Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a systemic infection that ranges from asymptomatic to severe respiratory tract infections and influenza-like illness to severe disease with respiratory failure from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The leading cause of mortality for SARS-CoV-2 is respiratory failure from ARDS. This study aimed to summarize the clinical outcomes of severe acute respiratory infection produced by SARS-CoV-2 in 293 Colombian adults. This retrospective study analyzed the clinical outcomes of severe acute respiratory infection produced by SARS-CoV-2 in 293 Colombian adults. The study collected data on age, clinical manifestations, comorbidities, radiological findings, and fatal cases. It was found that patients over 60 years old (53%) suffered the most severe symptoms, with frequent clinical manifestations of dyspnea (60.6%), cough (46.3%), and changes in osmotic diuresis (29.3%). About 55.3% of the patients had comorbidities, where cardiovascular disease (54.9%) was the most frequent coexisting condition. Regarding radiological findings, alveolar infiltrate and ground glass opacifications had the biggest frequency (58.9% and 40.7%, respectively). Fatal cases detected were 45.4%, where patients over 60 years (66.2%) were severely affected, however, adults from 40-59 years had a 27.8% mortality rate. Tachycardia and elevated serum biomarkers -ureic nitrogen, creatinine, D-dimer, troponin, LDH, AST, and ALT levels- were significantly more frequent in fatal cases compared to non-fatal patients. In conclusion, this study showed the clinical spectrum of severe acute respiratory infection produced by SARS-CoV-2 in Colombian adults, which is still having an active circulation and causing severe or fatal outcomes.

Metabolic theories in ecology interpret ecological patterns at different levels through the lens of metabolism, typically applying allometric power scaling laws to describe rates of energy use. This requires a sound theory for metabolism at the individual level. Commonly used mechanistic growth models, such as von Bertalanffy, DEB and the ontogenetic growth model lack a number of potentially important aspects and fail to accurately capture a growth pattern often observed in insects. Recently, a new model (MGM – the Maintenance-Growth Model) was developed for ontogenetic and post-mature growth, based on an energy balance that expresses growth as the net result of assimilation and metabolic costs for maintenance and feeding. The most important contributions of MGM are: 1) the division of maintenance costs into a non-negotiable and a negotiable part, potentially resulting in non-linear allometric scaling of maintenance and lowered maintenance under food restriction; 2) differentiated energy allocation strategies between sexes and 3) inclusion of costs for finding and processing food. MGM may also account for effects of body composition and type of growth at the cellular level. The model was here calibrated and evaluated using empirical data from an experiment on house crickets growing under ad libitum conditions. The procedure involved parameter estimations from the literature and collected data, using statistical models to account for individual variation in parameter values. It was found that ingestion rates cannot be generally described by simple allometries, here requiring more complex descriptions after maturation. By the unusual assumption of super-linear scaling of maintenance with body mass, MGM could well capture the differentiated growth patterns of male and female crickets. Other mechanistic growth models have also been able to provide good predictions of insect growth during early ontogeny, but MGM seems to be unique in its ability to accurately describe the trajectory until terminated growth.

Anju Murayama1*

Genetic offset models have become a popular component of the landscape genetics toolbox, with over 150 peer-reviewed publications applying these models to plant and animal systems. Genetic offset models are most frequently performed following the identification of putatively adaptive alleles from genotype-environment association analyses in natural populations of non-model organisms. These models allow the researcher to make predictions about the likely vulnerability of species populations to climate change, by estimating the extent of genetic change needed (i.e., genetic offset) to maintain ‘optimal’ allele frequencies and population fitness under future climate change scenarios. However, a number of critical assumptions and knowledge gaps are often overlooked when undertaking these analyses, undermining their reliability and usefulness for making genetically informed management decisions. In this commentary, we describe seven assumptions in detail and discuss a range of common violations that can lead to misleading outcomes. While genetic offset models may have a place for predicting the vulnerability of natural populations of non-model organisms in the future, we argue that current applications are likely to be problematic and risk both wasting resources and misleading conservation management.

The beam-hopping technology can solve the problems of uneven user distribution and uneven service demand, and improve the efficiency of resource utilization. It is one of the important technologies of future satellite-ground integrated communication. However, the mobility of LEO satellites and the on-demand scheduling of beams make each satellite beam correspond to multiple ground wave positions, which brings great difficulties to data processing. In this paper, after analyzing the difficulties of the data forwarding buffer of the beam-hopping system, a double-linked list structure of user state chain and data buffer chain is proposed, which solves the problem of data forwarding between the satellite and users in the dynamic state, and provides an efficient solution for the data exchange of the beam-hopping LEO satellite.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant cancers worldwide. Since colon cancer cells rely on glycolysis as their major energy source, glycolytic metabolism has become a major problem for colon cancer therapy. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei has anti-colon cancer effects, and its secreted extracellular vesicles involved in intercellular communication can induce colon cancer cell apoptosis, but the effect on glycolytic metabolism remains enigmatic. Our findings demonstrate that LpEVs were ingested in by colorectal cancer and prevent the proliferation of colon cancer cells. LpEVs treatment altered the expression of glycolysis-related genes in colon cancer cells, and the differentially expressed genes were highly enriched in the HIF-1 signaling pathway. Experimental analysis further suggested that, LpEVs reduced the expression of HIF-1, GLUT4, and LDHA, which hindered the glycolysis of colorectal cancer cells. Consequently, LpEVs decreased colon cancer cell glucose uptake rate, lactate generation, and LDH activity. In vivo, LpEVs inhibited the growth of CRC xenograft in nude mice and the expression of HIF-1α, GLUT4 and LDHA. Overall, we reveal that LpEVs exert its anti-colon cancer activity via decreasing HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis. We hypothesized that our research would provide a theoretical framework for creating innovative CRC therapeutic approaches.

In the future Space Information Network (SIN), remote sensing satellites (RSSs) can access communication constellations (CC) and ground stations (GSs) through inter-layer links (ILLs) and satellite-ground links (SGLs) to realize the timely transmission of large amounts of observation data. In this paper, we study the link topology of both ILLs and SGLs with different time slot durations from the perspective of each RSS based on the time-expanded graph. We propose a multi-objective mission flow optimization model to jointly achieve transmission benefits maximization, end-of-period energy maximization, and transmission wait time minimization. This model considers missions’ importance differences under limited storage, energy, and link bandwidth resources. To reduce the solving complexity, we propose a Phased Multi-Objective (PMO) algorithm composed of two Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problems and one Linear Programming (LP) problem to separate the integer programming part from the continuous part. A Multi-Objective Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MO-MILP) model is also formulated for comparison. We simulate the proposed methods in different scale SIN with practical parameters referred to the SAR satellites. The results indicate that observation data can be transmitted in near real-time with adequate bandwidth of ILLs. PMO can achieve multiple objectives and is applicable in large-scale constellation systems.

National identity construction has been widely carried out. In a crisis, constructing national identity vertically may be failed because of the criticism of formalism. Microsocial interaction exists in society, and the interactive ritual constructs the meaning of governance. The individual obtains emotional energy by participating in the interactive ritual, forms the national identity, and produces social unity. However, there is little research on this process. This paper explores ways to shape national identity from the bottom up. It is found that the symbolic meaning of governance behaviour can be visualized, agreed upon and emotional through interactive rituals, resulting in the presence of national symbols, consensus order and emotional mobilization. Finally, the interactive ritual realized emotional mobilization and social order reconstruction. The conclusion of this study is of reference value for the improvement of crisis management and national governance capacity, enriching the interactive ritual theory.

Climate change denial tends to be prevalent among right-wing populists, but the reasons for this are not clear. This study aimed to examine the association between climate change denial and attitudinal variables associated with contemporary right-wing populism. Specifically, we focused on the mediating role of trust, or lack thereof, in climate science, as right-wing populists’ discourse on climate change tends to be centered on claims that climate science is biased and therefore unreliable. The results from an online survey (N = 232) demonstrated that climate change denial was most strongly predicted by exclusionism and anti-egalitarianism—negative attitudes towards multiculturalism, feminism, and homosexuality. This association was entirely mediated by lower trust in climate science, even while controlling for overall faith and literacy in science. Surprisingly, populist attitudes did not predict climate change denial or lower trust in climate science. This suggests that the so-called hosting ideological dimension of right-wing populism, characterized by resistance to social and cultural changes, plays a key role in this context. Moving forward, efforts to understand and engage with these ideological concerns and biases could be fruitful in addressing mistrust in climate science and ultimately climate change denial.

The 5 August 2014 Orkney earthquake in South Africa caused significant damage to low-cost unreinforced masonry buildings. After the earthquake, post-earthquake surveys were conducted to assess damage and deduce intensity of these buildings. During the field surveys, only buildings that were reported as damaged were investigated. This study aimed at conducting an empirical seismic vulnerability assessment using data collected from field surveys. However, for a comprehensive assessment, the data should include all buildings in the study area, regardless of whether they were damaged or undamaged. Hence in this study, a first-order approach was applied to gather sufficient data to construct fragility curves for low-cost unreinforced masonry buildings in South Africa. The damage probability matrix technique was selected from the available empirical seismic assessment procedures for fragility curve construction. The fragility curves were constructed using the intensity and damage data, statistical models, and model fitting techniques. Damage and intensity were measured using the European macro-seismic scale. The fragility curves obtained in this study predicted comparable but slightly lower damage compared to other curves of unreinforced masonry buildings of similar typology. These curves were obtained for URM buildings that were damaged during the 2017 Iran-Iraq earthquake that occurred along the in the Zagros fold and thrust belt; the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake; and the 1962 and 1969 Sarajevo and Banja Luka earthquakes. The reason for predicted lower damage might be due to the fact that majority of buildings in the study were assumed to have no damage. Even though the method applied was able to produce comparable fragility curves with other studies, it is recommended that during the post-earthquake surveys, all the buildings in the study area should be investigated including those that suffered little to no damage in order to get a good sample of buildings vulnerability.

A document by Swarn Jha. Click on the document to view its contents.

S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) is a substrate for many enzyme-catalyzed reactions and provides methyl groups in numerous biological methylations, and thus has vast applications in the medical field. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been engineered as a platform with significant potential for producing SAM, although the current production has room for improvement. To surpass the restriction, a series of metabolic engineering strategies were employed to enhance the synthesis of SAM in this study. These strategies included enhancing SAM synthesis by overexpression of SAM2, met6, and str2, increasing ATP supply by integration of adkI and PYC, and down-regulating SAM metabolism by disrupting erg4 and erg6 and replacing the original promoter of CYS4 with a weaker promoter. After combinatorial metabolic engineering, Bayesian optimization was conducted on the obtained strain C262P6 to optimize the fermentation medium. A final yield of 2972.8 mg/L at 36 h with 29.7% of the L-Met conversion rate in the shake flask was achieved, which was 26.3 times higher than that of its parent strain and the highest reported production in the shake flask to date. This paper establishes a feasible foundation for the construction of SAM-produced strains using metabolic engineering strategies and demonstrates the effectiveness of Bayesian optimization in optimizing fermentation medium to enhance the generation of SAM.

Introduction: A hybrid convergent approach (endocardial and epicardial ablation) demonstrated superior effectiveness in a recent randomized study for long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (LSPAF). Yet, there is a lack of real-world, long-term evidence as to which patients are best candidates for a hybrid convergent approach compared to standard endocardial cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation (CB PVI). Methods and Results: This single-center, retrospective analysis spanning from 2010 to 2015 compared two distinctly different atrial fibrillation (AF) cohorts; one treated with stand-alone cryoablation and one treated with a hybrid convergent approach. Baseline characteristics described candidates for each approach. The following criteria were utilized to determine CB PVI candidacy: 1) paroxysmal AF (PAF) with failed class I/III antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) or 2) persistent/LSPAF with failed class I/III AAD unwilling to undergo hybrid procedure. Selection criteria for the hybrid procedure included: 1) PAF refractory to both class I/III AAD and prior CB PVI or 2) persistent/LSPAF with failed class I/III AAD agreeable to hybrid procedure. Prior sternotomy was excluded. Serial electrocardiograms and continuous monitoring evaluated primary efficacy outcome of time-to-first recurrence of atrial arrhythmia after a 90-day blanking period. Secondary outcomes were procedure-related complications and AAD use (at discharge, 12, and 36 months). Kaplan-Meier methods evaluated arrhythmia recurrence. Of 276 patients, 197 (64.2 ± 10.6 years old; 66.5% male; 74.1% PAF; 18.3% persistent AF; 1.0% LSPAF; 6.6% undetermined) underwent CB PVI and 79 (61.4 ± 8.1 years old; 83.5% male; 41.8% PAF; 45.5% persistent AF; 12.7% LSPAF) underwent hybrid procedure. Arrhythmia freedom through 36 months was 55.2% for CB PVI and 50.4% for hybrid (p =0.32). Class I AAD utilization at discharge occurred in 38 (19.3%) patients in the CB PVI group and 5 (6.3%) patients in the hybrid group (p=0.01). CB PVI class I AAD utilization at 12 months occurred in 14 (9.0) patients versus 0 patients for hybrid convergent (p=0.004). Patients with one or more adverse event were as follows: two (1.0%) in the CB PVI group (both transient phrenic nerve palsy) and three (3.7%) in the hybrid group (two with significant bleeding and one with wound infection) (p=0.14). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that patients with more complex forms of AF (PAF refractory to both AAD and index endocardial ablation or persistent/LSPAF) could be well managed with a convergent approach. Moreover, outcomes match safety and efficacy thresholds achieved by patients with an early, less complex AF etiology treated by CB PVI alone.

Background: Previous studies have described various neuroplasticity effects of physical activity (PA). EEG studies have described effects mostly during or shortly after short bouts of PA. This is the first study to investigate the capability of EEG to display PA-induced long-lasting plasticity in runners compared to a sedentary control group. Methods: Thirty trained runners and thirty age- and sex-matched sedentary controls (SC) were included as a subpopulation of the ReCaP (Running effects on Cognition and Plasticity) study. PA was measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Resting state EEG of the runners was recorded in the tapering phase of the training for the Munich marathon 2017. Power spectrum analyses were conducted using standardized Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (sLORETA) and included the following frequency bands: delta: 1.5-6 Hz, theta: 6.5-8.0 Hz, alpha1: 8.5-10 Hz, alpha2: 10.5-12.0 Hz, beta1: 12.5-18.0 Hz, beta2: 18.5-21.0 Hz, beta3: 21.5-30.0 Hz and total power (1.5-30 Hz). Results: PA (IPAQ) and BMI differed significantly between the groups. The other included demographic parameters were comparable. Statistical non-parametric mapping showed no significant power differences in EEG between the groups. Discussion: Heterogeneity in study protocols, especially in time intervals between PA cessation and EEG recordings and juxtaposition of acute PA-induced effects on EEG in previous studies could be possible reasons for the differences in results. Future studies should record EEG at different time points after PA cessation and in a broader spectrum of PA intensities and forms to further explore the capability of EEG in displaying long-term PA-induced neuroplasticity.

With the further improvement of food safety requirements, the development of fast, high sensitivity, and portability methods for the determination of foodborne hazardous substances has become a new trend in the food industry. In recent years, biosensors and platforms based on functional nucleic acids and a range of signal amplification devices and methods have been established to allow rapid and sensitive determination of specific substances in samples by different methods, opening up a new avenue of analysis and detection. In this paper, functional nucleic acid types including aptamers, deoxyribozymes and G-quadruplexes which are commonly used in the detection of food source pollutants are mainly introduced, as well as nano signal amplification elements including quantum dots, noble metal nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, DNA walkers, DNA logic gates. signal amplification technologies including nucleic acid isothermal amplification, HCR, CHA, biological barcode, and microfluidic system are combined with functional nucleic acid sensors and applied to the detection of many foodborne hazardous substances, such as foodborne pathogens, mycotoxins, residual antibiotics, residual pesticides, industrial pollutants, heavy metals, and allergens.Finally, the potential opportunities and broad prospects of functional nucleic acid biosensors in the field of food analysis are discussed.

Chicken eggs have gained attention as excellent bioreactors because of their genetic modifications. However, the development of chicken egg bioreactors requires a long time from the construction of the production system to the evaluation of the products. Therefore, in this study, we established a chicken cell line producing ovalbumin (OVA) and constructed a system for the rapid evaluation of the production system. First, we knocked in the EF1α promoter upstream of the OVA locus in chicken DF-1 cells for continuous OVA expression. Furthermore, we analyzed and identified an ideal position at the OVA locus for the insertion of useful protein genes to maximize recombinant protein yield. We found that knocking in the EF1α promoter upstream of exon1 yielded the maximum production of OVA protein. In addition, we found that production efficiency was higher with linking the recombinant gene hFGF2 to the 5′ side of the OVA gene and with the use of 2A peptide for linkage. Therefore, we established an OVA-expressing cell line and an evaluation system for proteins in chicken egg bioreactors. Our findings may improve the efficiency of chicken expression systems and expand their applications in protein production.

Vascular tissue engineering aims to the fabrication of biodegradable and bioadsorbable small-diameter vascular prostheses, bypassing the drawbacks that the common vascular scaffolds show after their implantation. Several strategies have been studied to obtain a good vascular substitute with good mechanical, biological and haematological properties. A depth study of the fabricated prostheses is always considered a fundamental step before any in vivo experimentation. These studies are necessary to obtain information regarding the behaviour of the vascular substitutes under dynamic conditions predicting many parameters (degradation, release of bioactive compounds etc.) that the vascular biodegradable scaffolds will show in vivo. In this work, electrospinning was used to fabricate vascular bioprostheses, made of poly (caprolactone) and poly (glycerol sebacate), both 20 % (w/v), at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v) and in the presence of quercetin (0.05 % w/v). They were electrospun on a collector of 2 mm in diameter and after coated with a layer of gelatin at 37°C for 1 h reducing their permeability. An ad hoc bioreactor consisting of a peristaltic pump, a manometer, a flow chamber for the scaffold, and a reservoir was used to test in dynamic conditions the electrospun scaffolds. were tested. In the bioreactor phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution was flowed for 1, 2 and 3 months under physiological conditions. Daily, a part of PBS was collected to be analysed in terms of the quantity of the released gelatin and quercetin. Chemico-physical and mechanical properties of the vascular graft were studied at the end of the experiment. The permanence time in the bioreactor, as showed by scanning electron microscopy, influenced the randomized fibrous structure of the scaffold. The release of gelatin and quercetin was significantly different in comparison with those studies performed in static conditions (data previously presented). Mechanical properties were studied in terms of Young’s modulus, tensile strength and elongation percentage highlighting that the proposed engineered bioprostehes represent a promising tool for vascular tissue engineering. The obtained results proved the importance of studying electropsun graft in dynamic conditions with the aim of simulating an in vivo implant.

Title Page and Author informationTitle of the article: Unfamiliar Expectant Father: Indian Obstetrician’s Achilles Heel!Type of article: short commentaryNo. of pages in the manuscript: 04[ Excluding abstract,references]No. of figures: nilNo. of picture: nilNo. of Tables: 00Word count in the abstract : 67Word Count in the manuscript: 870Key words: husband of the expectant mother; obstetrician; unfamiliarity; child birth and labour

Interstitial ectopic pregnancies account for 2-6% of all ectopic pregnancies. Compared to classical ectopic pregnancies, interstitial ectopic pregnancies have a higher mortality rate with a higher likelihood of causing life-threatening haemorrhage, prompting necessity for effective surgical intervention. Whilst the open method is commonly used, emerging laparoscopic methods such as corneal resection and cornuostomy are minimally invasive and can have additional benefits of fertility preservation. We describe a case series of two cases using both corneal resection and cornostomy techniques to manage interstitial ectopic pregnancies.

Title: Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Mimicking COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Case Report

The early growth stage of plants is vital to community diversity and community regeneration. Understandably, it is critical to explore the mechanisms underpinning the spatial and temporal dynamic patterns of seedling survival and growth. The Janzen--Connell hypothesis predicts that conspecific density dependence lowers the survival of conspecific seedlings by attracting specialist natural enemies, promoting the recruitment and performance of heterospecific neighbors. Recent work has underscored how this conspecific negative density dependence may be mediated by mutualists -- such as how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may mediate the accrual of host-specific pathogens beneath the crown of conspecific. Aboveground mutualist and enemy interactions exist as well, however, and may provide useful insight into density dependence that are as of yet unexplored. Using a long-term seedling demographic dataset in a subtropical forest plot in central China, we found that a mutualist association with ants had significant positive effects on seedling survival, but a negative effect on seedling growth. We also confirmed that conspecific neighborhoods had a significant negative effect on seedling survival, confirming that the Janzen-Connell hypothesis may influence community composition in the subtropical forest. Overall, our findings suggested that ants and conspecific neighborhoods played important but inverse roles on seedling survival and growth, which indicated that ants may mediate conspecific negative density dependence at community level to some extent.

Case ReportEndovascular coilsmimicking accidental ingestion of adental-related foreign body in radiographic imagingNami Nakayama1), Satoshi Nakamura1), Miki Yamada1), Yosuke Iijima1), Shunsuke Hino1), Norio Horie1), Takahiro Kaneko1)1) Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, JapanKey words: endovascular coil; dental-related foreign body; radiographic imagingRunning title: Mimicking a dental-related foreign bodyCorrespondence to: Shunsuke HinoDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical CenterSaitama Medical University1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, JapanTel & Fax: +81-49-228-3687E-mail: shunhino@saitama-med.ac.jp

Exposure to extreme heat in pregnancy increases the risk of stillbirth. Progress in reducing stillbirth rates has stalled, and populations are increasingly exposed to high temperatures and climate events that may further undermine health strategies. This narrative review summaries the current clinical and epidemiological evidence of the impact of maternal heat exposure on stillbirth risk. 19 out of 20 studies found an association between heat and stillbirth risk. Recent studies based in low- middle- income countries and tropical settings add to the existing literature to demonstrate that all populations are at risk. Additionally, both short-term heat exposure and whole-pregnancy heat exposure increase the risk of stillbirth. A definitive threshold of effect has not been identified, as most studies define exposure as > 90 th percentile of the usual temperature for that population. Therefore, the association between heat and stillbirth has been found with exposures from as low as >12.64°C up to >46.4°C. The pathophysiological pathways by which maternal heat exposure may lead to stillbirth, based on human and animal studies, include both placental and embryonic or fetal impacts. Although evidence gaps remain and further research is needed to characterise these mechanistic pathways in more detail, preliminary evidence suggests epigenetic changes, alteration in imprinted genes, congenital abnormalities, reduction in placental blood flow, size and function all play a part. Finally, we explore this topic from a public health perspective; we discuss and evaluate the current public health guidance on minimising the risk of extreme heat in the community. There is limited pregnancy specific guidance within heatwave planning, and no evidence-based interventions have been established to prevent poor pregnancy outcomes. We highlight priority research questions to move forward in the field and specifically note the urgent need for evidence-based interventions that are sustainable.

Carbonate-rich soils limit plant performance and crop production. Previously, local adaptation to carbonated soils was detected in wild Arabidopsis thaliana accessions, allowing the selection of two demes with contrasting phenotypes: A1 (carbonate tolerant, c+) and T6 (carbonate sensitive, c-). Here, A1 (c+) and T6 (c-) seedlings were grown hydroponically under control (pH 5.9) and bicarbonate conditions (10 mM NaHCO 3, pH 8.3) to obtain ionomic profiles and conduct transcriptomic analysis. In parallel, A1 (c+) and T6 (c-) parental lines and their progeny were cultivated on carbonated soil to evaluate fitness and segregation patterns. To understand the genetic architecture beyond the contrasted phenotypes a bulk segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-Seq) was performed. Transcriptomics revealed 208 root and 2503 leaf differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in A1 (c+) vs T6 (c-) comparison under bicarbonate stress, mainly involved in iron, nitrogen and carbon metabolism, hormones, and glycosylates biosynthesis. Based on A1 (c+) and T6 (c-) genome contrasts and BSA-Seq analysis, 69 genes were associated with carbonate tolerance. Comparative analysis of genomics and trancriptomics discovered 18 candidate genes involved in bicarbonate stress responses. The screening of the knock-out mutants of the candidates suggested that DAO1 (At1G14130), TBL19 (At5G15900), AHH (AT4G20070), JAZ10 (AT5G13220), and INV-E (At5G22510) may have relevant roles in soil carbonate tolerance.