Biodiversity may increase ecosystem resilience. However, we have limited understanding if this holds true for ecosystems that respond to gradual environmental change with abrupt shifts to an alternative state. We used a mathematical model of anoxic-oxic regime shifts and explored how trait diversity in three groups of bacteria influences resilience. We found that trait diversity did not always increase resilience: greater diversity in two of the groups increased but in one group decreased resilience of their preferred ecosystem state. We also found that simultaneous trait diversity in multiple groups often led to reduced or erased diversity effects. Overall, our results suggest that higher diversity can increase resilience but can also promote collapse when diversity occurs in a functional group that negatively influences the state it occurs in. We propose this mechanism as a potential management approach to facilitate the recovery of a desired ecosystem state.

For many years, the methods of cancer treatment are usually surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Although these methods help to improve the condition, most tumors still have a poor prognosis. In recent years, immunotherapy has great potential in tumor treatment. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy (CAR-T) uses the patient’s own T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) recognizes tumor-associated antigens and kills tumor cells. CAR-T has achieved good results in the treatment of hematological tumors. In 2017, the FDA approved the first CAR-T for the treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In October of the same year, the FDA approved CAR-T to treat B-cell lymphoma. In order to improve and enhance the therapeutic effect, CAR-T has become a research focus in recent years. The structure of CAR, the targets of CAR-T treatment, adverse reactions and improvement measures during the treatment process are summarized. This review is an attempt to highlight recent and possibly forgotten findings of advances in chimeric antigen receptor T cell for treatment of hematological tumors.

Visual attention is mainly goal-directed and allocated based on the upcoming action to be performed. However, it is unclear how far this feature of gaze behavior generalizes in more naturalistic settings. The present study investigates active inference processes revealed by eye movements during interaction with familiar and novel tools with two levels of realism of the action affordance. In a between-subject design, a cohort of participants interacted with a VR controller in a low realism environment; another performed the task with an interaction setup that allowed differentiated hand and finger movements in a high-realism environment. We investigated the differences in odds of fixations and their eccentricity towards the tool parts before action initiation. The results show that participants fixate more on the tool’s effector part before action initiation when asked to use the tool and during interaction with unfamiliar tools. The spatial viewing bias on the tool reveals early fixations are influenced by the task and the familiarity of the tools. Our findings suggest that fixations are made in a task-oriented way to plan the intended action well before action initiation. With more realistic action affordances, more fixations were allocated toward the tool handle. We hypothesize that these fixations are made towards the proximal goal of planning the grasp even though the perceived action on the tools is identical for both experimental setups. Taken together, proximal and distal goal-oriented planning is contextualized to the realism of action/interaction afforded by an environment.

This case report describes a 21-year-old orthodontic patient experienced the external apical root resorption of maxillary central incisors with pulpitis during the orthodontic movement. The active cooperation of orthodontists and endodontists demonstrated the satisfactory treatment outcome and prevention of further apical root resorption.

Macroalgal blooms (Green tides) are occurring more frequently in many regions of the world because of the combined effects of increasingly intense human activity and climate change. In the last decade, the world’s largest Ulva prolifera green tide has become a recurrent phenomenon, appearing every summer in the southern Yellow Sea, China, and it is getting worse. Green tides can hurt coastal tourism and eradicate aquaculture and artisanal fishing. Eutrophication in nearshore waters is the ultimate explanation for the explosive growth of the macroalgal biomass, but the specific course of each nearshore green tides is often complex and requires in-depth and extensive research to develop effective mitigation strategies. It is becoming increasingly urgent to prevent and control the bloom at the early stage, promote the ecological virtuous cycle, and efficiently salvage and use these valuable raw materials.

Severe unilateral brain injury has a poor prognosis and results in global brain changes, especially in corresponding contralateral regions. Understanding molecular changes in the contralateral hemisphere, especially gene regulation, may aid in discovering therapies to enhance recovery. In this study, we performed right motor cortex resection to simulate severe unilateral brain injury in male rats and investigated changes in glial and synaptic immunohistology and morphology in the left motor cortex. Transcriptome analysis was performed to examine changes in gene expression. 7 days after cortical resection, the number of reactive astrocytes and microglia with hypertrophic morphology and expression of synapsin-1 in the contralateral motor cortex was higher in the experimental group. The molecular alterations were consistent with observed structural changes such as staggered dendrites and presence of synapses around astrocytes. Genome-wide transcriptomic data indicated that pathways related to inflammation, synapses, and axonal regeneration were significantly upregulated in the contralateral cortex of the cortical resection group. Furthermore, transcription factors such as NF-KB1, Rela, STAT3, and Jun, were predicted to regulate the contralateral changes. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that the mRNA level of Cacna1c, Tgfb1, and Slc2a1 which were regulated by STAT3, JUN and NF-KB in the contralateral cortex was higher in the cortical resection group. In conclusion, the contralateral response to unilateral brain injury was related to inflammatory and synaptic activity.

A document by Jinghua Liu. Click on the document to view its contents.

CLINICAL AND PARACLINICAL FINDINGS IN A PATIENT CONFIRMING THE DIAGNOSIS OF GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE II AND MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY TYPE 1: CASE REPORTLina P. Guerrero-Cardozo, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physician. Universidad de La Sabana. Chía, Colombia. Carolina Rivera-Nieto, Human Genetics. Head of Medical Genetics. Pediatric Hospital. Fundación Cardioinfantil-laCardio. Bogotá, Colombia Iván M. González-Zambrano, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physician. Physical Medicine and Clinical rehabilitation service, Clínica Universidad de La Sabana. Chía, Colombia. Liliana M. García Gutierrez, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physician. Physical Medicine and Clinical rehabilitation service, Clínica Universidad de La Sabana. Chía, Colombia. Catalina Gómez-Guevara, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physician. Physical Medicine and Clinical rehabilitation service, Clínica Universidad de La Sabana. Chía, Colombia.Number of words in abstract: N/A, Number of words in manuscript: 843Name/address and email address of the corresponding author: Lina Paola Guerrero Cardozo,linapaolag92@hotmail.comThis case report was presented at the AANEM Annual Meeting in Aurora, CO in October, 13–16, 2021.Written informed consent was obtained from the patient to publish this report in accordance with the journal’s patient consent policy

AbstractIn recent years, there has been a growing interest in the development of universal soft grippers that can handle objects of varying form factors (including flat objects), surface condition (including moistened or oily objects), and mechanical properties (deformable and fragile). Yet, there is no single gripper that can gently grip objects with such a wide range of properties. In this paper, we present a soft gripper that combines granular jamming (GJ) and electroadhesion (EA) to gently grasp and release a large set of diverse objects. The gripper can operate in GJ mode only, in EA mode only, or in a combination mode that simultaneously activates GJ and EA. In GJ mode, the gripper can grasp objects with different surface properties, lift objects 38 times its own weight using negative pressure, and release objects by applying positive pressure, but has difficulty in handling flat and fragile objects. In EA mode, the gripper can manipulate flat and fragile objects but encounters difficulties with different surface properties such as oily or moistened. In the combination mode, the gripper can generates grasping forces up to 35% higher than in the GJ mode for all object sizes and certain shapes such as a cylinder.IntroductionThe softness of the human hand is a critical factor that allows us to hold, lift, and manipulate a variety of objects and has inspired roboticists to incorporate softness in gripper design and materials. The compliance of soft materials enables passive adaptation of the gripper during grasping operations allowing manipulation of a wide range of objects without bringing additional control complexities.[1,2] In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the development of universal soft grippers that can work with objects of different form factors, rigidity, surface properties, and level of fragility.[3–6] A possible approach to create such highly versatile grippers is to combine different gripping technologies that complement their individual limitations.[1,3,7–10] Yet, it is still challenging to develop a single gripper that can grasp and release objects of different form factor including flat objects, surface conditions (wet, porous, oily, and powdered), and mechanical properties (fragile and deformable).In this paper, we present a soft gripper capable of manipulating different objects with varying physical properties, such as shape, surface conditions, and rigidity. The proposed gripper combines two different technologies: granular jamming to control stiffness and electroadhesion to control adhesion. Here we show that not only does this combination mutually compensate for the limitations of each individual technology, but it also makes the gripper capable of performing multi-stage grasping tasks that consist of diverse grasping and releasing operations on objects made of different material, surface, and shape. The manipulation of a book is an example of multi-stage operation that requires grasping and turning a rigid cover and flipping through single pages.Granular jamming (GJ) enables reversible stiffness change between soft and rigid configurations by means of negative pressure[5,11,12]. High compliance in the soft state allows a GJ gripper to envelope the manipulated object by pressing on it. When negative pressure is applied, the gripper becomes stiff and holds the encaged object.[2] Variable stiffness can also be achieved by integrating phase-change materials that vary mechanical properties under thermal stimulation.[7,13] However, granular jamming offers comparatively faster response time (~100ms), independence from environmental temperature, higher lifting force, easier fabrication, higher robustness, and lower cost.[2,5,14,15] The grasping force produced by granular jamming is sufficient to grasp objects of different morphologies, almost independently of the surface conditions of the object.[5,11,16] The grasping force of GJ grippers can vary from 0.09 to 1.2 kN.[12] GJ has been combined with soft pneumatic actuators to provide more dexterous grasp and lift heavier objects because of the enhanced holding forces.[10,17] However, GJ grippers cannot lift flat objects, such as a sheet of paper. Also, the grasping performance of delicate, fragile and easily deformable objects such as a thin layer of cloth, an egg, or water balloons, as well as larger objects than the active area of the granular bag can be challenging and have not been demonstrated so far.Electroadhesion (EA) instead is an adhesive technology that leverages the shear force generated by electrostatic forces.[18] Electroadhesive pads have been combined with different actuation technologies, such as dielectric elastomer actuation,[1] soft pneumatic actuation,[19] layer jamming,[20] and Fin-Ray structured actuation[21]. The enhanced shear force makes EA-based grippers capable of delicately grasping both flat and fragile objects without squeezing or breaking them.[1,22–26] While the adhesive force of EA pads can be tuned by regulating electrical input, EA effectiveness is highly dependent on the environmental and surface conditions of the object being grasped.[18] In particular electroadhesion is less effective for objects that are greasy, rough, or wet.[2] An additional challenge of soft grippers that rely on electroadhesion is the residual electrostatic charge that remains for a few seconds after removing the voltage and can result in difficult release of light objects.[27]

Affected by low profitability of food crops, non-grain production has put a threat on Chinese food security. Though widely discussed, its impact on land rent has not been fully studied. This study explores the spillover effect of non-grain production from the perspective of factor opportunity cost. Data are extracted from 273 plots in Jiangsu province, China. Outcomes show that non-grain production significantly increases the land rent of surrounding plots by 222.02yuan/mu. This spillover effect exhibits a stronger trend as contracted land scale expands. However, the kin relationship among contract parties can weaken this effect, which points out that social ties can work as a mediator in resisting the external shock of non-grain production. Similarly, guided price set by governments is an indicator when land rent reaches an unreasonable level and hinders grain production. Far from being a spontaneous process of pure market forces, rural land use is actively harnessed by government at all levels. Hence, the study recommends a comprehensive land use plan and regional regulated land transfer market in order to achieve a balance between food security and diversified agricultural structure. Restrictions should not be imposed on the informal land transfer among acquaintances.

Microalgae play an essential role in agriculture as bio-fertilizers and biostimulants, but some also produce various plant hormones, such as cytokinins (CK). CK are a class of natural plant hormones and there is evidence that exogenous or bacterial CK can modulate plant defense. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the effect of specific microalgae or microalgae-produced cytokinins on this response. In our study, we have evaluated the cytokinins-producing microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cri) on its ability to prime Nicotiana tabacum plant defenses against its natural pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. Our work functionally verifies that Cri primes plant defense response, with cytokinins being a crucial component. We have used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate Cri LOG and IPT gene knockouts, which are major points of the CK biosynthesis pathways. While Cri shows strong protection potential, the CK-deficient mutants have a reduced ability to affect plant defense, where the degree of protection correlates with the CK levels - the IPT mutants show less protection than the LOG mutants. Additionally, by measuring plant defense gene expression by RTq-PCR we have shown that Cri treatment stimulates tobacco defense response by priming.

This paper examines a novel knowledge mining architecture based on the Azure cloud data and AI services, to extract data from the Emporium library, a modern art journal published between 1985 and 1964. The knowledge mining starts with Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and custom Name Entity Recognition (NER) on digitised images of the pages and provide the final user with an user-friendly search portal to navigates the hundreds of pages in milliseconds through a semantic query. The study proved how this architecture fits from an art scholar’s perspective and how it enables to build more comprehensive statistics and description of the document corpus.

Introduction: left ventricular (LV) summit premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are often unresponsive to radiofrequency (RF) ablation. Retrograde venous ethanol infusion (RVEI) can be a valuable alternative in this scenario. Methods: a 43‐year‐old woman without structural heart disease presented with LV summit PVCs unresponsive to RF ablation because of their deep-seated origin. Results: Unipolar pace mapping performed through a wire inserted into a branch of the distal great cardiac vein (GCV) demonstrated 12/12 concordance with the clinical PVCs thus indicating close proximity to PVCs’ origin. RVEI abolished the PVCs without complications. Subsequently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidenced an intramural myocardial scar produced by ethanol ablation. Conclusions: RVEI effectively and safely treated PVC arising from a deep site in the LVS. The scar provoked by chemical damage was well characterized by MRI imaging.

As we speak, corollary discharge mechanisms suppress the auditory cortical response to the sensory perception of the self-generated voice in healthy subjects. This suppression has been associated with the attenuation of the auditory N1 component. To analyze this corollary discharge phenomenon (agency and ownership), we registered the Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) of thirty-five healthy subjects. The N1 and P2 components were elicited by spoken vowels (talk condition; agency), by played-back vowels recorded with their own voice (listen-self condition; ownership), and by played-back vowels recorded with an external voice (listen-other condition). The N1 amplitude elicited by the talk condition was smaller compared to the listen-self and listen-other conditions. There were no amplitude differences in N1 between listen-self and listen-other conditions. The P2 component did not show differences between conditions. Additionally, a peak latency analysis of N1 and P2 components between the three conditions showed no differences. These findings corroborate previous results showing that the corollary discharge mechanisms dampen sensory responses to self-generated speech (agency experience), and also provide new neurophysiological evidence about the similarities in the processing of played-back vowels with our own voice (ownership experience) and with an external voice.

Background: Previous inconsistent evidence on effects of green space on the development of allergic rhinitis could be explained by the season of exposure. We explored whether the season and timing of exposure to green space play a role in the development of allergic rhinitis during the first 27 years of life. Methods: In a longitudinal study of 2568 participants from the Espoo Cohort Study, green space was assessed using the mean Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within 300 m of the participant’s residence during pregnancy and the first two years after birth during spring and summer seasons. We applied Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the associations between cumulative exposure to NDVI (1-unit increase) and allergic rhinitis. Results: Early-life exposure to abundant vegetation during the spring was associated with an increased risk of allergic rhinitis at 12 years of age [aHR (95% CI) = 1.726 (1.078; 2.765)] and 27 years of age [1.703 (1.139; 2.545)]. However, abundant vegetation during the summer was associated with a decreased risk of allergic rhinitis at 12 years of age [0.754 (0.585; 0.972)] and 27 years of age [0.801 (0.649; 0.989)]. Perinatal exposure to green spaces had no effect on allergic rhinitis. Conclusions: Green space has opposite effects on the development of allergic rhinitis in the spring and summer: early-life exposure to green spaces during the spring increases the risk of developing allergic rhinitis, whereas exposure to greenness in the summer decreases this risk.

Objectives Current patient prioritization is based on guidance from the Federation of Surgical Specialty Associations (FSSA). This approach fails to identify and prioritize patients with the greatest need and risk of deterioration. Quality of Life (QOL) metrics and augmented intelligence (AI) can be used to achieve this. Our feasibility study aims to assess whether QOL metrics and AI could be used to prioritize an elective waiting list. Design An augmented intelligence software, Copeland Clinical Artificial Intelligence (C2-AI, Cambridge England), was used to analyze physiological data to calculate current and delayed morbidity and mortality. These patients also completed online QOL surveys. The combined scores were used to reprioritize the waiting list. The correlation was assessed between the original FSSA and enhanced waiting list. Differences in current and delayed mortality and morbidity were also compared. Results 20 patients were analyzed by C2-AI. An increase was seen in patient mortality (0.57% to 0.68%, p<0.01) and morbidity if their procedure was delayed (7.6% to 8.8%, p<0.01). The greatest increases were seen in the risk of pneumonia, wound infection, and hemorrhage. The enhanced waiting list failed to correlate with the initial FSSA waiting list prioritization. Conclusions Our study was able to demonstrate that AI and QOL metrics can be used to prioritize patients on an elective operative list. Furthermore, it might be possible to mitigate against complications in high risk patients due to operative delay. Future studies will implementation of the enhanced prioritization to asses whether it is beneficial to patients and the healthcare system.

Abstract: Aim: Severe anthropic actions in the landscape are, currently, the main cause of threat to species conservation. The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is priority focus for conservation, due to the high degree of endemism and the pressures suffered since colonization. Despite the effort employed in studies on the impact of forest fragmentation on the fauna, understanding its effects on functional diversity is still limited. Considering that forest fragmentation it affects each organism in a different way, the relationships between species and with the environment are affected also, including human communities. So, this work aimed to identify emerging fragilities of the transformations on the biological systems through the modifications of the landscapes, on the avifauna of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Location: Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Methods: The purpose of the research was achieved through the analysis of the species data available on the database GBIF, with the calculation of functional diversity (FD) for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and models of species extinction included in global red list (IUCN). Results: The high values of functional diversity are concentrated in the Brazilian Southeast region, coinciding with the location of the largest and most connected Conservation Units and of lesser intensity of the forest fragmentation process. However, the functional loss caused by the extinction of vulnerable species is distributed in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Evidencing that the functional diversity of birds presents great spatial clustering, while functional vulnerability is widespread throughout the biome. Main conclusions: The results demonstrate that forest fragmentation acts as an ecological filter, directly affecting habitat specialist species and reducing the functional diversity in forest communities. Key words: forest birds, functional traits, conservations, landscape analysis, biological system, forest communities, Conservation Areas, modified landscape, anthropization, habitat patches.

Study objective Since, OSA affects various parts of the body, there has been little interest about the effect of OSA on voice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of benign vocal fold lesions (BVFL) in OSA patients Methods This retrospective cohort study used data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database. The study group was defined as the group diagnosed with OSA between 2008 and 2011. Non-OSA groups were selected based on propensity score matching. Incidence of BVFL among participants during the follow-up was analyzed. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between OSA and incident BVFL. Results The HR value of the OSA group calculated by considering eight variables indicates that the risk of developing BVFL is 79% higher than that of the control group. Further, among OSA patients, patients with a history of OP had a 35% lower risk of developing BVFL. The relationships between BVFL and seven individual variables considered were as follows: 1) For age, HR for the 40-59 years group was 1.20 (95%CI, 1.09-1.32). 2) For sex, the HR in the female group was 1.22 (95%CI, 1.10-1.35). 3) For residential areas, the HR values for “Seoul” 1.39(95%CI, 1.23-1.59). 4) In the high economic status group, the HR was 1.10 (95%CI, 1.01-1.21). Conclusions and Relevance This observational study indicated that OSA is associated with an increased incidence of BVFL. The incidence of BVFL increased with older age, female sex, and high SES.

The longer the baseline length of an airborne array synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is, the richer the ground object information can be resolved. The airborne array flexible SAR can overcome the limitation that the baseline length is limited by the belly length by attaching the antenna to the wing. However, fusing the airborne array flexible SAR distributed position and orientation system (POS) data under the wing and the belly is a major difficulty. To address this issue, the paper analyzes the inconsistency of airborne array flexible SAR data with a distributed position and orientation system (POS) and proposes a three-dimensional imaging method of airborne array flexible SAR based on distributed POS by fusing the Doppler center, yaw angle, and time of the observation data. By using distributed POS data, flexible data can obtain higher resolution than single-POS processing. The experiment of airborne array flexible SAR data proves the superiority of the proposed method.

Background and Purpose: How to prevent the damage of ionizing radiation to testis has become an urgent problem to be solved. The present aim is to investigate whether inhibition of p38MAPK signaling can alleviate radiation-induced testicular damage. Experimental Approaches: HE staining was used to measure the morphological changes of epididymis and testis. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to assess the expression of PLZF, SOX9, p-p38MAPK. RNA-Seq was used to profile gene expression. The expression of Mapk14, Atf2, Ddit3 and Ap1m1 genes was detected by qPCR. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of p38MAPK and p-p38MAPK. Key Results: There was a dose-response relationship between testicular injury and ionizing radiation. The sperm quality was significantly decreased at 6 and 8 weeks after 6Gy of radiation. Radiation led to the decrease of PLZF+ cells and increase of SOX9+ cells in testis. RNA-Seq data showed radiation induced 969 genes changed in the testis. The expression of genes related to p38MAPK signal pathway enriched by GO was significantly increased by qPCR. The expression of p-p38MAPK in testis was significantly increased at 4 weeks after irradiation. SB203580 treatment increased numbers of spermatozoa, the area and diameter of seminiferous tubules and numbers of SOX9+ cells in irradiated mice, which were consistent with the increased sperm movement rate and density under radiation with SB203580 administration. Conclusions and Implications: Ionizing radiation significantly changes testicular gene expression, in which p38MAPK signal pathway is activated. p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 partially alleviates the testicular damage caused by radiation and accelerate the recovery of sperm quality.

Patents show how technology evolves in most scientific fields over time. The best way to use this valuable knowledge base is to use efficient and effective information retrieval and searches for related prior art. Patent classification, i.e., assigning a patent to one or more predefined categories, is a fundamental step towards synthesizing the information content of an invention. To this end, architectures based on Transformers, especially those derived from the BERT family have already been proposed in the literature and they have shown remarkable results by setting a new state-of-the-art performance for the classification task. Here, we study how domain adaptation can push the performance boundaries in patent classification by rigorously evaluating and implementing a collection of recent transfer learning techniques, e.g., domain-adaptive pretraining and adapters. Our analysis shows how leveraging these advancements enables the development of state-of-the-art models with increased precision, recall, and F1-score. We base our evaluation on both standard patent classification datasets derived from patent offices-defined code hierarchies and more practical real-world use-case scenarios containing labels from the agrochemical industrial domain. The application of these domain adapted techniques to patent classification in a multilingual setting is also examined and evaluated.

Naringin is a flavonoid extracted from citrus plants which have a variety of biological activities. Studies have shown that eating more food rich in flavonoids can reduce the incidence of cardiac arrhythmia. Naringin has been reported to have beneficial cardiovascular effects but its electrophysiological mechanism against arrhythmia has not been elucidated. Here, we used the whole-cell patch-clamp technique and BL-420F biological signal acquisition and analysis system to record the APs, ionic currents, and Electrocardiogram (ECG). At the cellular level, naringin prolonged the APD of ventricular myocytes and decreased the Vmax of APs. Naringin inhibited L-type calcium current (ICa.L), peak sodium current (INa.P), delayed rectifier potassium current (IK), transient outward potassium current (Ito), and ATX II enhanced late sodium current (INa.L) in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, naringin reduced CaCl2-induced DADs and ATX II-induced APD prolongation and EADs. At the organ level, naringin reduced the incidence of VT and VF induced by ATX II and prolonged the onset time of both in mouse hearts. For the first time, the electrophysiological method was applied to elucidate that naringin may be a multi-channel blocker with antiarrhythmic effects.

Due to the implementation of many regulation projects in the upper Yangtze River, the vessel transit capacity has been improved visibly. The trend of large-scale ships becomes more obvious, leading to an increase of the traffic flow and underwater noise density in the upper Yangtze River, which has significant influence on the habitat of many aquatic animals, especially for the endemic fish. Thus, it is crucial to accurately assess the ship underwater noise conditions for the ecological protection in the upper Yangtze River. In this study, the underwater noise from different types of ships under the normal operating conditions in the Chaotianmen-Fuling section has been monitored using the underwater noise tracking and monitoring system. The results indicate that the frequency of underwater radiation noise from ships is concentrated in the range of 200Hz~1300Hz, and the sound pressure level is distributed in the range of 148.50dB~172.86dB, and the underwater radiation noise energy is concentrated in the low frequency part. The sound pressure level of underwater radiation noise from ships is proportional to the ship speed and ship tonnage. The research results can provide theoretical support for the subsequent research on the underwater noise distribution in such waterways as well as the ecological route selection.

Photoprotection is an important strategy employed by plants to avoid photoinhibition under stress conditions. However, how photoprotection is regulated is not fully understood. Here, we show that exogenous calcium enhances the activity of cyclic electron flow (CEF) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) to regulate photoprotection in response to low night temperature (LNT) in pTRV2- PGR5 and PGR5-OE plants. A chloroplast calcium sensing receptor (CAS) protein was obtained by yeast two-hybrid and verified to interact with PGR5 via bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and luciferase complementation imaging assays (LCA). Protein interaction analysis showed that PGR5 also interacts with PsbS. Interestingly, CAS promotes the interaction between PGR5 and PsbS, and the level of PGR5 and PsbS transcripts is reduced in cas mutants. NPQ is significantly reduced in psbs mutants, but this phenotype is attenuated after calcium application under LNT. Taken together, these results demonstrate that calcium signaling increases electrical signaling and energy dissipation efficiency under LNT conditions.