Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a new emergency department intervention for the management of epistaxis, aiming to reduce epistaxis admissions. Design Tranexamic acid (TXA) (500mg/ml) soaked NasoPore® packing was in the pathway for epistaxis which did not terminate following 10 minutes of simple first aid. The pathway was utilised for adult patients presenting with non-traumatic, anterior epistaxis. Pre- and post-implementation admission rates and re-attendance rates were recorded by retrospective audit at a large central London hospital. Results Epistaxis admissions were reduced by 51.7% (p<0.05) following the implementation of the TXA-soaked NasoPore® pathway. Conclusions The significant reduction in epistaxis admissions demonstrates that this intervention is beneficial for patient outcomes. This has the potential to be introduced in other A&E departments and also pre-hospital settings.

Xin Zhang , Yiren Yao, Ying Ding , Wenting Yan, Chen Hou, Yang Gu , Xiwen Zhang , Xiaojin Xu *Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Huai’an No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, China* Correspondence: Xiaojin Xu, E-mail: lunar.xu@163.comAbstract: Objective: Comprehensive bioinformatics methods were used to explore the immune-related genes and immune changes in myocardial infarction and to validate the immune-related genes.Methods: Gene expression data came from three datasets, GSE29111, GSE66360 and GSE48060. GSE29111 and GSE66360 were combined as training set and GSE48060 as the validation set. Differential gene, GO/KEGG enrichment, PPI, WCGNA, GSEA, and immune infiltration analyses were performed to find immune-related core genes for myocardial infarction. Diagnostic ability of core genes was assessed by ROC curves. RT-PCR was used to verify differences in expression of core genes between myocardial infarction and control patients. One of the immune-related core genes, BCL6, was selected for further study. The relationship between BCL6 and inflammatory response and oxidative stress was explored by detecting the inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, NADPH oxidase subunits p67 and gp91, SOD activity and MDA content.Results: The differential analysis identified 91 differential genes. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis involved response to lipopolysaccharide, IL-17 signaling pathway. Among the PPI network constructed by 91 differential genes, four core genes were identified. WCGNA analysis was performed and 13 core genes were identified. The final core genes obtained after taking the intersection were S100A12, BCL6. We verified the diagnostic ability of them, and the expression of them was significantly different between two groups(P<0.01) with AUCs of 0.809 (95% CI 0.733-0.874), 0.837 (95% CI 0.771-0.896). The diagnostic ability in the validation set was equally favorable, with AUCs of 0.789 (95% CI 0.662-0.908) and 0.733 (95% CI 0.573-0.866). The results of immune infiltration and correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between two core genes and immune cells. RT-PCR results showed a significant difference in the expression of S100A12 and BCL6 between two groups (P<0.001). The expression of the inflammatory factors were higher in the infarct group than in the control group after BCL6 knockdown (P<0.01), indicating that BCL6 knockdown exacerbated the inflammatory response. Similarly, the expression levels of NADPH oxidase subunits and MDA content were significantly higher in BCL6 knockdown than in the control group (P<0.01), and SOD activity was significantly lower than in the control group (P<0.01), indicating that BCL6 knockdown exacerbated the level of oxidative stress. Conclusion: S100A12 and BCL6 may serve as candidate biomarkers for early detection of myocardial infarction and have promise as new therapeutic targets.KEY WORDS： myocardial infarction; weighted gene co-expression network analysis; immune infiltration; GSEA; PPI; inflammatory reaction；oxidative stress

The role of betaine in the liver and kidney has been well documented, even from the cellular and molecular point of view. Despite literature reporting positive effects of betaine supplementation in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Schizophrenia, the role and function of betaine in the brain are little studied and reviewed. Beneficial effects of betaine in neurodegeneration, excitatory and Inhibitory imbalance, and oxidative stress in the central nervous system have been collected and analyzed with the aim of understanding the main role of betaine in the brain. There are many “dark” aspects needed to complete the picture. The understanding of how this osmolyte is transported across neuron and glial cells is also controversial, as the expression levels and functioning of the known protein capable to transport betaine expressed in the brain, betaine-GABA transporter 1 BGT-1, is itself not well clarified. The reported actions of betaine beyond BGT-1 related to neuronal degeneration and memory impairment are the focus of this work. With this review, we underline the scarcity of detailed molecular and cellular information about betaine action. Consequently, the requirement of detailed focus on and study of the interaction of this molecule with CNS components to sustain the therapeutic use of betaine.

Anthropogenic biological invasions represent major concerns but enable us to investigate rapid evolutionary changes and adaptation to novel environments. The goldfish Carassius auratus with sexual diploids and asexual triploids coexisting in natural waters, is one of the most widespread invasive fishes in Tibet, providing an ideal model to study evolutionary processes during invasion in different reproductive forms from the same vertebrate. Here, using whole-genome resequencing data of 151 C. auratus individuals from invasive and native ranges, we found different patterns of genomic responses between diploid and triploid populations during their invasion to Tibet. For diploids, although invasive individuals derived from two different genetically distinct sources and had a relative higher diversity (π) at the population level, their individual genetic diversity (genome-wide observed heterozygosity) was significantly lower (21.4%) than that of source individuals. Population structure analysis revealed that the invasive individuals formed a specific genetic cluster distinct from the source populations. Runs of homozygosity analysis showed low inbreeding only in invasive individuals, and only the invasive population experienced a recent decline in effective population size reflecting founder events. For triploids, however, invasive populations showed no loss of individual genetic diversity and no genetic differentiation relative to source populations. Regions of putative selective sweeps between invasive and source populations of diploids mainly involved genes associated with mannosidase activity and embryo development. Our results suggest invasive diploids deriving from distinct sources still lost individual genetic diversity resulting from recent inbreeding and founder events and selective sweeps, and invasive triploids experienced no genetic change owing to their reproduction mode of gynogenesis that precludes inbreeding and founder effects and may make them more powerful invaders.

The present study was performed to investigate the anti-fibrotic effect of Amitriptyline (AMT) on paraquat (PQ)-induced pulmonary fibrosis and its possible mechanism. A total of 32 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control, PQ, PQ + AMT and AMT groups. Lung histopathology, blood gas analysis, hydroxyproline (HYP), TGF-β1 and IL-17 were measured. E-cadherin, N-cadherin, α-SMA and caveolin-1 were studied by immunohistochemistry and Western-blot analysis in mice and A549 cells. As we found that, compared with the PQ group, the PQ + AMT group displayed mild pathological changes in pulmonary fibrosis, lower HYP, IL-17 and TGF- β1 levels in lung, and levels of N-cadherin and α-SMA in the lungs were significantly decreased, but caveolin-1 was increased (p < 0.01). While SaO2 and PaO2 levels were higher. Compared with the PQ group, the apoptosis rate, N-cadherin and α-SMA levels in the A549 cells were significantly decreased after PQ treatment and high-dose AMT intervention (p < 0.01). The expressions of E-cadherin, N-cadherin and -SMA in the PQ-induced cells transfected with caveolin-1 siRNA or siControl RNA were significantly different (p < 0.01). Our results suggested that AMT inhibits PQ-induced EMT in A549 cells and improves lung histopathology and oxygenation in mice by up-regulating caveolin-1.

Effective therapies to reduce ischemia/reperfusion and hypoxia/reoxygenation injury are currently lacking. Borneol has a clear protective effect on ischemia-reperfusion injury, and its protective effect on myocardial hypoxia/reoxygenation and its mechanism have remained to be elucidated. This study investigated the protective effects of borneol on H9C2 cardiomyocytes during hypoxia/reoxygenation injury and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. H9C2 rat cardiomyocytes were cultured, the MIRI model was established by hypoxia for 5h and reoxygenation for 24h. The cells were divided into control group, hypoxia/reoxygenation group (H/R group), (low-, medium-, high-) dose borneol group. Borneol administration groups were pre-treated for 12h with different doses of borneol prior to hypoxia/reoxygenation, 24h after reoxygenation, the cells or culture medium were collected for testing. The results showed that borneol has no cytotoxicity and can enhance the viability of cardiomyocytes, significantly increased the SOD content, significantly decreased LDH leakage in cell culture medium, and reduced evidently the apoptosis rate, down-regulated the expression of Bax and Caspase-3. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that borneol has a definite protective effect on hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury of rat cardiomyocytes, and its protective mechanism can be related to the inhibition of apoptosis by reducing the expression of Bax and Caspase-3.

Leprosy affects multiple systems causing morbidity.1 However with attainment of global elimination and prevalence being 0.89/10000 at national level; it is seldom considered a diagnosis when it doesn’t manifest telltale signs. 2,3 Leprosy can masquerade various dermatological, orthopedic or neurological problems thus delaying the diagnosis.

A novel microwave limiter with non-reciprocal limiting threshold is proposed in this paper to protect the transceiver switch or the transmitter. The directivity of the directional coupler is utilized to make the power of the received signal input to the detection circuit larger than that of the transmitted signal, thereby the detection circuit provides different DC bias voltage to the limiter circuit and changes the threshold level of the limiter diode. The test results show that this limiter has a threshold level of 35 dBm for the transmitted signal and 17 dBm for the received signal, which has a non-reciprocal limiting threshold for high-power signals input in both directions.

Subvalvular aortic stenosis manifesting as a subaortic membrane predisposes to bacterial endocarditis, which typically affects the aortic valve or, less frequently, the left ventricular outflow tract. We present the case of a 60-year-old woman expressing an odd form of a subvalvular aortic membrane in conjunction with a left Valsalva sinus pseudoaneurysm as a result of an endocarditis complication.

In recent years, bacteria from genus Clostridia have attracted attention of research community because of their biofuel production capabilities. Present study reports comparative genomic (CG) analysis of 48 genomes of solventogenic and saccharolytic Clostridia. We have focused on central carbon metabolism and general stress response in the analysis. Comprehensive summaries on comparison of general genome features, COG categories, CDSs of the energy, catabolic, and sporulation pathways are given. Furthermore, we have proposed two new genome-scale metabolic (GSM) models iKK848 and iKK1425 for Clostridium pasteurianum DSM 525 = ATCC 6013 and Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824, respectively. These GSM models are most comprehensive in that they account for the largest number of reactions, metabolites, and genes as compared to previous models. Model quality and metabolic flux optimization for biomass growth using iKK1425 and iKK848 are compared with previous literature. Our models had the highest quality score of 61% and 77%.

A satellite signal’s power and amplitude experiences eventual impairment during its propagation to the earth, especially when entering the path of an area receiving a significant volume of rain, such as the tropical region. Direct-to-Home (DTH) service is one application that is affected by heavy rain, causing frequent signal loss and a lot of user disappointment. The current mitigation techniques employed by service providers have been reviewed to recover the signal and bring back the subscribers’ interest, especially in tropical regions. Besides adaptive code modulation schemes and power control, many providers require consumers to switch to WiFi or mobile network services; however, viewing live TV has become distracting. Therefore, we suggest a new conceptual multi-site diversity approach that connects each home-set-top box using the MQTT protocol in an IoT mobile environment. The smart set-top TV could help share the channel content through the mobile network when any is down due to a signal outage. This concept is simulated for realization using the developed MQTT multiple-site diversity simulator. This article highlights satellite signal recovery by employing device-to-device (D2D) communication over a 5G mobile network.

Background We aimed to compare the long-term outcomes of catheter ablation and medical treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Methods We retrospectively screened consecutive patients with AF and HFpEF who received catheter ablation or medical treatment from December 2017 to June 2021 in our institution. The primary endpoint was defined as a composite of all-cause death, thromboembolic events and heart failure (HF) hospitalization. Multivariate analysis, 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) were employed to adjust for potential confounders. Results A total of 131 patients were included, among whom 71 patients (54.2%) underwent 1.15 + 0.36 catheter ablation procedures. During a median follow-up of 31.8 months, the incidence of the primary endpoint was significantly lower in catheter ablation group (9.9% vs 25.0%, log rank p = 0.018) compared with medical treatment group. In the multivariate model, catheter ablation was independently associated with a lower incidence of the primary endpoint (hazard ratio 0.281, 95% confidence interval 0.110 – 0.721, p = 0.008), which was consistent both in PSM and IPTW cohorts. The New York Heart Association class [2 (1, 2) vs 2 (2, 2), paired p < 0.001], N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide level [334.3 (187.1, 821.8) vs 859.2 (308.4, 1903.0), paired p < 0.001] and left atrial diameter (39.4 + 6.4 vs 41.1 + 6.2, paired p = 0.001) were significantly improved at the end of follow-up in catheter ablation group. Conclusion Catheter ablation was significantly associated with a lower incidence of the composite endpoint, improved HF symptoms and reverse atrial remodeling in AF and concomitant HFpEF.

In eukaryotes, the conserved kinase Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) negatively regulates DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation and plays a central role in DSB repair. Here, by using cytogenetic approaches, we demonstrate that ATM also plays an essential role in protecting meiotic chromosome integrity in Arabidopsis thaliana at extreme high temperature. We determined the chromosome localization patterns of DSB formation proteins SPO11-1 and DFO during prophase I, both of which were disturbed by heat stress. Evaluation of the number of RAD51, DMC1, SPO11-1 and DFO protein foci in meiocytes of Arabidopsis atm mutant clarifies that ATM does not mediate the heat-induced reduction in DSB formation. Interestingly, chromosome spread analysis showed that chromosome fragmentation level was significantly increased in atm but was lowered in the mre11 and mre11 atm mutants under high temperature, indicating that ATM-dependent meiotic chromosome integrity at high temperature relies on the functional MRE1-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex. Moreover, contrary to the rad51 and mnd1 mutants, which exhibited enhanced meiotic chromosome integrity under heat stress, the rad51 atm and mnd1 atm mutants retained high levels of chromosome fragmentation at extreme high temperature. Furthermore, heat stress reduced chromosome fragments in the syn1 and syn1 atm mutants. Collectively, these data suggest that ATM-mediated DSB repair is required for meiotic genome stability in plants at extreme high temperature, which acts in a RAD51-independent manner and relies on functional chromosome axis.

Temperature extremes have been related to anomalies in the large-scale circulation, but how these alter the surface energy balance is less clear. Here, we attributed extremes in daytime and nighttime temperatures of the eastern Tibetan Plateau to anomalies in the surface energy balance. We find that daytime temperature extremes are mainly caused by altered solar radiation, while nighttime extremes are controlled by changes in dowelling longwave radiation. These radiation changes are largely controlled by cloud variations, which are further associated with certain large-scale circulations through modulating vertical air motion and horizontal cloud convergence. Anomalies in heat advection, soil moisture, and snow albedo played secondary roles in triggering the initial change and contributed mostly to maintaining the duration. These mechanisms are consistent during winter and summer, also holding for cold extremes. Our work implies more frequent and severe warm nights and compound warm events over the Tibetan Plateau in the future.

In this study, Urtica dioica L extract as a stabilizing and reducing agent was utilized to synthesize silver nanoparticles in the aqueous medium. Various techniques containing UV-Vis. spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles (AgNPs). On the other hand, the MTT assay was run to evaluate anti lung cancer activity of AgNPs. The uniform spherical morphology ranging from 26.22 to 65.18 nm was detected in the SEM images for the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The crystal size of AgNPs, according to the XRD analysis, was 48.11 nm. In the cellular and molecular part of the recent study, the treated cells with AgNPs@Urtica dioica L were assessed by MTT assay for 48 h about the cytotoxicity and anti-human lung adenocarcinoma properties on normal (HUVEC) and lung adenocarcinoma cell lines i.e. HLC-1, LC-2/ad, and PC-14. The viability of malignant lung cell line reduced dose-dependently in the presence of AgNPs@Urtica dioica L. The IC50 of AgNPs@Urtica dioica L were 201, 108 and 143 µg/mL against HLC-1, LC-2/ad, and PC-14 cell lines, respectively. In the antioxidant test, the IC50 of AgNPs@Urtica dioica L and BHT against DPPH free radicals were 125 and 60 µg/mL, respectively.

In the present study, we tried to prepare and formulate a chemotherapeutic drug (Silver nanoparticles in aqueous medium using Scrophularia striata leaf extract) for the treatment of nerve cancer. The chemical characterization tests including UV–Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE‐SEM) were used for the characterization of silver nanoparticles. To survey the cytotoxicity and anti-nerve cancer effects of AgNO3, S. striata aqueous extract, and AgNPs, MTT assay was used on the nerve (Human peripheral nerve sheath tumor (S462 and BL1391)) cancer cell lines. For investigating the antioxidant properties of AgNO3, S. striata aqueous extract, and AgNPs, the DPPH test was used in the presence of butylated hydroxytoluene as the positive control. In the FE-SEM images, the silver nanoparticles were in an average size of 36.19 nm with the spherical shape. The results of MTT assay confirmed removing the S462 and BL1391 cell lines after treating with low concentrations of AgNPs. AgNPs inhibited half of the DPPH molecules in the concentration of 97 µg/mL. As mentioned, AgNPs had significant anti-nerve cancer properties against the above cell lines.

Rheum ribes L. is one of the popular fruits in Asian culture. R. ribes has many pharmaceutical applications in folklore medicine. In the present study, the extract of the dried leaf of R. ribes was used as a reducing agent for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Various chemical methods such as FE-SEM, XRD, and FT-IR were used to characterize AgNPs. The results of XRD showed 28.19 nm for the crystal size of AgNPs. A spherical morphology was confirmed for the nanoparticles using FE-SEM images with an average size of 26.11 nm the nanoparticles. In the cellular and molecular part of the recent study, the treated cells with AgNPs were assessed by MTT assay for 48h about the cytotoxicity and anti-human oral cancer properties on normal (HUVEC) and oral cancer cell lines i.e. HSC-2, HSC-3, HSC-4, KB, BHY, HN, OECM-1, and Ca9-22. The IC50s of AgNPs were 220, 192, 174, 142, 125, 131, 250 and 219 µg/mL against HSC-2, HSC-3, HSC-4, KB, BHY, HN, OECM-1, and Ca9-22 cell lines, respectively. The viability of malignant oral cell lines reduced dose-dependently in the presence of AgNPs. It seems that the anti-human oral cancer effect of recent nanoparticles is due to their antioxidant effects.

In this study, vanadium nanoparticles were green synthesized using the aqueous extract of Salvia officinalis. Different techniques such as FE-SEM, XRD, FT-IR, and EDS analysis were used to characterize VNPs@Salvia officinalis. A 25.6 nm was obtained for the crystal size of the vanadium nanoparticles using XRD analysis. The FE-SEM images show a spherical morphology for VNPs@Salvia officinalis with the range size of 11.28 to 40.74 for the synthetic nanoparticles. In the antioxidant test, the IC50 of VNPs@Salvia officinalis and BHT against DPPH free radicals were 300 and 265 µg/mL, respectively. For anticancer activity evaluation the treated cells with VNPs@Salvia officinalis were assessed by MTT assay for 48h about the cytotoxicity and anti-colorectal cancer properties on normal (HUVEC) and colorectal cancer cell lines i.e., Caco-2, COLO 320, DLD-1‎, HCT-15‎, HCT-116‎, and HT-29. The IC50 of VNPs@Salvia officinalis were 213, 210, 297, 204, 160, and 125 µg/mL against Caco-2, COLO 320, DLD-1‎, HCT-15‎, HCT-116‎, and HT-29 cell lines, respectively. The viability of malignant colorectal cell lines reduced dose-dependently in the presence of VNPs@Salvia officinalis. It appears that the anti-colorectal cancer effect of VNPs@Salvia officinalis is due to their antioxidant effects.

Abstract The eastern red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus) is one of the most abundant vertebrate species in the forests of eastern North America. It is considered as an important species for ecological processes. Two phenotypes most commonly coexist in most populations, but in different proportions: the red-backed (striped) and lead-backed (unstriped) morphs. Recent large-scale studies suggested that both color morphs of P. cinereus occur in and beyond the species’ current northern range. The presence of lead-backed morphs in this area would contradict some previous studies that link the lead-backed morph with warmer conditions. To verify this hypothesis, we conducted inventories in the boreal forest of northwestern Quebec (Canada), outside or at the edge of the species’ known range, where temperatures are among the coldest encountered by this species. We documented 11 sites with the lead-backed morph, including 5 sites in the Parent area that fill a large gap in the species’ known distribution. Among the latter, we found 3 distinct populations in which the lead-backed morph reached frequencies of 43%–96%. These occurrences of P. cinereus are noteworthy given the harsh climatic conditions that prevail throughout the year and the recurrence of large-scale disturbances in these far-north forests. Our findings also agree with the mounting evidence that variation in color morph frequency is not related only to temperature or shifts in climate.

Recently, a renewed interest in adopting data analytics to help solving HR problems and to make more informed and effective choices appeared in the literature. One of the greatest challenges for organizations is employee turnover because of its adverse impact in many areas, such as productivity, performance and reputation. In case of attrition, one of the problems is that data from HRIS are complex, full of sensitive information (GDPR) and of useless data. Once data are clean, they can be analyzed by using statistical approaches such as machine learning. This study is about predicting employee attrition using machine learning models on a real dataset of a large Italian financial company, and, in particular, we focus on choosing the best. This contrasts with much extant research which is based on artificial datasets. To address this issue, machine learning tools have been developed for investigating and predicting employee attrition, as well as methods for evaluating their predictive power. Evidence on what are the most important predictors that lead to attrition and in what areas it is more likely to happen enable HR managers to implement targeted retention policies and practices. The contribution of this paper is to explore and compare the performance of several common models which are found in the literature on real data. Then, we focus on the results of the best performing model and identify some groups of employees who have a high risk of attrition on which the company could intervene to reduce voluntary resignation.

In this work a self-configuration system and the frequency characterization for a fully integrated CMOS photodetector sensor is presented. The sensor is composed of pixels with programmable switches that allow each pixel to connect with its neighbors; in this way, an arbitrary detection pattern can be synthesized on it. The design was aimed to be part of an optical encoder based on a non-diffractive light beam, therefore, the purpose of the self-configuration routine is to find the center of the incident non-diffractive beam and then configure the detection pattern around it. The corresponding algorithm is implemented on a Zynq-7000 SoC allowing to automate the alignment of the beam with the detection pattern, without using micrometric positioning procedures. The frequency response of the analog front-end of the entire chip (the pixels and the amplification system) is addressed via SPICE simulations and experimental data, and is consistent with the classical mathematical models, allowing us to propose future improvements to the design.

Lithium supply shortages have prompted the search for alternatives to widespread grid system applications. Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have emerged to promising candidates for this purpose. Nonetheless, the large radius of K + (1.38 Å) impedes the march of satisfactory cathode materials. Here, we used solid-phase synthesis to prepare a layered K 0.37MnO 2·0.25H 2O (KMO) cathode, comprising alternately connected MnO 6 octahedra with a large interlayer spacing (0.64 nm) to accommodate the migration and transport of K + ions. The cathode material achieved initial specific capacities of 102.3 and 88.1 mA h g -1 at current densities of 60 mA g -1 and 1 A g -1, respectively. The storage mechanism of K + ions in PIBs was demonstrated ex situ using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy measurements. Overall, our proposed KMO was confirmed as an auspicious cathode material for potential use in PIBs.

Predictive modelling is fundamental to ecology and essential for objective biodiversity assessment. However, while predictive biodiversity models are generally well-developed, models for predicting patterns within and among ecosystems have not been adequately operationalized. We contend the scarcity of such models marks a concerning gap in the scientific community’s ability to make ecosystem predictions across landscapes, and more broadly for supporting the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem functions. We propose ecosystem spatial pattern models (ESPM) to fill this gap in modelling capacity. Under our approach to ESPM, spatial patterns of ecosystem properties are the basis for resolving ecosystem organization at local and landscape extents. Our integrative modelling framework differs from others in that it accords biotic and abiotic constituents equally, based on with their joint mechanistic influence on ecosystem dynamics. Development of ESPM is especially timely for ecosystem assessment is undergoing a contemporary groundswell, as scientists and conservation groups propose ambitious targets for ecosystem conservation and restoration.

We introduce the theoretical framework from geometric optimal control for a control system modeled by the Generalized Lotka-Volterra (GLV) equation, motivated by restoring the gut microbiota infected by Clostridium difficile combining antibiotic treatment and fecal injection. We consider both permanent control and sampled-data control related to the medical protocols.