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Previous studies directly found that the language control network in humans has neuroplasticity. Nevertheless, its stability of it has not been investigated directly. It is poorly understood whether and how these two seemingly opposing features are implemented within the same network. In the present study, we first directly measured the stability and neuroplasticity of the language control network by resting-state functional connectome. Then we explored morphological and topological coupling patterns and the predictive abilities of two features. We employed a cohort of Chinese first-year college students majoring in English who underwent second language (L2) acquisition courses at university and another cohort of Chinese students who did not undergo the same course. Two resting-state fMRI scans were acquired approximately one year apart. We found that the entire language control network is stable rather than plastic. And the morphological coupling pattern was not modular. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and the right Caudate showed a special role in the topological coupling pattern. Moreover, richer second language learning suggested lower modular coupling and different topological coupling patterns. Interestingly, the FC part for stability could predict the improvement of L2 proficiency. These findings provide preliminary evidence about how stability and plasticity coexist in the same neural network and deepen our understanding of the development of the language control network in long-term second language learning.

1 IntroductionBactrocera dorsalis is one of the major horticultural pests of economic importance worldwide (Peng et al ., 2020; D. D. Weiet al. , 2019) and is classified as a quarantine pest in several countries (Liu et al. , 2019; CABI, 2021). This peculiar insect species has a very high invasive potential, due to a varied range of host plants and high reproductive capacity, combined with up to 100% destruction capacity of horticultural fields, which results in important ecological and economic losses in the affected countries (CABI, 2021; Ekesi et al ., 2009; Liendo et al ., 2018). Its presence in Africa was only detected about 20 years ago (Zhang et al. , 2016; CABI, 2021). However, it was able to surpass Ceratitis cosyra , the previous local fruit pest, in terms of density and damage (Ekesiet al ., 2009; Zida et al ., 2020). B. dorsalis is now the main problem within the horticultural sector in several African countries with over 40 possible host plants known to date (Zhanget al. , 2016; CABI, 2021). Chemical insecticides are currently considered the main method of controlling insect pests and vectors worldwide 2010 (Heve, Adjadeh and Billah, 2021). They were effective in eradicating B. dorsalis in parts of southern Africa such as Mauritius in 2000 and 2013 and the South African province of Limpopo in 2010. They have also reduced mango infestation in other countries such as Benin, Cameroon and Kenya (Mutamiswa et al. , 2021). However, insecticide resistance could compromise future eradication programs (Vontas et al. , 2011) as frequently shown also for other pest and vector insects such as the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly)Ceratitis capitate (Magaña et al. , 2008), the olive flyBactrocera oleae (Pavlidi et al. , 2018), and the malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae (Namountougou et al. , 2012).Recent advances in molecular biology have prompted the emergence of various genome editing tools. The development of Gene-drive technology, and more recently of the discovery and implementation of CRISPR-Cas9 tools, have revolutionized the field of insect bioengineering (Doudnaet al. , 2014; Hsu, Lander and Zhang, 2014; Oye et al. , 2014; Drury et al. , 2017) applied to the genetic control of harmful insects. Gene-drive systems, empowered by the precision, simplicity and efficiency offered by CRISPR tools, offer a promising tool for controlling insect pests and vectors (Bouyer et al ., 2018; Hammond et al ., 2016) without contributing to the increasing environmental pollution or being affected by resistance to chemical insecticides. The technology is based on the introduction of a genetic element in the insect genome (transgene) able to bias its inheritance, thereby acting as a “selfish” genetic system (Amoet al. , 2020). Deployment of this technology for pest control also has the advantage of being able to impact target populations beyond the point of release and over multiple generations (Quinn et al ., 2020) through spatial and temporal dispersion facilitated by mating reproduction (D. Amo et al ., 2020; Mudziwapasi et al ., 2021; Quinn et al ., 2020; M. J. Scott et al ., 2016; Verkuijl et al ., 2022). Gene-drive technology allows either the suppression or replacement of target populations according to the design of the genetic system introduced (Galizi et al ., 2016; Hammondet al ., 2016, 2021; Kyrou et al ., 2018; Quinn et al ., 2020). Relying on self-propagating elements, gene-drive technologies have the advantage of being easy to deploy as well as cost-effective. Promising results have already been achieved in laboratory settings where gene drives have been developed in insects such as Drosophila melanogaster (Huang, Liu and Rong, 2016; Webster, Vella and Scott, 2020), Aedes aegypti (Li et al. , 2020) and Anopheles gambiae (Hammond et al ., 2021; Kyrouet al ., 2018; Simoni et al ., 2020).The development and implementation of genetic control tools in B. dorsalis could complement existing control programs. Several genes have already been identified through studies as potential targets for this purpose (G. Liu et al ., 2015; Peng et al ., 2020; Xuet al ., 2022; J. Zhang et al ., 2018; Zheng et al ., 2018). This literature review aims to bring together relevant information and available tools to engineer effective genetic control technologies, providing an assessment of current tools and techniques available for the development of genetic control methods and gene-drives in B. dorsalis .

Genetic information is transformed from DNA to RNA and eventually to proteins. The protein phenotype is largely dependent on the mRNA produced during transcription. Isoform switching is a series of events that occurs after DNA is successfully transcribed into pre-mRNA, which can generate different transcripts from the same gene, leading to both structurally and functionally different and usually pathogenic proteins. Although alternative splicing regulates normal cell stability, it also plays a crucial role in tumor cells under pathological conditions, affecting cancer progression, metastasis, and rapid proliferation by aberrant splicing. Alternative splicing events are found to be linked to at least 15%of cancers and other fatal diseases. This review provides insights into various alternative splicing events that occur with respect to the immune system, immune escape, and immune therapy and how these events can eventually lead to the development of fatal diseases such as cancer. This review may help to identify key biomarkers for the potential prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic activities of a disease.

In plants, the contribution of the plasmotype (mitochondria and chloroplast) in controlling of the circadian clock plasticity and possible consequences on cytonuclear genetic make-up has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the cytonuclear genetics underlying thermal plasticity of clock rhythmicity and fitness traits in reciprocal hybrid (RH) and B1K diversity panels of wild barley ( Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum). Phenotypic analysis of the RH panel, showed higher abundance of plasmotype effects on chlorophyll fluorescence and its rhythmicity than plant phenology and growth. Performing a genome wide association study in the B1K panel found overlap with previously reported drivers of clock ( DOC) loci yet due to intra-chromosomal linkage disequilibrium these loci encompass shorter intervals. Moreover, by incorporating long-range chloroplastic sequencing we identified significant inter-chromosomal linkage disequilibrium and epistatic interactions between previously DOC3.2 and 5.1 loci and the chloroplastic RpoC1 genes, indicating adaptive value for specific cytonuclear gene combinations. Finally, heterologous over-expression of two barley RpoC1 alleles in Arabidopsis showed significantly differential plasticity under elevated temperatures. Our results unravel previously unknown cytonuclear interactions as well as alleles within the chloroplastic genome that control clock thermal plasticity.

Negative patch-scale edge effects, where species are more common in habitat interior than edge, are often used as evidence of negative fragmentation effects. This is because, for a given total habitat area, a more fragmented landscape contains less interior habitat. I tested this cross-scale extrapolation by extracting from the literature a sample of species showing negative or positive landscape-scale fragmentation effects, and then for each species I searched for studies from which I could calculated the slope of its patch-scale edge effect. Species showing negative patch-scale edge effects were equally likely to show negative or positive landscape-scale fragmentation effects, and likewise for species showing positive patch-scale edge effects. Thus, a species' patch-scale edge effect does reliably predict its response to habitat fragmentation. Fragmentation effects, and the efficacy of policies related to them, require evidence at a landscape scale, comparing species' responses across landscapes with different levels of fragmentation.

The gut microbiomes that associate with animals can represent labile units of cooperating and competing microbes. This lability, sometimes referred to as metagenomic plasticity, has been posited to have an important role as an additional axis of hosts’ phenotypic plasticity. However, whether and how metagenomic plasticity varies across hosts with different ecological and evolutionary features remains unclear. To address this, we utilised faecal-derived genome-resolved metagenomics and compared how the taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional microbial dynamics varied across a series of disturbances in two mammal species; namely, the insectivorous-specialist, Crocidura russula (N = 29) and the omnivorous-generalist Apodemus sylvaticus (N = 22). Although faecal microbial diversity of both species remained stable, compositional dynamics differed significantly. C. russula exhibited substantially higher variability and directionality of microbial responses, with higher predictability associated with each disturbance, compared to A. sylvaticus. Predictions of functional traits using joint-species distribution modelling supported these observations. C. russula showed strong functional response to perturbations, with marked directional variation of various metabolic functions. In contrast, the significantly higher functional diversity and redundancy of the A. sylvaticus microbiome likely buffered its functional response to perturbations, which remained more constant across time. Our results indicate that the intrinsic properties (e.g., diversity, redundancy) of gut microbiomes associated with animals with different biological attributes shape the taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional response to environmental stressors. This level of plasticity might affect the capacity of animal hosts to acclimate and adapt to changing environments.

Health systems encourage switching from originators to biosimilars as biosimilars are more cost-effective. The speed and completeness of biosimilar adoption is a measure of efficiency. We describe the approach to biosimilar adoption at a single hospital and compare its efficiency against the English average. We additionally follow up patients who reverted to a previously used biologic, having switched to a biosimilar, to establish whether they benefitted from re-establishing prior treatment. The approach we describe resulted in a faster and more complete switch to biosimilars, which saved an additional £380,000 on drug costs in 2021/22. Of patients who reverted to their original biologic, 85% improved short-term where the concern was tolerability, and 90% where it was efficacy. Patients remained on treatment for a prolonged period after reverting. Our approach to biosimilar adoption outperformed the English average and permits patients to revert to their original biosimilar post-switch if appropriate.

Background: In previous studies, patients with intracranial germ cell tumour (iGCT) with pure choriocarcinoma or mixed germ cell tumours with choriocarcinoma element showed similar dismal prognoses, with median overall survival (OS) of 22 months and 1-year survival rate of approximately 60%. However, these conclusions need to be updated because radiotherapy, which is the milestone for this disease, was not applied in a number of patients. Methods: Clinical data of patients with iGCTs with histologically confirmed choriocarcinoma element or beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) > 500 IU/L were collected from the archives of our institution and retrospectively studied. Results: A total of 76 patients were eligible for this study. In terms of the initial treatment, 11 patients underwent surgery, four patients received radiotherapy, and 61 patients received chemotherapy. Except for two early deaths, all patients received radiotherapy (craniospinal irradiation [CSI], n=23; non-CSI, n=51). The median follow-up duration for the entire series was 63 months (range, 6–188 months). The 5-year event-free survival (EFS) and OS rates were 81.5% and 84.1%, respectively. Among patients who did not have early death or progressive disease after induction chemotherapy, multivariate analysis revealed that chemotherapy cycles (>4 vs. ≤4) (hazard ratio [HR] for EFS 0.144, p=0.020; HR for OS 0.111, p=0.028) and β-HCG levels (>3000 IU/L vs. ≤3000 IU/L) (HR for EFS 4.342, p=0.059; HR for OS 6.614, p=0.033) were independent factors for survival. Radiation volume (non-CSI vs. CSI) was not proven to be a prognostic factor for either EFS or OS (HR for EFS 1.902, p=0.59; HR for OS 2.425, p=0.49). Conclusions: Patients with iGCTs with choriocarcinoma element or β-HCG >500 IU/L showed improved survival with radiotherapy-based treatments. Additional chemotherapy cycles could result in additional survival benefits. Patients with β-HCG level >3000 IU/L had poorer prognosis.

Background: We aimed to retrospectively investigate the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in low-risk patients with hepatoblastoma (HB) who underwent curative resection between February 2009 and December 2017. We also verified the feasibility of the risk stratification system to select the optimal patients for upfront resection. Procedure: We compared 5-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) between the upfront surgery (US) (n=26) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) (n=104) groups at three oncology centers in Beijing, China. To reduce the effect of covariate imbalances, propensity score matching (PSM) was used. We explored whether preoperative chemotherapy affected surgical outcomes and identified the risk factors for events and death, including resection margin status, PRETreatment EXTent of disease stages, age, sex, pathology classification, and α-fetoprotein levels. Results: The median follow-up period was 64 months (interquartile range 60–72). After PSM, 22 pairs of patients were identified and the patient characteristics were similar for all variables included in propensity score matching. In the US group, the 5-year EFS and OS rates were 81.8% and 86.3%, respectively. In the NC group, 5-year EFS and OS rates were 81.8% and 90.9%, respectively. No significant differences in EFS or OS were observed between the groups. Pathological classification was the only risk factor for death and disease progression, tumor recurrence, diagnosis of other malignant neoplasms, and death from any cause ( p=0.007 and p=0.032, respectively). Conclusion: Upfront resection can achieve long-term disease control in low-risk patients with resectable HB, thus reducing the cumulative toxicity of platinum-based chemotherapy drugs.

This paper aims to investigate the time fractional Keller-Segel system with a small parameter. After the fractional order traveling wave transformation, the heteroclinic orbit to the degenerate time fractional Keller-Segel system is demonstrated through the method of constructing a suitable invariant region. Moreover, the persistence of traveling waves in the system with a small parameter can be further illustrated. The results are mainly reliance on the application of geometric singular perturbation theory and Fredholm theorem, which are fundamental theoretical frameworks for dealing with problems of complexity and high dimensionality. Eventually, the asymptotic behavior is depicted by the asymptotic theory to illustrate the rate of decay for traveling waves.

The present technology is scaling day by day which causes enormous leakage in power. For high-speed operation purpose, Random Access Memory chips are used as memory. Leakage power in the Gate and Sub - Threshold level is a serious issue in VLSI systems. Power of multiple architecture in an SRAM cell relies on each individual cell. The challenge will be to reduce leakage power in these cells. The 6T SRAM cell has some disadvantages such as power consumption, stability problems so, in order to overcome problem stated above different techniques in 7T transistors based SRAM structures are proposed, thus techniques like improved self -- controllable voltage and multi-threshold self -- controllable voltage is implemented in CMOS and FINFET Circuits using Cadence Tool.

Brushless DC motor (BLDCM) is widely used in aerospace equipment. But the neuter port in conventional BLDCM windings could lead to torque ripples and low reliability. Each phase winding of the open winding BLDC is connected to an H-bridge inverter, and its phase voltage and phase current could be controlled independently, which has a certain fault tolerance. Firstly, the circuit topology and conduction mode of the open-winding brushless DC motor are introduced, and a Matlab simulation model is established according to the mathematical equation of the motor. Then, the operation characteristics of the open winding brushless DC motor with power device failure are analyzed, and the characteristics of two fault-tolerant control methods, compensation and reconstruction, are discussed. Finally, the open winding brushless DC motor and controller are processed, and the experimental platform is built to verify the operation characteristics of the open winding brushless DC motor with normal operation and compensation operation.

An accurate inference of the chronological and biological age of individuals is fundamental to population ecology and our understanding of ageing itself, its evolution and the biological processes that affect or even cause ageing. In humans, epigenetic clocks based on the DNA methylation (DNAm) at selected CpG sites correlate highly with chronological age. Discrepancies between the inferred epigenetic and known chronological age predict morbidity and mortality, and therefore epigenetic clocks are thought to reflect biological age. Recently, a growing number epigenetic clocks in non-model organisms have been developed towards a diverse array of purposes in commercial, conservation and ageing research. Here we review those studies and conduct the first meta-analysis to assess the effects of different aspects of experimental protocol on the accuracy of epigenetic clocks for non-model species. Our analysis reveals higher coefficients of determination (R2) of chronological age for epigenetic clocks based on the HorvathMammalMethylChip4, compared to other DNAm quantification approaches. No dependence of (R2) was detected for the number of CpG sites in a clock; the sample size; the number or kind of tissue(s) used; the class of animals; or whether captive or wild animals were sampled to infer the epigenetic clocks. We further conclude that epigenetic clocks can predict chronological age with relatively high accuracy, suggesting great potential for the field of ecological epigenetics. We therefore encourage further research on the topic of ecological epigenetics in relation to ageing and, perhaps more importantly, discuss the potential of employing DNAm to assess key traits other than age.

Microbial processes are widely considered an alternative to classical chemical processes. However, the need for expensive nutrients often increases the costs of those processes. Microaerobic conditions increase the productivity of microbial processes without requiring expensive feeds. The literature describes several techniques to perform microaerobic experiments, but they are often limited to a single condition per experiment. We introduce step experiments to explore the microaerobic range of two different organisms. For this, we present two different strategies to adjust microaerobic conditions and validate them for two experimental setups: the microaerobic ethanol production using Escherichia coli grown on glycerol and the oxygen-limited polyhydroxybutyrate production of Cupriavidus necator using fructose. This work shows, for the first time, that Cupriavidus necator can produce polyhydroxybutyrate under heterotrophic, oxygen-limited conditions. We consider the proposed step-wise exploration a useful tool to perform microaerobic experiments in a more cost-and time-efficient way.

Background and Purpose: Aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) is a progressive kidney disease caused by using herbal medicines. Currently, no therapies are available to treat or prevent AAN. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) plays a crucial role in the development and progression of renal disease. We tested whether HDAC inhibitors could prevent AAN and determined the underlying mechanism. Experimental Approach: HDACs expression in the kidneys was examined. Mouse kidney and renal tubular epithelial cell damage were assessed after exposure to HDAC1 and HDAC2 blockade (FK-228). Conditional knock-in of Proline-serine-threonine-phosphatase-interacting protein 2 (PSTPIP2) in the kidney and knockdown of PSTPIP2 expression in PSTPIP2-knockin mice, pathological parameters, and kidney injuries were assessed. Key Results: Aristolochic acid upregulated the expression of HDAC1 and HDAC2 in the kidneys. Notably, the HDAC1 and -2 specific inhibitor, romidepsin (FK228, Depsipeptide), suppressed aristolochic acid-induced kidney injury, epithelial cell pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis (PANoptosis). Moreover, romidepsin upregulated PSTPIP2 in renal tubular epithelial cells, which was enhanced by aristolochic acid treatment. Conditional knock-in of PSTPIP2 in the kidney protected against AAN. In contrast, the knockdown of PSTPIP2 expression in PSTPIP2-knockin mice restored kidney damage and PANoptosis. PSTPIP2 function was determined in vitro using PSTPIP2 knockdown or overexpression in mTEC. Additionally, PSTPIP2 was found to regulate Caspase-8 in Aristolochic acid nephropathy. Conclusion and Implications: HDAC-mediated silencing of PSTPIP2 may contribute to aristolochic acid nephropathy. Hence, HDAC1 and -2 specific inhibitors or PSTPIP2 could be valuable therapeutic agents for the prevention of aristolochic acid nephropathy.

The depth discrimination in confocal microscopy is based on the digital analysis of depth response signals obtained by each camera pixel during measurement. Various signal processing algorithms are used for this purpose. The accuracy of these algorithms is inter alia restricted by the axial symmetry of the signals. However, in practice response signals are rather asymmetrical especially in case of measurement objects with critical surface structures such as edges or steep flanks. We present a novel signal processing algorithm based on an exponential function with a cubic argument to handle asymmetrical and also symmetrical depth response signals. Results obtained by this algorithm are compared to those of commonly used signal processing algorithms. It turns out that the novel algorithm is more robust, more accurate and exhibits a repeatability of a similar order compared to other algorithms.

In recent years increasing evidence suggests that commensal microbiota may play an important role in health and disease, including cerebrovascular disease. Gut microbes impact physiology, at least in part by metabolizing dietary factors and also host-derived substrates and then generating active compounds including toxins. The purpose of the current review is to highlight the complex interplay between microbiota, their metabolites and essential functions for human health ranging from regulation of the metabolism and the immune system to modulation of brain development and function. We also discuss the role of gut dysbiosis in cerebrovascular disease, specifically in acute and chronic stroke phases and the possible implication of intestinal microbiota in post-stroke cognitive impairment and dementia, and we identify potential therapeutic opportunities of targeting microbiota in this context.

The central nervous system (CNS) has long been considered an immune-privileged site, with minimal interaction between immune cells, particularly of the adaptive immune system. Previously, the presence of immune cells in this organ was primarily linked to events involving disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or inflammation. However, current research has shown that immune cells are found patrolling CNS under homeostatic conditions. Specifically, T cells of the adaptive immune system are able to cross the BBB and are associated with aging and cognitive impairment. In addition, T-cell infiltration has been observed in pathological conditions, where inflammation correlates with poor prognosis. Despite ongoing research, the role of this population in the aging brain under both physiological and pathological conditions is not yet fully understood. In this review, we provide an overview of the interactions between T cells and other immune and CNS parenchymal cells, and examine the molecular mechanisms by which these interactions may contribute to normal brain function and the scenarios in which disruption of these connections lead to cognitive impairment. A comprehensive understanding of the role of T cells in the aging brain and the underlying molecular pathways under normal conditions could pave the way for new research to better understand brain disorders.

It is well known that the nervous system adjusts itself to its environment during development. Although a great deal of effort has been directed toward understanding the developmental processes of the individual sensory systems (e.g., vision, hearing, etc.), only one major study has examined the maturation of multisensory processing of cortical neurons. Therefore, the present investigation sought to evaluate multisensory development in a different cortical region and species. Using multiple single-unit recordings in anesthetized ferrets (n=18) of different ages (from postnatal day 80 through 300), we studied the responses of neurons from the rostral posterior parietal area (PPr) to presentations of visual, tactile and combined visual-tactile stimulation. The results showed that multisensory neurons were infrequent at the youngest ages (pre-pubertal) and progressively increased through the later ages. Significant response changes that result from multisensory stimulation (defined as multisensory integration, MSI) were observed in post-pubertal adolescent animals and the magnitude of these integrated responses also increased across this age group. Furthermore, non-significant multisensory response changes were progressively increased in adolescent animals. Collectively, at the population level, MSI was observed to shift from primarily suppressive levels in infants to increasingly higher levels in later stages. These data indicate that, like the unisensory systems from which it is derived, multisensory processing shows developmental changes the specific time course of which may be regionally and species dependent.

Obesity is rising globally and is associated with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders among children, adolescents, and young adults. Whether obesity is the cause or the consequence of these disorders remains unclear. To examine the behavioural effects of obesity systematically, locomotion, anxiety, and social behaviour were assessed in male and female C57Bl/6J mice using the open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM) and social preference (SP) task. First, the effects of age, sex and prior exposure to the tasks were examined in control mice, before investigating post-weaning consumption of a high fat, high sugar (HFHS) diet commonly consumed in human populations with high rates of obesity. In the OF and EPM, locomotor activity and anxiety-related behaviours were reduced by age in both sexes, but with different sex-specific profiles. Prior exposure to the tasks reduced locomotion in the OF in a sex-specific manner but had little effect on behaviour in the EPM in either sex. The HFHS diet reduced food and calorie intake and increased body mass and fat deposition in both sexes. In the OF, both male and female HFHS mice showed reduced locomotion, whereas, in the EPM, only HFHS female mice displayed reduced anxiety-related behaviours. Both male and female HFHS mice had a significantly higher SP index than controls. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that the behavioural effects of age, prior exposure and of diet-induced obesity all depend on the sex of the mouse. This emphasises the importance of including both sexes when assessing behavioural phenotypes arising from dietary manipulations.

Crizotinib is an oral [anaplastic lymphoma kinase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaplastic_lymphoma_kinase) and [c-ros oncogene 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-ros_oncogene_1) inhibitor, which is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The 2011 Clinical trials demonstrated excellent treatment response, survival, and few side effects. We report a case of severe ulcerative oesophagitis with stenosis that was not reported in the 2011 Clinical trials and earlier studies.

6 Sigma works with projects called DMAIC to reduce problems that are classified as quality-critical, transportation-critical, or cost critical. A DMAIC project stands for Define, Measure, Analyze, Implement Improvements, and Control. With this DMAIC methodology, the reduction of the variation that arises from the types of problems that were mentioned within the 6 Sigma methodology is sought. In this way, in each phase of the project or DMAIC process, different types of quality tools are used that serve to obtain the objective of each stage. Then, the objective of this research is the presentation of the most effective tools of the methodology and how they can be applied to any type of problem to increase efficiency and productivity, only and so that beginning practitioners can begin to implement it in any project regardless of the degree they are studying.

Modern technologies in general have had a significant impact on the universe in our quickly expanding globe. To produce diverse automobile subassemblies utilizing 3D printing technologies, additive manufacturing is the recommended technology. The manufacturing parts for automobiles are produced using 3D printing, an environmentally friendly method of layer-by-layer material deposition. The goal of this paper is to use a survey approach to gather information about additive manufacturing for automotive parts from a variety of well regarded indexed journals. Additionally, a brief explanation of the various techniques for carrying out 3D printing procedures for vehicle parts Likewise examining the relative merits of several techniques in terms of price, accuracy, and surface quality. Choosing the best inexpensive approach based on price and other factors