Potential misclassification of a binary outcome measure is often ignored in study design, causing considerable loss of power, and threatening the quality of research. Although there exist studies taking misclassification into account in data analysis, we argue that it should be accounted for already in sample size calculation. We illustrate this by comparing sample sizes needed with and without misclassification in case of the binomial test. Our sample size procedure, implemented as an R function, calculates exact power, and accounts for non-monotonicity of power as a function of sample size, and for potential drop-out or lack of data in the study. The necessary sample size is computed from the null proportion p 0, the assumed true proportion pa, and the probabilities of correct classification, sensitivity ( Se) and specificity ( Sp). Our results show that misclassification may drastically affect the necessary sample size. For p 0<0.5, the effect of specificity is stronger than that of sensitivity, whereas for p 0>.5 it is the other way round. Effects are strongest when p 0 is near 0 or 1, especially for one-sided tests with pa located farther from 0.5 than the null value p 0. For example, even with Se = Sp = 99%, p 0 = 0.01, and left-sided alternative, sample size is more than fourfold of that without misclassification (3-fold if p 0=0.02; 1.4-fold if p 0=0.05).

Early life adversity predicts shorter adult lifespan in several animal taxa. Yet, work on long-lived primate populations suggests the evolution of mechanisms that contribute to resiliency and long lives despite early life insults. Here, we tested associations between individual and cumulative early life adversity and lifespan on rhesus macaques at the Cayo Santiago Biological Field Station using 50 years of demographic data. We performed sex-specific survival analyses at different life stages to contrast short-term effects of adversity (i.e., infant survival) with long-term effects (i.e., adult survival). Rhesus macaques exposed to adversity at birth suffered a significant increase in mortality risk during infancy with both individual and cumulative adversities having the highest impact among affected females. However, when considering adult lifespan, affected males showed higher vulnerability to both individual and cumulative adversities early in life. Our study shows profound immediate effects of insults at birth on female infant cohorts and suggests that affected female adults are more robust (i.e., viability selection). In contrast, adult males who experienced harsh conditions early in life showed an increased mortality risk at older ages as expected from hypotheses of long-term effects of individual, as well as cumulative, adversity early in life. Our study reveals that mortality risk during infancy is mainly driven by the type of adversity, rather than their accumulation at birth. However, cumulative adversity seems to play a major role in adult survival. Our analysis suggests sex-specific selection pressures on life histories and highlights the need for studies addressing the effects of early life adversity across multiple life stages. This information is critical for planning life stage-specific strategies of conservation interventions.

Hepatocellular carcinoma concurent with gastric adenocarcinoma is a rare but possible case. In addition, selecting an effective treatment for two primary cancers is often difficult. In this report, we present the first case of hepatocellular carcinoma concurent with gastric adenocarcinoma treated with atezolizumab and bevacizumab combination therapy.

Introduction: Testicular epidermoid cysts are rare tumors that occur in 1% of testicular tumors and are often misdiagnosed as malignant lesions clinically. We report six cases of epidermoid cysts. Case Presentation: The chief complaints were scrotal induration in five patients and pruritus scrotum in one patient, and the patients were aged

CASEAn 83-year-old Japanese woman presented with multiple chronic painful pretibial ulcers on both extremities that first appeared 3 years earlier, as diagnosed by a dermatologist. She reported generalized edema and blurred vision, without fever, night sweats, weight loss, or arthralgia. Four years prior to presentation, she had bilateral hilar adenopathy, which was diagnosed as an epithelioid cell granuloma through biopsy. Upon examination, the ulcers displayed asymmetric features with violaceous borders and necrotic bases, while the surrounding tissues appeared erythematous and edematous (Figure 1). The patient also exhibited erythematous plaques on both arms and bilateral uveitis. Laboratory tests revealed an elevated eosinophil count of 2630 μL (reference range: 70-440) and an elevated serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) concentration of 25.5 U/L (reference range: 8.3–21.4). Antinuclear antibody test, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody test, interferon gamma release assays, and serological tests for syphilis yielded negative results. Deep vein thrombosis, vascular insufficiency and cardiac abnormalities were ruled out upon ultrasonography. Plaque biopsy of the right arm revealed perivascular dermatitis with giant cells. As further evaluation ruled out other possibilities, the patient was diagnosed with sarcoidosis and initiated on systemic prednisolone (0.7 mg/kg/day). Subsequently, the prednisolone dose was gradually tapered to 5 mg/day, leading to complete healing of the ulcers within 12 months (Figure 2).DISCUSSIONIn this case, the ulcers exhibited atypical characteristics. Clinical signs of atypical ulcers include a necrotic wound bed, a purple border, surrounding inflammation, an unusual site such as the proximal calf, asymmetry sites and severe pain1. The differential diagnosis of atypical ulcers includes external, neoplastic, vasculopathic, hematologic, infectious, drug-induced, and inflammatory etiologies, including sarcoidosis.1 Atypical ulcers are differentiated from typical ulcers caused by venous insufficiency, diabetes, ischemia, or pressure1.Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease affecting multiple organs. Cutaneous involvement occurs in approximately 20%–35% of patients with sarcoidosis2. Common skin manifestations include maculopapules, nodules, plaques, infiltrative scars, lupus perio(specific lesions), and erythema nodosum (nonspecific lesion)2. Only 4.8% of patients with skin lesions develop skin ulcers. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis is established based on clinical and histopathological findings after excluding other potential causes. Differential diagnoses for ulcerative sarcoidosis include necrobiosis lipoidica, atypical mycobacterial infection, malignancy, and trauma2,3. Although a biopsy of the ulcerative lesions was not performed due to concerns about delayed skin healing, we suspected sarcoidosis based on the ulcer features, such as necrotic ulcers with violaceous rolled borders in the pretibial erea2. Additionally, the patient’s history of hilar lymphadenopathy, bilateral uveitis, elevated ACE concentration, and histopathological analysis of the lymph nodes supported the diagnosis. The patients was finally diagnosed with ulcerative sarcoidosis based on her rapid response to corticosteroids.References1. Nickles MA, Tsoukas MM, Sweiss N, Ennis W, Altman IA. Atypical ulcers: a stepwise approach for clinicians. Wounds. 2022 Oct;34(10):236-244.2. Fernandez-Faith E, McDonnell J. Cutaneous sarcoidosis: differential diagnosis. Clin Dermatol. 2007;25(3):276-287.3. Wanat KA, Rosenbach M. Cutaneous Sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med. 2015 Dec;36(4):685-702.

Pulmonary fibrosis, profound alveolitis, and the failure to restore alveolar epithelial architecture are major causes of respiratory failure in fatal COVID-19. However, contributing factors to abnormal fibrosis in critically ill COVID-19 patients are yet to be understood. This study analyzed the histopathology of lung autopsy samples from eight COVID-19 and six non-COVID-19 post-mortems. The distribution and changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, including elastin and collagen in lung alveoli, were quantitatively assessed through morphometric analyses. These studies reveal massive degradation of elastin fibers along the thin-alveolar walls of the lung parenchyma that supersedes interstitial collagenous fibrosis and intra-alveolar fibrotic abnormalities. Injured lungs with collapsed alveoli and organized fibrotic regions exhibited widespread elastolysis. Further, immunoblotting of lung autopsy extracts validated extensive elastin degradation. Importantly, loss of elastin was correlated with induction of neutrophil elastase (NE), a potent protease that degrades ECM, and increased staining of peptidylarginine deiminase, a marker for neutrophil extracellular traps release, and extensive epithelial necrosis. Further, elevated plasma levels of NE-alpha1-antitrypsin complex in hospitalized COVID-19 patients indicate dysregulated neutrophil activity. These findings place elastin degradation at the center of alveolar structural disintegration and argue that elastolysis and alveolitis lead to abnormal ECM repair and fibrosis in fatal COVID-19.

The monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak in 2022 has renewed interest in the detection of antibodies against orthopox viruses (OPXV) and MPXV, as serological methods can aid diagnostics and are key to epidemiological studies. Here three complementary serological methods are described with different strengths to aid the development and evaluation of in-house assays: An immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for specific detection of IgG and IgM, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for higher sample throughput to aid epidemiological studies and a neutralization test (NT) to detect virus neutralising antibodies. As implementation of MPXV-specific diagnostics is often hampered by the requirement for a dedicated biosafety level 3 laboratory (BSL-3), the focus is on biosafety aspects to facilitate safe testing also under BSL-2 conditions. To this aim, IFA and NT titres of sera are compared after MPXV or cowpox virus infection or vaccinia virus immunization by using both homologous and heterologous antigens. Because of a large degree of cross-reactivity, vaccinia virus could be used as a less virulent alternative to MPXV, as VACV can be handled under BSL-2 conditions. Furthermore, an inactivation method to remove potentially infectious virus particles from viraemic sera without compromising antibody detection was developed. Although the existing immunological cross-reactivity between OPXV prevents species differentiation by general serological methods, it also provides an opportunity for the interchangeable usage of different OPXV species in serological assays, enabling MPXV serology outside of BSL-3 facilities.

For engineering the development of tunnels or the laying of underground pipelines are essential engineering projects in modern society, and in canyon tunnels and canyon pipeline projects, the surface motion and cavity edge motion have been topics of concern in ground vibration problems. In this paper, wave scattering problems in elastic half-space anisotropic media containing semicircular canyons and underground movable cylindrical cavities are studied by using theoretical methods, wave function expansion method, complex function method and mirror image method to solve the control equations in the form of Helmholtz equations satisfying zero stress boundary conditions, and the corresponding displacement functions are solved. The origin singularity problem in the scattered wave problem in anisotropic half-space medium using the mirror method is improved. Then the unknown coefficients in the set of equations to be solved by free boundary conditions combined with the Fourier expansion method. The displacement field is a superposition of appropriate wave fields. Finally, the effects of the relevant parameters on the surface motion| w 1|( w), the dynamic stress concentration factor (DSCF) and the displacement amplitude| w 2| are investigated by frequency and time domain analysis. This study not only provides a theoretical basis for practical unlined tunnels or pipeline projects, but also can provide a basis for seismic design of underground structures.

Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the most common cause of mortality and morbidity in Africa. There is paucity of data on SCD from Burundi. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a predetermined questionnaires that included socio-demographic characteristics, basis of diagnosis, common clinical scenarios, transfusion requirements, usage of hydroxyurea, usage of folic acid, and knowledge about bone marrow transplantation. Results: Participants were 174 patients with SCD with male: female ratio of 1:1. The median age was10 years (1.3 - 42 years). The diagnosis of SCD was made by Emmel test in 139/168 (82.74 %) and electrophoresis in 29/168 (17.26%) patients. Nearly 150/164 (91.4%) patients ≥ 1 episode of Veno-occlusive crisis in the preceding year. Out of 165 patients, 77(45.8%) required ≤3 admissions, 55 (39.4%) >3 times and 24 (14.5 %) patients reported no admission in past 1 year. Out of 166 patients, 131 (79%) reported no usage of hydroxyurea, while 35 patients (21%) reported taking hydroxyurea. Among 35, only 17 were taking hydroxyurea on regular basis and 18 were taking irregularly. Majority of patients (96.5%) were unaware of bone marrow transplantation as a curative treatment option Conclusion: Our data from Burundi points towards an urgent need to make hydroxyurea available and affordable. Health systems strengthening with focus on education and training of the healthcare professionals is a priority.

Introduction: Granular cell tumors (GCTs) are rare, low-grade Schwann cell tumors found in the skin, soft tissue, and mucosal surfaces of the oral, gastrointestinal, and respiratory tracts. 1 in 1000 breast cancer cases is GCT. Just 1%–2% of GCTs are malignant granular cell tumors (MGCTs). Case Presentation: Herein we introduce a 34-year-old woman with a palpable mass that was confirmed to be GCT by pathology. Discussion: Benign GCTs are described as having an absence of necrosis, vesicular nuclei with large nucleoli, a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, pleomorphism, spindling tumor cells, and an accelerated mitotic rate greater than 2 mitoses per 10 high power fields. GCTs of the breast typically present as solitary, palpable, painless masses and are typically located in the upper-inner quadrant along the distribution of the supraclavicular nerve. Since benign GCTs do not spread to regional lymph nodes, axillary staging is unnecessary. The probability of local recurrence is between 2 and 8% with negative surgical margins and above 20% with positive surgical margins; nevertheless, recurrence of benign GCTs does not predict a bad prognosis. Conclusion: Identifying granular cell tumors of the breast is essential for avoiding invasive procedures and radical surgeries.

Personalized health monitoring and prediction have become essential for improving health- care delivery, especially with the growing prevalence of chronic diseases and an aging population. Deep learning (DL) has emerged as a promising approach for developing personalized health mon- itoring systems that can predict health outcomes accurately and efficiently. With the increasing availability of personal health data, DL-based methods have emerged as a promising approach to improve healthcare delivery by providing accurate and timely predictions of health outcomes. This article provides a comprehensive review of the recent developments in the application of DL for personalized health monitoring and prediction. It summarizes various DL architectures and their applications for personalized health monitoring, including wearable devices, electronic health records, and social media data. Furthermore, the article also explores the challenges and future directions for the application of DL in personalized health monitoring. valuable insights into the potential of DL for personalized health monitoring and prediction.

Introduction- Cannabis use disorders are global emerging problem nowadays, with high prevalence and morbidity. Though cognitive impairments are one of the most replicated findings in individuals with cannabis dependence, but there are very few studies assessed cognitive functioning as a risk factor for cannabis use disorder. In this study, we assessed cognitive functioning as an endophenotype in cannabis use disorders. Methodology- In this study comparison of cognitive functioning was done among three groups- patients with cannabis dependence syndrome, their first degree relative (FDR) and normal healthy controls (HC). Each group included 30 participants. Individuals of all three groups were assessed in domains of complex attention, executive functions, language, learning and memory and perceptual-motor. Results- Performance of patients with cannabis dependence was impaired in attention, verbal memory, executive functions compared to both other groups. Attention, semantic verbal fluency and memory were found to be an endophenotype as both patient and FDR group performed poorly than HC group. Verbal memory was impaired in patients’ group compared to group of first-degree relatives, whose performance in-turn impaired than normal healthy controls. Performances of verbal and visual memory were correlated positively with age of onset and negatively with frequency of cannabis intake. Age of first-degree relatives was inversely correlated with verbal memory. Conclusion- Performance of individuals with cannabis dependence was impaired than normal healthy controls in all domains of cognitive functioning. As per definition, verbal memory could be considered as an endophenotype marker in cannabis use disorders.

A document by Kala Shrestha. Click on the document to view its contents.

Background: Penicillin allergy is self-reported by 3-10% of patients admitted to hospital. The label is wrong in 90% of the cases and has severe health implications. Penicillin-delabeling can reverse the negative effects of the label, and pathways adapted to local practice are needed. No tools are available in Norway for penicillin delabeling outside an allergy clinic. Methods: An interdisciplinary taskforce created a penicillin allergy delabeling program (PAD) adapted to the Norwegian health care system. This was validated in a prospective, single-centre study. Very low-risk and low-risk patients underwent a direct oral penicillin challenge and high-risk patients were referred for allergologic evaluation. Results: 149 patients declaring penicillin allergy were included. Seventy-four (50%) were very-low- and low risk patients suitable for a direct oral penicillin challenge resulting in only one mild reaction. 60 high-risk patients were eligible for an oral penicillin challenge after allergologic evaluation, three patients reacted non-severely. Conclusion: We have demonstrated excellent repeatability and feasibility of the first PAD applicable in a hospital setting outside an allergy clinic in Norway. Our data suggests this is safe and beneficial, with 49% patients delabeled through a direct oral penicillin challenge, performed without any serious adverse events, and an overall 87% delabeling rate.

Bio-logging has revealed much about high-latitude seabird migratory strategies, but tropical species are comparatively understudied. Here we use geolocators to study the year-round movement behaviour of adult red-footed boobies (Sula sula rubripes) from the Chagos Archipelago, tropical Indian Ocean. Light levels suggest that red-footed boobies are resident in the archipelago year-round, although there are large latitudinal errors this close to the equator. However, immersion data revealed tracked birds returned to land year-round, with no extended at-sea periods, further indicating this population is non-migratory. Our findings have important implications for seabird conservation and phylogenetics, as well as for assessing the impact of seabird nutrients on coral reef ecosystems.

Background and Objectives: There are limited data on cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator-related metabolic syndrome (CRMS) outcomes beyond infancy. The goal of this study was to analyze outcomes of infants with CRMS up to the age of 9-10 years using the CF Foundation Patient Registry (CFFPR). Methods: We analyzed data from the CFFPR for individuals with CF and CRMS born between 2010-2020. We classified all patients based on the clinical diagnosis reported by the CF care center and the diagnosis using CFF guideline definitions for CF and CRMS, classifying children into groups based on agreement between clinical report and guideline criteria. Descriptive statistics for the cohort were calculated for demographics, nutritional outcomes, and microbiology for the first year of life and lung function and growth outcomes were summarized for ages 6-10 years. Results: From 2010-2020, there were 8,765 children with diagnosis of CF or CRMS entered into the CFFPR with sufficient diagnostic data for classification, of which 7,591 children had a clinical diagnosis of CF and 1,174 had a clinical diagnosis of CRMS. CRMS patients exhibited normal nutritional indices and pulmonary function up to age 9-10 years. The presence of respiratory bacteria associated with CF, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa from CRMS patients ranged from 2.1-9.1% after the first year of life. Conclusions: Children with CRMS demonstrate normal pulmonary and nutritional outcomes into school age. However, a small percentage of children continue to culture CF-associated respiratory pathogens after infancy.

SARS-CoV-2 has had a significant impact on pregnancy outcomes due to the effects of the virus and the altered healthcare environment. Stillbirth has been relatively hidden during the COVID-19 pandemic, but a clear link between SARS-CoV-2 and poor fetal outcome emerged in the Alpha and Delta waves. A small minority of women/birthing people who contracted COVID-19 developed SARS-CoV-2 placentitis. In many reported cases this was linked to intrauterine fetal death, although there are cases of delivery just before imminent fetal demise and we shall discuss how some cases are sub-clinical. What is surprising, is that SARS-CoV-2 placentitis is often not associated with severe maternal COVID-19 infection, and this makes it difficult to predict. The worst outcomes seem to be with diffuse placental disease and occurs within 21 days of COVID-19 diagnosis. Poor outcomes are often pre-dated by reduced fetal movements, but are not associated with ultrasound changes. In some cases, there has also been maternal thrombocytopenia, or coagulation abnormalities, which may provide a clue as to which pregnancies are at risk of fetal demise if a further variant of concern is to emerge. In future, multidisciplinary collaboration and cross-boundary working must be prioritised, to quickly identify such a phenomenon and provide clinicians with clear guidance for reducing fetal death and associated poor outcomes. Whilst we wait to see if COVID-19 brings a future variant of concern, we must focus on appropriate future management of women who have had SARS-CoV-2 placentitis. The histopathology reports with pathologies of chronic histiocytic villositis and/or massive perivillous fibrin deposition fill clinicians with concern about future pregnancy outcomes. However, we must remember, that in the context of a cause (SARS-CoV-2) and no other history of concern, it is not likely that SARS-CoV-placentitis will recur, and thus a measured approach to subsequent pregnancy management is needed.

Aims: To explore the impact of a teaching resource on student’s understanding of variation in drug disposition between ethnic groups. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to students from medical and medical sciences undergraduate courses immediately before and after a teaching session on inter-individual variation in pharmacokinetics. Responses were analysed using a Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: Students were most likely to define ethnicity in relation to culture, traditions, and place in contrast to use of the term in the pharmacokinetics literature where it refers to large-scale continental racial groups, e.g., Black, white, Asian. There was a tendency for students to assume a genetic mechanism for ethnic differences and there was a change in this assumption after they participated in the teaching session. Conclusions: Confusion around the use of the term ethnicity may contribute towards lack of clarity in teaching and in student understanding. Teaching about a range of mechanisms that can underly inter-individual variation in pharmacokinetic processes reduces the tendency of students to ascribe genetic mechanisms to differences in drug metabolism, clarifies some of the ways in which individuals can vary.

A document by inja kim. Click on the document to view its contents.

Imaging genetics studies with large samples have identified many genes associated with brain functions and structures, but little is known about genes associated with brain functional and structural network properties. The current genome-wide association study (GWAS) examined graph theory measures of brain structural and functional networks with 497 healthy Chinese participants (17-28 years). Four genes (TGFB3, LGI1, TSPAN18 and FAM155A) were identified significantly associated with functional network global efficiency, two (NLRP6 and ICE2) with structural network global efficiency. Meta-analysis of structural and functional brain network property confirmed the 4 functional related genes and revealed two more (RBFOX1 and WWOX). These genes did not significantly associate with any single structural or functional connectivity. They were reported significantly associated with regional brain structural or functional measurements in the UK Biobank project; and showed differential gene expression level between low and high structure-function coupling regions according to Allen Human Brain Atlas gene expression data. Taken together, our results suggest that brain structural and functional networks had shared and unique genetic bases, consistent with the notion of many-to-many structure-function coupling of the brain.

In this study, a ZnCo2O4/Ag3PO4 composite catalyst was prepared by the precipitation method, and its photocatalytic degradation activity for methyl orange (MO) was studied. The catalysts were characterized by TEM, XRD, EDX, HRTEM, SAED, SEM, XPS, and UV-Vis-DRS. The results indicate that 0.1 ZnCo2O4/Ag3PO4 The composite system has a good photocatalytic degradation effect on methyl orange. Under 30-minute simulated sunlight conditions, the degradation rate can reach 94%. The results show that the maximum reaction rate constant of 0.1 ZnCo2O4/Ag3PO4 is 0.05301 min-1, which is three times the size of pure Ag3PO4 and 52 times the size of pure ZnCo2O4. After three cycles, 0.1 ZnCo2O4/Ag3PO4 still degraded methyl orange (MO) at a rate of 84.4%. The trapping experiment showed that hole (h+) and O2- played the most important roles in the photocatalytic degradation field of methyl orange (MO) by 0.1 ZnCo2O4/Ag3PO4, and hydroxyl radical (OH·) played a partial role. The energy level structure of ZnCo2O4/Ag3PO4 is conducive to the effective separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, improving the lifespan of photogenerated charges. Among them, the photocatalytic performance of 0.1 ZnCo2O4/Ag3PO4 is the most excellent.

Due to the increasing number of amputees and the need to use prosthetics that simulate human limbs, an improved technique is proposed to classify hand gestures using Deep Recurrent Neural Networks (DRNN) based on the surface Electromyographic (sEMG) signal on the forearm. The implemented models are built on FeedForward Neural Networks (FFNN), Deep Recurrent Neural Networks (DRNN), and Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTM) using two types of datasets. They were recorded for four and seven motions, respectively. Both were written by MYO armband, and the conception of the technique is divided into two main phases applied to the two types of datasets. Two DRNN models are implemented, the First is a multi-classifications DRNN with all datasets files imported simultaneously. Each data file is then imported separately as input to the second binary classification DRNN model. Classification results for the multi-DRNN classifier and binary one are compared according to both datasets separately. Results show that the average accuracy for multi-classifications was (95%, 86%) for both datasets while binary classification was 99% accurate for each model. Additionally, precision, recall, and f1− score were determined for both datasets, yielding better results.

A document by Jebakumar Immanuel D. Click on the document to view its contents.

Oleoresins are resin-like viscous materials obtained from plants, oilseed, or spices with functional properties. The extraction process determines their stability, composition, and physicochemical properties. Oleoresins were obtained from ground waxy burgundy whole grain sorghum with and without ball milling by using the following solvents: two types of novel ionic liquids (IL1: 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazoliumchloride, IL2: 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazoliumchloride), ethanol and dichloromethane. The effects of processing were evaluated for the extraction yield, protein, fat and total phenolic content, fatty acid composition, particle size and zeta potential, and FTIR spectra. The use of ILs and ball mill process significantly (P < 0.05) affected the extraction yield and physicochemical properties. The highest extraction yields increased (31.35% ± 0.58) when ball milling used with IL2 in comparison to the lowest (18.37% ± 0.77) obtained by traditional ethanol extraction. In a similar way, protein concentration and phenolic content were the highest (1.37% ± 0.05 and 0.57% ± 0.01, respectively) with ball milling extraction and IL1. The FTIR spectra indicated higher phospholipids (at 1200 cm-1) and protein-phospholipid bonding (at 1700 cm-1) by ILs, and ball milling as compared to traditional extraction. Overall, wet milling-assisted extraction by using ball mill and ILs can provide control for the composition of the oleoresins important for their functional properties with higher extraction efficiencies as compared to traditional techniques.