Nail-gun injuries are one of the most common causes of foreign bodies in soft tissue. Intraperitoneal foreign bodies caused by nail-gun injuries were usually removed surgically. We report a 20-years-old carpenter with an intraperitoneal nail, which was finally successfully removed by the ultrasound-guided interventional method for the first time.

Oleofoams have attracted great interest for many personal care applications due to their favorable physicochemical properties, including texture and detergency. To explore the potential use of mixtures of high-melting fat crystals [tribehenoyl-glycerol (BBB)] and edible oils as low-cost and stable aeration systems, we created oleofoams composed of olive oil and BBB. By whipping BBB/olive oil oleogels following rapid cooling and subsequent heating, we succeeded in preparing oleofoams without emulsifier additives. The mixtures of BBB/olive oil formed oleofoams at BBB concentrations of 4.0–20.0 wt.%. The resultant oleofoams maintained their overrun rates and did not coalescence, even with additional whipping after the overrun rate was maximized. More tightly arranged bubbles and concentrated bubble size distributions, as well as stronger interfacial elasticity, were attributed to increasing BBB concentrations, and thermal results revealed that more heating was required to damage the foam structure. The characteristics of these new oleofoams were closely related to their BBB concentrations, and observed effects were attributed to the network structure of the thickened crystal layer and enhanced gelling in the oil phase.

Decreased aortic compliance is a precursor to numerous cardiovascular diseases. Compliance is regulated by the stiffness of the aortic wall and the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) within it. During ageing, the extracellular matrix of the aortic wall stiffens, reducing compliance and leading to conditions such as hypertension. In response, VSMCs generate enhanced contractile forces and undergo hypertrophy, promoting VSMC stiffening and further reducing compliance. Due to a lack of suitable in vitro models, the mechanisms driving VSMC hypertrophy in response to matrix stiffness remain poorly defined. Human VSMCs were seeded onto polyacrylamide hydrogels whose stiffness mimicked either healthy or aged/diseased aortae. VSMC response to contractile agonist stimulation was measured through changes in cell area and volume. VSMCs were pre-treated with pharmacological agents prior to agonist stimulation to identify regulators of VSMC contractility and hypertrophy. VSMCs undergo a differential response to contractile agonist stimulation based on matrix stiffness. On pliable hydrogels, VSMCs contract, decreasing in cell area whereas on rigid hydrogels, VSMCs undergo a hypertrophic response, increasing in area and volume. Microtubule stabilisation prevented hypertrophy whilst leaving VSMC contraction on pliable hydrogels unimpeded. Conversely, microtubule destabilisation inhibited contraction and induced hypertrophy within VSMCs on pliable hydrogels. In response to enhanced matrix rigidity, VSMC undergo a hypertrophic response as result of decreased microtubule stability. Using standard biological techniques and equipment, we present a screening assay capable of identifying novel regulators of matrix rigidity induced VSMC hypertrophy. This assay can identify both beneficial and deleterious effects of pharmacological agents to cardiovascular health.

Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are ubiquitous peroxidases that can remove excess of free radicals produced under stress conditions, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage. They are also involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox-dependent signaling by performing redox interactions with other proteins and altering their redox status. Here, Prx gene families (Prxs) were identified in the trio of Brachypodium species (B. distachyon, B. stacei and B. hybridium) using bioinformatic tools and classified into four distinct groups based on the phylogenetic analysis. Analysis of their subcellular locations showed that the majority of which were mainly located in the chloroplast and mitochondria. In silico expression analysis showed that BdPrxs genes are tissue-specific. RT-qPCR analysis of BdPrxs genes revealed their differential expression in B. distachyon when exposed to salt or drought stresses. In addition, the upregulation of BdPrx genes was accompanied by an accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The exogenous application of H2O2 induced the expression of almost all BdPrxs genes in both leaves and roots of B. distachyon plants. Overall, our results indicate the functional specificity for BdPrxs beside their potential role in development, and abiotic stress response presumably via the maintenance of redox homeostasis. Our data provided a solid basis for further studies on the biological functions of Prx genes in B. distachyon and other monocotyledonous plants.

Pest outbreaks, harmful algal blooms, and population collapses are extreme events with critical consequences for ecosystems, highlighting the importance of deciphering the driving ecological mechanisms underlying extreme events. By combining the generalized extreme value (GEV) theory from statistics and the hypothesis of a resource-limited metabolic restriction to population abundance, we evaluated theoretical predictions on the size-scaling and variance of extreme population abundance. Phytoplankton data from the L4 station in the English Channel showed a negative size scaling of the expected value of maxima, whose confidence interval included the predicted metabolic scaling (a = –1). We showed a humped pattern in variance with maxima at intermediate sizes. These results are consistent with the bounded abundance of small-sized populations that are subjected to strong grazing and with the expected decrease in variance towards large sizes. This approach provides unbiased return times, thereby improving the prediction accuracy of the timing of bloom formation, and describes a coherent framework in which to explore extreme population densities in natural communities.

Wetlands are precious natural resources with huge ecosystem services value behind them. Understanding the temporal and spatial variation of wetland ecosystem services value and its driving forces is essential for sustainable development and human well-being. Taking the Yellow River Delta as an example, this article calculated ecosystem services values based on equivalent factor method from 2000 to 2020 and analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of ecosystem services value by spatial statistics analysis; used Geodetector to detect and interact with the driving factors. The results show the following: (1) The reduction of wetland area directly caused the reduction of ecosystem services value, and the distribution of ecosystem services value in the wetland area shows agglomeration phenomenon. (2) NDVI, GDP and humidity were the main driving factors affecting the change of ecosystem services value, while elevation, slope and aspect had little effect. (3) The main factors affecting the ecosystem services value are all related to vegetation. (4) When temperature, NDVI, precipitation, humidity, GDP and population density interacted, they had a greater effect on ESV than when they acted alone. Our research results can provide reference information for the world’s delta regions and provide scientific advice for ecological environment governance to promote the healthy development of the ecological environment.

Aluminum (Al), which has wide usage areas, is released into aquatic environments by natural processes and anthropogenic sources including coal strip mining activities, water treatment facilities using aluminum hydroxide (AH) as a coagulant for suspended solid particles, industrial wastes and acid rainfall. With the acidification of surface waters, Al is able to pass into organisms and provoke toxicity in fish. On the other hand, several boron compounds such as borax (BX) and boric acid (BA) are of great interest as natural sources of protective agents due to their key biological functions in animals and humans. In this study, the toxicity potential of AH at high doses were investigated using multiple marker applications including hematological index, oxidative stress parameters, proinflammatory cytokine expressions, DNA damage as well as apoptosis markers in blood and liver tissues of rainbow trout. Moreover the effects of borax in alone and AH-combined applications were also assessed. Our findings revealed that the exposure to AH led to alterations in hematological indices, increased the genotoxic and oxidative damage as well as apoptosis. Again, AH induced significant changes in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, these effects were modulated by the supplementation of BX. Based on the findings of our study, borax appeared to be promising protective agent to alleviate aluminum-associated hemato- and hepatotoxicity in fish.

The degree to which avian migrants return to the same stationary sites to mimic routes from previous years has received more and more attention as the possibility of tracking small to medium avian migrants over multiple annual cycles has increased. Repeated measurements of individuals can potentially inform about their navigation and migration strategies and to what extent the degree of variation observed within and among individuals may reflect the selective potential in the population. Here we perform a k-nearest neighbour analysis along with a repeatability measure to distinguish events in the annual cycle with intra-individual spatial convergence and to quantify the degree of individual consistency and repeatability at those events. To demonstrate the usefulness of our approach we analyse the annual space-use of European nightjars (henceforth nightjars) Caprimulgus europaeus tracked in multiple years between northern Europe and southern Africa. We found that the nightjars consistently used the same breeding and wintering sites but that individual route choice during migration were flexible, but significantly repeatable relative to population level variation during the Sahara-crossing. Thus, the nightjars followed individual-specific flyways while allowing for variation of a few hundred kilometres in the actual route in both autumn and spring. The exception was a strong within-individual convergence down to a few tens of kilometres recorded at the initiation of the trans-Saharan flight in spring. Our results suggest that nightjars have incorporated an individual-specific space-use within their annual cycle, but that they allow for a state-dependent flexibility possibly driven by the cost-benefit balance between the use of known stationary sites and an economical route-choice.

Background: Left atrial (LA) volume indexing for body surface area (BSA) may underestimate LA size in obese and overweight people. Since LA volume is a risk marker for some cardiovascular events, it is suggested that indexing for height would be an alternative more apropriated method. The aims of this study were to find normal and the best cutoff values for LA volume indexed for height in our population. Methods: Echocardiograms from 2018 to 2021 were reviewed and patients without known cardiac disease and completely normal echocardiograms that had the left atrial volume (LAvol) measured by biplane Simpson’s method were included. LAvol was indexed by BSA (ml/m²), by height (LAvol/m), by height raised to exponent 2.7 (ml/ m2.7) and by height squared (ml/h²). Results: A total of 545 patients, 50.5 ± 13.4 y., 335 females (61,5%) were analyzed. There were 145 normal weight (26.6%), 215 overweight (39.4%), 154 obese (28.3%) and 31 low weight (5.7%) patients. To estabilish normal values we included only the normal weight group and considered normal values from 2SD below to 2SD above the mean. Mean and normal values were: LAvol/h 26.0 ±4.5, 17 – 30 ml/m, LAvol/ht² 16 ± 2.8, 10.4 - 21.6 ml/ ht² and LAvol/ht2.7 11.4 ± 2.2, 7.0 - 15.8 ml/m2.7. The normal LAvol/ht2.7 differed between male and female (11.4 ± 2.4 and 12.8 ± 2.6, p = 0.000). LA diameter, LAvol, LAvol/h, LAvol/h² and LAvol/ht2.7 increased progressively from low-weight, normal weight, overweight and obese patients (p= 0.0000), but not LAvol/BSA. When indexing LAvol for height, for height² and for height2.7 20.8%, 22.7% and 21.4% of the obese patients, respectively, were reclassified as enlarged LA, and 7.4%, 8.8% and 8.4% of the overweight patients as well. Using ROC curve analysis, LAvol/h² had the highest AUC ant the best predictive value to identify LA enlargement and LAvol/BSA the worst one. Conclusions: normal values for LAvol indexed for height by three different methods are described in normal individuals. We reinforce that LAvol indexation for BSA underestimates LA size in obese and overweight patients and in these groups, specially, indexing for height² is probably the best method to evaluate LAvol.

SH-1028 is an irreversible third-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Considering the possibility of combination therapy in patients with NSCLC, we investigated the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of SH-1028 both in vitro and in clinical trials. The in vitro studies were conducted to determine the potential of SH-1028 as a substrate, inducer, or inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) subtypes. A phase I drug-drug interaction study in healthy volunteers was performed to evaluate the impact of co-administering rifampicin (a strong CYP3A4 inducer) and itraconazole (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) on the pharmacokinetics of SH-1028. The in vitro experiments showed that SH-1028 was mainly metabolized by CYP3A4. The activities of CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4 enzymes were slightly inhibited in vitro with SH-1028. SH-1028 has no obvious induction effect on CYP1A2 and CYP2B6 activities, but has potential induction effect on CYP3A4 mRNA expression. However, SH-1028 may not induce or inhibit human CYPs significantly at the clinically expected dose (200 mg). It is speculated that itraconazole and rifampicin affect the metabolism of SH-1028. In the clinical application of SH-1028, special attention should be paid to the interaction between SH-1028 and drugs or foods that affect the activity of CYP3A4.

We present a case of a young, previously asymptomatic East-African black male presenting with large territory ischemic infarct at first diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis (TA). To our knowledge, this is the first published report of a male patient in East Africa with a stroke at the first presentation of TA.

Apert syndrome presents similarly to the one we presented in this image and a genetic study is used for confirmation. Through this image, we pretend to show the typical findings of physical examination, so that if this appears in the outpatient department the diagnosis of Apert syndrome

Advanced and metastatic RET-driven solid cancer is not susceptible to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The development of targeted therapy has led to a new therapeutic model. Nevertheless, no systematic evaluation of their efficacy and safety has been carried out in RET-driven solid cancer. Systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis were performed. Four electronic databases were searched (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) from each database’s inception date until February 27, 2022. Study inclusion criteria focused on peer-reviewed published articles that reported the efficacy and safety of targeted therapy Inhibitors for RET-driven Solid Cancer, excluding case reports/series, review papers, meta-analyses, organizational guidelines, editorial letters, expert opinions, and conference abstracts. 15 randomized, locally advanced or metastatic RET-driven solid cancer assays (n=1835) were included. Previously untreated with RET-Specific Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors(TKI) group showed the highest objective remission rate(ORR) (0.75,95%CI=0.68-0.82) or disease control rate(DCR) (0.96,95%CI=0.92-0.99), and lower dose reduction(34.8%) or discontinuation(3.4%), but the performance of general adverse reactions (Grade1-5 96.8%, Grade3-5 69.2%) were not as good as Multi-Target Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (MKI) group, followed by previously treated/untreated with MKI/TKI group (MIX group). Targeted therapy inhibitors have significant efficacy in RET-driven solid cancer therapy. The ORR, DCR parameters and adverse reaction of TKI are better than those of MKI. It was also related to the patient’s previous treatment status. The ORR/DCR of the patients who received no targeted therapy was superior to those who received Vandetanib or Cabozantinib as first-line therapy.

Background: The cellular inflammatory pattern of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug–exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD) is heterogeneous. However, data on the heterogeneity of non-eosinophilic asthma (NEA) with aspirin hypersensitivity are scanty. By examination of N-ERD patients based on clinical data and eicosanoid biomarkers we aimed to identify NEA endotypes potentially guiding clinical management. Methods: Induced sputum was collected from 133 patients with N-ERD. Sixty six patients (49.6%) with NEA were included in the hierarchical cluster analysis based on clinical and laboratory data. The quality of clustering was evaluated using internal cluster validation with different indices and a practical decision tree was proposed to simplify stratification of patients. Results: The most frequent NEA pattern was paucigranulocytic (PGA; 75.8%), remaining was neutrophilic asthma (NA; 24.2%). Four clusters were identified. Cluster #3 included the highest number of NEA patients (37.9%) with severe asthma and PGA pattern (96.0%). Cluster #1 (24.2%) included severe only asthma, with a higher prevalence of NA (50%). Cluster #2 (25.8%) comprised well-controlled mild or severe asthma (PGA; 76.5%). Cluster #4 contained only 12.1% patients with well-controlled moderate asthma (PGA;62.5%). Sputum prostaglandin D 2 levels distinguished cluster #1 from the remaining clusters with an area under the curve of 0.94. Conclusions: Among identified four NEA subtypes, clusters #3 and #1 represented N-ERD patients with severe asthma but a different inflammatory signatures. All the clusters were discriminated by sputum PGD 2 levels, asthma severity, and age of patients. The heterogeneity of non-eosinophilic N-ERD suggests a need for novel targeted interventions.

The primary aim of the study is to discuss the potential interactions between venetoclax and common drugs used in department of hematology and the corresponding effects on the efficacy and safety of venetoclax treatment. Here, we report an acute myeloid leukemia patient treated with venetoclax and posaconazole, and the dose of venetoclax was adjusted due to drug interactions. Clinical pharmacists actively participated in treatment of this patient to provide pharmacy care to assist clinicians to identify the venetoclax-induced liver function impairment and give timely management. The case reported here is hoped to provide reference for clinical venetoclax treatment in patients with such disease. Clinical pharmacists should actively participate in clinical treatment, actively screen potential drug interactions, strengthen cooperation and communication with doctors, provide patients with high-quality pharmaceutical services, and establish clinical pharmacists' status in the multidisciplinary treatment of tumor.

Background- Superior Vena Cava Syndrome (SVCS) is a life-threatening oncological emergency affecting children with T-cell Acute lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL)/ T-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (T-LBL). This can prove fatal if not managed appropriately and promptly. Method- We describe critical care needs and outcome of T-ALL/T-LBL patients managed in our unit from 1 st May 2016 to 31 st March 2021. Result- Twenty-three of the 120 pediatric ALL/LBL patients (19%) managed in our unit had T-ALL/T-LBL. Eleven (48%) patients presented with SVCS. All presented with cough and dyspnea. Chest X-Ray showed mediastinal widening in all patients. Flow cytometry in various body fluids could reach prompt diagnosis in 90% patients and mass biopsy was performed in only 1 patient. Eight patients required Pediatric Intensive Care Unit support. All 11 patients were started on corticosteroids soon after diagnosis of SVCS. The median time to symptom relief was 4 days and that for significant improvement on X-ray was 7days. At a median follow up of 23-months (6-63 months) overall survival and event-free survival was 75%. Conclusion- T-ALL/T-LBL patients with SVCS with good critical care can have improved outcomes. Prompt therapeutic interventions like pericardiocentesis can be life-saving. Flow cytometry can be a handy tool for quick diagnosis and help avoid invasive procedures in sick patients.

Background Intrapartum foetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring helps assess foetal wellbeing. It relies on observers’ subjective assessments, with variation in interpretations leading to variations in intrapartum care. Objectives To summarize and evaluate inter- and intra-rater reliability research on human interpretation of intrapartum FHR monitoring. Search Strategy We searched for the terms ‘foetal heart rate monitoring’, ‘interpretation agreement’ and related concepts on Embase, Medline, Maternity & Infant Care Database and CINAHL. Last search was 31st January 2022. Selection Criteria We included studies that assess inter- and intra-rater reliability of health professionals’ intrapartum FHR monitoring and excluded studies including other assessment of foetal wellbeing. Data collection and analysis We extracted data in reviewer pairs using QAREL (quality appraisal tool for studies of diagnostic reliability) forms. We performed a random effect meta-analysis to present pooled estimates with 95% confidence intervals. Narrative synthesis reported results not appropriate for meta-analysis. Main results Forty-nine articles concerning continuous FHR monitoring were included, all with considerable heterogeneity in quality and measures. The pooled κ coefficient was 0.45 (95% CI 0.33-0.56) for FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) classifications. Conclusions There are few high-quality studies that evaluate inter- and intra-observer variations in intrapartum FHR monitoring. We found great variation in reliability measures and noted methodological concerns in the studies. Funding C. H. Engelhart received a PhD scholarship from the Norwegian Research Centre for Women’s Health at Oslo University Hospital. Keywords Inter-rater reliability and agreement, intra-rater reliability and agreement, foetal heart rate monitoring, systematic review, meta-analysis.

Objective: Coating of autologous red blood cells (RBCs) with polyclonal antibodies to Rh(D) antigen may result in an immunomodulation and improved outcome in Rh(D) positive women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Design: Retrospective data analysis. Setting: Rh(D) positive women with a history of RPL and ineffective treatment with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and/or aspirin Methods: Anti-D (300 µg) was given subcutaneously to 60 women either prior to pregnancy and/or two times within 12 weeks of gestation. Main outcome measures: Births of healthy child/children. Results: Treatment with Anti-D resulted in successful pregnancies in 67% of all cases. The remaining women had only aborts (23%) or did not become pregnant (10%). None of the treated women has developed anaemia due to this treatment or any other significant adverse reaction. The rate of successful pregnancies does not appear to be influenced by the administration of: Anti-D prior to pregnancy, age, thrombophilia or previous alive births. Conclusion: The improved outcome following the administration of Anti-D in women with RPL might be explained by immune modulations induced by different immune reactions including polarization of decidual macrophages. The results obtained in this study clearly indicate that Anti-D is safe and highly effective in treatment of Rh(D) positive women with RPL. However, further studies are required to support our results and to find out the optimal dose and timing of Anti-D administration. Funding: There was no funding included. Key words: abort, Anti-D, aspirin, low molecular weight heparin, new treatment, recurrent pregnancy loss

COVID-19 afflicts patients with acute symptoms and longer-term sequelae. One of the sequelae is myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), which is often difficult to diagnose, having no established tests. In this article, we synthesize information from literature reviews on patients with ME/CSF that developed after recovery from COVID-19.

Reaching a sufficient number of data sets, learning past experiences from many systems and using this experience in instant or future predictions are among the capabilities of artificial intelligence. The horizontal and vertical growth of industrial systems and the transfer of experience from each location to all other locations increase the quality of the process. However, the rapid growth of IoT (Internet of Things) and OT (Operational Technology) assets in recent years raises questions about data integrity, confidentiality and accessibility. It deploys edge computing and blockchain-based solutions for data security and secure transmission in the IoT ecosystem. In this study, a four-layer IoT ecosystem network is proposed that combines the learning capabilities of artificial intelligence-based systems used in different locations and offers a blockchain-based storage system for data security. These layers consist of node layer, edge layer, decision layer, and training and blockchain layer, respectively. The lowest layer, the node layer, is responsible for collecting the temperature and humidity values ​​in different locations with the developed node devices in order to evaluate them. The data generated in the node devices is transferred to the communicating edge device in the edge layer. The edge layer collects the data from the nodes in the edge system and transfers it to the server centrally. The training and blockchain layer provide the collection of data from edge devices, training the artificial intelligence model and transferring the weights to the decision layer. At the same time, the blockchain-based storage system works at this layer to securely store the processed data. As a result, with this study, it is aimed to develop a framework for transferring the local learning experiences of distributed IoT devices to all IoT devices and for the secure storage of data.

Eight species in the Namib Desert, South Africa were assessed for their leaf area ( A), thickness ( z), saturated ( Q) and dry mass, relative volume of air ( F a), water and dry mass, intrinsic water-use efficiency (based on δ 13C), and N, P and cation (Na+K) contents. As water-storage capacity is a function of Q v and z, this means Q/ A (= Q v • z) is an ideal index of succulence compared with specific-leaf-area and other indices that highlight mass rather than volume. Specific gravity ( ρ l) has a different relationship with the F a of sclero-mesophylls: rising ρ l infers decreasing air content is replaced by water rather than dry matter. The trend among succulent species, including Argentinian/Spanish added to our study, was Q/ A exceeding 1 mg water/mm 2 whose overall slope was ten times that for co-occurring sclerophyll-mesophyll species, and shows the futility of seeking a universal relationship among plants regarding their water-storing properties. (Na+K), N and P concentrations varied on a dry-matter, but not water-volume, basis. W i relationships were essentially functions of variations in z and increased metabolic efficiency. We conclude that z and Q v are keys to the special physiological properties of succulent leaves. Adding succulents would force many current monotonic relationships to dichotomize.

Background Children with chronic lung disease (CLD) of prematurity who require invasive home mechanical ventilation (iHMV) are medically vulnerable and experience high caregiving and healthcare costs. Predictors for duration of iHMV remain unclear, which can make prognostication and decision-making challenging. Methods A retrospective cohort study of children with CLD of prematurity requiring invasive iHMV was conducted from an independent children’s hospital records (2005-2021). The primary outcome was iHMV duration, defined as time from initial discharge home on iHMV until cessation of positive pressure ventilation (day and night). Two new variables were included: corrected tracheostomy age (CTA) (chronological age at discharge minus age at tracheotomy) and level of ventilator support at discharge (minute ventilation per kg per day). Univariable Cox regression was performed with variables of interest compared to iHMV duration. Significant nonlinear factors (P<0.05) were included in the multivariable analysis. Results One-hundred-and-nineteen patients used iHMV primarily for CLD of prematurity. Patient median index hospitalization lasted 12 months (IQR 8.0,14.4). Once home, half of patients were weaned off iHMV by 36.0 months and 90% by 52.2 months. Being Hispanic/Lantix ethnicity (HR 0.14 (95% CI 0.04, 0.53), p<0.01) and having a higher CTA were associated with increased iHMV duration (HR 0.66 (CI 0.43, 0.98), p<0.05). Conclusions Disparity in iHMV duration exists among patients using iHMV after prematurity. Prospective multisite studies that further investigate new analytic variables, such as CTA and level of ventilator support, and address standardization of iHMV care are needed to create more equitable iHMV management strategies.

Authors:Alecia Clary , Ph.D., MSW (AC) (Corresponding author)Affiliation: The Reagan-Udall Foundation for the FDA, Washington, DC, USA Address: 1333 New Hampshire Ave, NW Suite 420, Washington DC 20036, USA Email: aclary@reaganudall.org Phone: 202-849-2075 ORCID ID: 0000-0002-7774-9808Nancy D Lin , (NDL) Affiliation: IQVIA Real World Solutions, Bridgewater, NJ, USA Address: 77 Corporate Drive, Bridgewater, NJ 08807 Email: Nancy.lin@iqvia.comTamar Lasky , (TL) Affiliation: The United States Food and Drug Administration, Office of Data, Analytics, & Research, Office of the Commissioner, Washington DC, USA Address: 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA. Email: Tamar.lasky@fda.hhs.govMatthew W Reynolds , (MR) Affiliation: IQVIA Real-World Solutions, Washington, DC, USA Address: 201 Broadway, Cambridge, MA, USA. Email: Matthew.Reynolds@IQVIA.comAnand Chokkalingam , (ACH) Affiliation: Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA Address: 333 Lakeside Drive Email: Anand.Chokkalingam@gilead.comCarla Rodriguez-Watson, (CRW)Affiliation: The Reagan-Udall Foundation for the FDA, Washington, DC, USA Address: 1333 New Hampshire Ave, NW Suite 420, Washington DC 20036, USA Email: crodriguezwatson@reaganudall.orgThis paper has not been previously printed, currently has not been submitted for publication in any other journal and is not pending acceptance in any other journal. We have not had any prior correspondence with the journal about the manuscript.

Cryonics is a form of biostasis that uses ultra-low temperatures (usually around -196 °C) to preserve the ultrastructures of the brain and body to prevent a being’s information-theoretic death. After about 60 years of the first cryopreservation of a human being, cryonics is still not a common practice. We discuss some new strategies to make cryonics popular.