such as emotional dysregulation and impulsivity may prevent progression to BPD. However, the evidence supporting prevention through early intervention remains limited. Objective: This systematic review examines whether BPD can be prevented when traits are identified during adolescence. It explores the prevalence of BPD traits, evaluates early interventions, and investigates familial and social factors shaping outcomes. Methods: A search of databases—PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials—identified 20 studies published between 2015 and 2024. The studies included adolescents aged 12–18 with BPD traits, interventions aimed at modifying these traits, and outcomes related to emotional and interpersonal functioning. Study designs ranged from randomized controlled trials to cohort studies and meta-analyses. Results: Approximately 10–15% of adolescents display BPD traits, emotional dysregulation, and impulsivity. Environmental factors, such as trauma and family dysfunction, exacerbate risk. Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Adolescents (DBT-A) and Mentalization-Based Therapy (MBT) were helpful. DBT-A cut self-harm by 45%, and MBT increased social skills by 38%. School-based social-emotional learning (SEL) programs enhanced emotional resilience and peer relationships. Long-term follow-ups indicated sustained benefits, particularly for DBT-A and family-based interventions, which reduced familial conflict by 50% and strengthened family bonds. Conclusion: Early intervention targeting BPD traits in adolescents reduces symptom severity, prevents progression, and integrates family and school support. Future research should focus on long-term studies, cultural adaptations, and underserved populations.

Background. Nipah virus (NiV) causes severe diseases in humans with a high case fatality rate. The primary risk factors for NiV infection in Bangladesh are drinking raw date palm sap (DPS) contaminated with Pteropus fruit bat secretions/excretions or close contact with or exposure to the body fluid of an individual with NiV infection. Methods. During the 2023 NiV outbreak investigation in Bangladesh, the breast milk of a NiV-infected nursing mother was tested by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of NiV-RNA. The newborn was also tested as a suspected NiV-infected subject. Results. NiV, specifically NiV RNA, was detected in the breast milk sample. Through the investigation, it was determined that the mother consumed raw DPS nine days before the delivery. The newborn was also confirmed as NiV positive and had exposure to maternal bodily fluid during delivery, while breastfeeding, and was in prolonged maternal contact during caregiving. Conclusion. By revealing breast milk as a potential source for NiV transmissions, our findings advocate for incorporating breast milk testing into NiV diagnostic protocols for symptomatic mothers. This advancement will broaden our understanding of mother-to-child NiV transmission and pave the way for more effective containment strategies.