Deep learning-based classification algorithms have been used for automatic modulation recognition (AMR). However, most methods only focus on end-to-end mapping and neglect the classic key features. In this paper, signals are enforced with key classification features to propose a novel deep learning model for AMR by learning the shared latent space of the aligned signals and key features (LLAF); this is done to increase the generalizability of the model and to ensure the physical plausibility of the results. To obtain adequate signal representations, an encoder-decoder architecture is proposed to learn the shared latent space, and the architecture is trained to approximate prior label distributions for precise signal classification. Simulation results verify the high recognition accuracy of the proposed LLAF model under different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs).

In this paper, a novel silicon carbide (SiC) insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) with a 4H-SiC/Si heterojunction in buffer layer (HBL) is proposed to improve the turn-off characteristic. Compared with the conventional 4H-SiC IGBT, the polysilicon region is integrated in the buffer layer to form a natural potential well, which can help to store excessive carriers at the turn-off process. Simulation results indicate that the turn-off time (toff) is reduced from 325 ns to 232 ns and the turn-off loss (Eoff) is decreased from 2.619 mJ to 1.375 mJ, while a similar on-state ability is maintained. That means the reduction of 28.6% toff and 47.5% Eoff can be achieved. Based on the structure benefits, a better trade-off between Eoff-VF is also achieved for the proposed HBL-IGBT. Moreover, the heterojunction of HBL-IGBT can be formed with the plasma active direct bonding technology, which is compatible with the conventional fabrication process.

This paper introduces two methods for constructing the effective lagrangian of gravitational bosons: the CCWZ method and the topological method, and then uses these two methods to calculate the symmetry breaking SO(4)/SO(3) of the effective lagrangian of the gravitational boson. By comparing the results, it is found that the effective lagrangian constructed by the two methods is consistent, which further proves that the topological method is useful in constructing the effective lagrangian of the gravitational boson effectiveness.

Ana Borić-Bilušić A1, Nada Božina2, Zdenka Lalić3, Mila Lovrić3, Sandra Nađ-Škegro4, Luka Penezić4, Karmela Barišić5, Vladimir Trkulja2Running title: ABCG2 c421C>A (rs2231142) and mycophenolic acid1Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia2 Department of Pharmacology, Zagreb University School ofMedicine, Zagreb, Croatia3 Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Analytical Toxicology andPharmacology Division, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia4 Department of Urology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia5 Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Zagreb University, Zagreb, Croatia.Corresponding author: Vladimir TrkuljaDepartment of PharmacologyZagreb University School of MedicineŠalata 11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatiae-mail: vladimir.trkulja@mef.hr

Energy and the Energy Conservation Principle might be the most important building blocks of the Physical Sciences. Until the discovery, in the 20 th century, that the Universe expands much faster than the expansion that can be justified by the amount of the calculated Energy in the whole Universe, the Energy was believed to be composed of only Traceable Energy components. After the above-mentioned discovery, the notion of Untraceable Energy (or Dark Energy) was introduced in the science of Physics. However, the exact origin of this Dark Energy is still a mystery. The acceptable notions are that Dark Energy must be looked for in Gravitation using Einstein's General Relativity Theory. This article argues that the origin of most of the Dark Energy might be in Electromagnetism. This article also provides other new insights into the Energy entity, which might also explain additional issues and paradoxes that were yet ignored.

To monitor the ground sink condition of Shanghai over the past two years, monitoring data were obtained through the technical processing of 24 views from Sentinel-1A data covering Shanghai from 2019--2020 by using the PS-InSAR and SBAS-InSAR technique. The ground subsidence results were extracted via PS interferometry processing, while SRTM data were used to correct the residual phase. The subsidence rate and the accumulated amount of subsidence derived from the monitoring results revealed the urban area in Shanghai to be principally characterized by uneven ground subsidence, with multiple settlement funnels being found to be distributed across the main urban area. Moreover, when compared with the historical subsidence data, geological data, and urban construction distribution data, the individual settlement funnels were observed to correspond to those data concerning the historical surface settlement funnel in Shanghai. By randomly selecting ground subsidence time-series data regarding three feature points, it was determined that the morphological variables of the ground subsidence remained largely consistent at all time points and that their change trends exhibited a high degree of consistency, which verified the reliability of the PS-InSAR and SBAS-InSAR monitoring method. The results can provide data support for decision making in terms of geological disaster prevention and control in Shanghai.

This letter has investigated the exogenous shocks (climate change and the Russia-Ukraine war) in the top ten digital currencies' price dynamics. Therefore, we use the information theory quantifiers. We discover that the exogenous shocks have an ambiguous effect on the informational efficiency of these digital currencies. Our results shed light on the potential of altcoins to support exogenous shocks and their capability to use with portfolio selection, risk diversification and herding behaviour.

Is workplace violence against health care workers in Mozambique gender related?

To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of successful transbronchial biopsy via RB in a 5-year-old patient. The sample revealed a potential diagnosis, but more importantly, helped rule out an active infectious process and avoided an open lung biopsy which was being planned and would have otherwise been necessary to establish a diagnosis. We believe this technology can be used to increase the diagnostic yield of flexible bronchoscopy, particularly in the immunocompromised population as there is already evidence supporting image-guided bronchoscopy over conventional bronchoscopy in this population [(4)](#ref-0004). A notable limitation to RB is the size of the available bronchoscopes for robotic platforms (4.5 and 3.5 mm OD). In children, this may limit the capacity to sample more peripheral lesions via fine needle aspiration, as more lung tissue (relative to chest size) may be injured. In our case, the catheter tip was never as close to the lesion as it has been described in adults [(2)](#ref-0002). As the field of pediatric interventional pulmonology continues to develop, RB will likely be one of several options available for safe and high-yield diagnostic procedures.

This paper is concerned with a diffusive predator-prey model with prey-taxis and prey-structure under the homogeneous Neumann boundary condition. The stability of the unique positive constant equilibrium of the predator-prey model is derived. Hopf bifurcation and steady state bifurcation are also concluded.

Migrant birds prepare differently to fly north for breeding in spring and for the flight to lower latitudes during autumn avoiding the cold and food shortages of the north hemisphere’s harsh winter. The molecular events associated with these fundamental stages in the life history of migrants include the differential gene expression in different tissues. Semipalmated sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) are Artic breeding shorebirds that migrate to the coast of South America during non-breeding season. Thus, the adaptive molecular changes in the brain of these birds at lower latitudes have not yet been investigated in detail. Here, we searched for differential gene expression in the brain of semipalmated sandpiper, of recent arrived birds (RA) from autumnal migration and that of individuals in the premigratory period (PM) in the spring. All individuals were collected in the tropical coastal of northern Brazil. We generated a De novo neurotranscriptome for C. pusilla individuals and compared gene expression across libraries for neurotranscriptome. To that end we mapped RNA-seq reads to the C. pusilla neurotranscriptome in a total of 4 brain samples each group. A total of 266,414 transcripts were reconstructed that yielded 615 differentially expressed genes in the brain of both groups. The present report revealed a remarkable differential gene expression in the brain of recently arrived and premigratory individuals. It also revealed molecular brain changes associated with the recovering of the 4 to 5 days long-distance uninterrupted flight across Atlantic Ocean and preparation for the long-distance multiple stopover spring migration.

Aim: A higher incidence of atrial fibrillation is linked to obstructive sleep apnea. The effects of continuous positive airway pressure on atrial fibrillation have been studied in observational studies and randomized controlled trials. We conducted this meta-analysis to assess the effect of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on the recurrence of atrial fibrillation after conversion to sinus rhythm in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases from inception till October 2022. We included cohort studies and randomized controlled trials containing the recurrent situation of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation or direct current cardioversion with and without continuous positive airway pressure therapy. The random-effects model was used to evaluate the odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI). I2 was used to assess the heterogeneity. Results: 8 studies with a total of 1372 obstructive sleep apnea patients met the inclusion criteria. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy decreased atrial fibrillation recurrence by 57% (OR=0.43, 95% CI 0.29-0.64, I2=38.0%). Subgroup analysis showed that the protective effect was more significant in groups with a higher burden of atrial fibrillation (OR 0.294 vs. 0.622, 95% CI 0.164-0.524 vs. 0.376-1.027, p=0.055) and with more hypertension patients (OR 0.272 vs. 0.550, 95% CI 0.165-0.449 vs. 0.329-0.922, p=0.054). Age, body mass index, severity of OSA, and therapy compliance had no significant effect on the recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Conclusion: Continuous positive airway pressure therapy decreased the atrial fibrillation recurrence rate. The severity of atrial fibrillation and hypertension both had an impact on it. Studies focused on the effects of the severity of OSA and treatment compliance, and more randomized controlled trials are needed in the future.

New therapeutic possibilities open up in the nonpharmacological rate control of patients with atrial fibrillation, and an approach with an ablation line around the AVN could be useful both for modulating the ventricular response and for safer AV ablation if this is finally required.

Biatrial cardiac myxomas are extremely rare, as the reported incidence is less than 2%. This report highlights a young 23-year-old, previously healthy male who presented with a cerebrovascular accident likely secondary to biatrial myxomas that were incidentally found during the stroke evaluation.

The behavior of animals potentially affects their survival and reproduction. The activity budget of the Critically Endangered giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis has been investigated in populations across Africa and found to be influenced by body size, diet and sex. Foraging patterns show how an animal chooses to forage in its environment, and is influenced by resource availability, competition and predation risk. The activity budget and foraging patterns of Nubian giraffes vary considerably between ecosystems. The Nubian giraffe is a recently identified subspecies G. camelopardalis camelopardalis). This Critically Endangered giraffes which includes Rothschild’s giraffes, occurs only within Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, and Southern Sudan. We observed the behavior of a population of Nubian giraffes in Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya, to assess seasonal activity budgets and foraging patterns. In the wet and dry seasons, giraffes spent approximately the same amount of time (53 and 57%, respectively) foraging. Movement and resting duration decreased slightly from the dry to the wet season (22 to 20% and 25 to 22%, respectively. Across both seasons, Vachellia xanthophloea (67%), Maytenus senegalensis (19%), and Solanum incanum (9%) made up the bulk of the giraffe’s diet. In the dry season, giraffe additionally foraged on Maerua triphylla (2%), Vachellia gerrardi (2%), and Grewia similis (1%); in the wet season, they added Vachellia abyssinica (2%) and Rhus natalensis (2%) to their diet. The most utilized browsing height was 3.5 m below their average height.. Overall, season did not appear to influence the Nubian giraffe’s activity time budget or foraging patterns in Lake Nakuru National Park. Improved knowledge of the behavioral patterns of this subspecies will allow managers to manage and conserve the species and its habitat better. For instance, planting perennial plants in all vegetation types used by giraffes in the park minimizes browsing pressure on the already over browsed Vachellia.

Sweet taste is a primary sensation for the preference and adaption of primates to diet, which is crucial for their survival and fitness. It is clear now that the sweet perception is mediated by a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-sweet taste receptor T1R2/T1R3, and many behavioral or physiological experiments have revealed the diverse sweet taste preferences and sensitivities in primates. However, the structure-function relationship of T1R2s/T1R3s in primates, especially the molecular basis for their species-specific sweet taste, has not be well understood until now. In this study, we performed a comprehensive sequence, structural and functional analysis of sweet taste receptors in primates to elucidate the molecular determinants mediating their species-dependent sweet taste recognition. Our results indicate that distinct taxonomic distribution and classification are present in both T1R2s and T1R3s, which are demonstrated by the conservation/variation of sequences in sequence similarity networks and phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, significant characteristics (interaction, coevolution and epistasis) for several subsets of function-related potential residues, which could partly account for the previously reported behavioral and physiological results of taste perception in primates, are also revealed. Moreover, the prosimians Lemuriformes species, which were reported to have no sensitivity to aspartame, could be proposed to be aspartame tasters based on the present analysis. This hypothesis was further validated by the cell-based functional analysis of the T1R2/T1R3 of the Lemuriformes species Coquerel’s sifaka and its two site-directed mutants. Collectively, our study provides new insights and promotes a better understanding for the diversity, function and evolution of sweet taste receptors in primates.

In this study, which was carried out between 2015-2019, were taken 3730 photographs and video recordings with the number of 6380 camera trap days at 142 different points with the camera traps. At the end of the study, 13 different large mammal wild animal species were identified. In the study area, wild boar (Sus scrofa) 845, hare (Lepus europaeus) 634, red fox (Vulpes vulpes) 565, gray wolf (Canis lupus) 549, golden jackal (Canis aureus) 322, red deer (Cervus elaphus) 224, stone marten (Martes foina) 174, European badger (Meles meles) 89, brown bear (Ursus arctos) 86, Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) 84, jungle cat (Felis chaus) 69, wildcat (Felis silvestris) 52 and Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) 28 times have been observed. The distribution of the identified species according to altitude and stand type, and their activities according to months and hours of the day were evaluated. It has been determined that the determined species prefer mixed and degraded stand types, they are more intense between 1200-1400 meters, daily activities are more frequent at night and they are more active in the spring and autumn seasons.

Indian pangolin is distributed throughout South Asia, from eastern Pakistan to much of India, south of the Himalayas, southern Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. It is classified as an Endangered (EN) species, listed under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Although its population is declining at an alarming rate there seems to be little information available on this species across its range. This has created a knowledge gap for sustainable management and conservation of the species. For effective planning, it is necessary to study the trends in research of the species and monitor these gaps to realign research focus on current conservation needs. We systematically reviewed all the published English literature on Indian pangolin between 1980 and 2020 to synthesize range-wide current state of knowledge on this species. Internet-based searches in Google Scholar produced 3320 results. After a set of selection processes, 64 literature were assessed. During the 1980–2020 time period, 31 journals published articles on Indian pangolins. The maximum number of the study was conducted in 2020 (n=10). Among the range countries, most literature was based on India (n=24), whereas the least was on Nepal (n=1). Studies on the Indian pangolin were mostly focused on the theme ecology (48%, n=31). More than 63% of the research (n=40) was based on primary sources of information or empirical studies. We recorded a total of 12 distinct methods used to study Indian pangolin where community interview (n=19) was the most often utilized approach. We investigated the trend and spatial distribution of Indian pangolin research, identified research gaps, assessed methods employed in Indian pangolin research and provided conservation recommendations. We expect that findings from our study will help to fill in gaps on Indian pangolins and be useful in their conservation.

As electric vehicles(EVs) begin to participate in the peak regulating auxiliary service market, it has become a major problem that how can price aggregators maximize the peak shaving capacity provided by EVs and maximize their own interests. This paper proposes a bargaining game pricing method based on the psychology cost of EVs and the risk assessment of aggregators. First of all, according to the impact of users’ participation in peak shaving on the battery life of EVs, the impact of participation in peak shaving on users’ original travel plans and time, and the impact of aggregator pricing on users’ psychology, the comprehensive psychology cost of EV users is obtained. Then, based on the user’s psychology cost and the law of gravitation, the evaluation scheme for the peak shaving capacity of EVs is obtained. On the basis of conditional value at risk(CVaR), the mixed CVaR is obtained by considering the behavior of users who may chase risks. Based on the mixed CVaR, the risk assessment of aggregators’ participation in the peak regulating auxiliary service market is carried out. According to the above information, the aggregators and the EV teams are engaged in a bargaining game based on the peak shaving pricing problem, which is divided into complete information game and incomplete information game. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method is verified by an example analysis.

A novel polymer microsphere with both UV-shielding and blue-light-emitting characteristics was fabricated by grafting disodium 4,4’-bis[(4-anilino-6-hydroxyethylamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino] stilbene-2,2’-disulphonate (VBL) onto poly (maleic anhydride-co-α-methyl styrene) (PMAS) microspheres via esterification reaction. The as-prepared PMAS-VBL microspheres were then incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to prepare composite films. The introduction of PMAS-VBL endowed PVA with excellent UV-shielding and fluorescent properties, which mainly derived from UV-to-blue light converting ability of VBL. PVA films containing 7 wt% PMAS-VBL microspheres can block almost 100% UV light while the visible light transmittance was maintained at 66.9% and absolute quantum yield of the films reached up to 74.26%. This work opens up a new pathway for fabricating UV-filters and blue light converter, which are very promising for a diversity of UV-shielding and fluorescence-based applications.

In some lined channels with high gradients, a heavy scouring and erosion, as well as overflow, it is highly common to occur, thus it is required a water flow velocities regulation. An attractive option for reducing water flow velocities is to significantly increase their bottom roughness through the installation of rapid hydraulic structures which are one of the river trainings structures. This prevents the river bed against erosion, also stabilises the bed slope and helps to keep river channels stable under flooding conditions. However, in sedimentary density fluids, a consequence of the change of velocity is deposition of solids which could be consolidated with the result of changing the geometric design of the roughness element. This study aims to estimate the degree of confidence expected when modifications take place to artificial roughness geometries in the bottom of the channel with turbulent flow and density fluid. The modification corresponds from transverse ribs into ramps, so to establish the equations as result of this change, a mathematical analysis using the Buckingham's theorem was implemented. This theorem uses various dimensionless expressions as criterion for obtaining a high channel bottom roughness. The study allows us to conclude that the new generated bottom roughness causes more stable water flows and although it may be expensive, it is a recommended way to reduce flow velocities. In general, there is an interchange achieving a more stable operation, with a lower erosive capacity, in exchange for the channel having larger cross-sections.

The distribution ranges and spatio-temporal patterns in the occurrence and activity of boreal bats are yet largely unknown due to their cryptic lifestyle and lack of suitable and efficient study methods. We approached the issue by establishing a permanent passive-acoustic sampling setup spanning the area of Finland to gain an understanding on how latitude affects bat species composition and activity patterns in northern Europe. The recorded bat calls were semi-automatically identified for three target taxa; Myotis spp., Eptesicus nilssonii or Pipistrellus nathusii and the seasonal activity patterns were modeled for each taxa across the seven sampling years (2015–2021). We found an increase in activity since 2015 for E. nilssonii and Myotis spp. For E. nilssonii and Myotis spp. we found significant latitude -dependent seasonal activity patterns, where seasonal variation in patterns appeared stronger in the north. Over the years, activity of P. nathusii increased during activity peak in June and late season but decreased in mid season. We found the passive-acoustic monitoring network to be an effective and cost-efficient method for gathering bat activity data to analyze spatio-temporal patterns. Long-term data on the composition and dynamics of bat communities facilitates better estimates of abundances and population trend directions for conservation purposes and predicting the effects of climate change.

Background: Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common disease that affects the valve between the left heart chambers. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) helps locate mitral regurgitant defects in patients with MVP. We encountered an unusual phenomenon when performing TEE in a 67-year-old male patient with MVP. The three-dimensional (3D) TEE showed a regurgitant defect in C1. However, both the 77° and 100° two-dimensional (2D) TEE views detected severe mitral regurgitation at the regurgitant defect. Methods: To explain this phenomenon, we utilized the data of a 45-year-old male patient who complained of chest distress and underwent cardiac computed tomographic angiography for diagnostic purposes. Subsequently, we established a heart model using the Mimics/3-matic software. In 3-matic, we simulated the TEE process, which included acquiring the transducer location, the transducer direction, and the 77° and 100° TEE views. Results: During the TEE process, the center of the transducer was placed at P8. If the transducer was toward with a multiplane transducer angle of 77°, C1 was evaluated via 2D TEE. If it was toward at 100°, C1 was assessed again via 2D TEE. The coordinates of P12 and P12’ were extremely close to each other. Conclusion: The phenomenon could be likely explained as follows: For a certain transducer location, the transducer might have two different directions, where the same anterior commissure could be accurately observed at two different multiplane transducer angles. These two directions were extremely close to each other. When TEE was performed in the patient with MVP, the transducer was in fact turned from one direction to the other without being realized.

We report a case of a four-year-old female child who presented with a massive pancreatic pseudocyst. Pseudocysts >10 cm are at an increased risk of rupture, hence require surgical intervention. Percutaneous external drainage via pig tail catheter was followed by Cysto-gastrostomy due to continuous high output. Post-operative period was uneventful.