The Amur sleeper (Perccottus glenii), which inhabits the Far East of Eurasia, can adapt to cold waters, including frozen water bodies. Therefore, this fish is a vertebrate model for research on the mechanism of cryopreservation in whole bodies. Moreover，the fish is one of the most invasive fish species. However, about the evolution mechanism of the fish resistance to cold and genetic variation in native and non-native is not clear. Currently, only few genetic markers have been developed and no detailed genetic information is available for P. glenii. Here, we characterized a large set of genome-wide gene-associated microsatellite markers for P. glenii from muscle transcriptome. A total of 134,865,569 clean reads of 39.98 Gb nucleotides were generated. From these, 11,117 microsatellites were screened based on RNA-seq > 1 kb unigenes and 7802 sequences with enough flanking regions were used for designing SSR primers. We randomly chose 150 microsatellites for further characterization. Of these, 94 were successfully amplified and 91 were found to be polymorphic in at least one of the two populations assessed, which indicated the high quality of the generated transcripts. Moderate differentiation was observed between the populations, indicating the need for protecting the fish before loss of genetic diversity. Based on the microsatellites that were successfully validated, 4733 SSR markers could be developed; this large set of markers would provide a powerful genome-wide tool for future population or ecological studies.

Background Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) contributes to cardiovascular complications including arrhythmias due to high inflammatory surge. Nevertheless, the common types of arrhythmia amongst severe COVID-19 is not well described. New onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) is frequently seen in critically ill patients and therefore we aim to assess the incidence of NOAF in severe COVID -19 and its association with prognosis. Methods This is a retrospective multicentre study including 109 consecutive patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia and definitive outcome (death or discharge). The study period was between 11th March and 5th May 2020. Results Median age of our population was 59 years (IQR 53-65) and 83% were men. Nearly three-fourth of the population had two or more comorbidities. 14.6% developed NOAF during ICU stay with increased risk amongst older age and with underlying chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease. NOAF developed earlier during the course of severe COVID-19 infection amongst non-survivors than those survived the illness and strongly associated with increased in-hospital death (OR 5.4; 95% CI 1.7-17; p=0.004). Conclusion In our cohort with severe COVID-19, the incidence of new onset atrial fibrillation is comparatively lower than patients treated in ICU with severe sepsis in general. Presence of NOAF has shown to be a poor prognostic marker in this disease entity.

For thousands of years, traditional natural medicine has been well documented to have low toxicity and good curative effects; however, the bioactive molecules and molecular mechanisms are unclear in many cases due to the difficulties in identifying pharmacodynamic molecules. Here, we report the successful identification of a novel active molecule, CPB13, with antiapoptotic functions from a natural drug (Colla corii asini, CCA) by combining phenotypic screening with proteomics approaches. Functional studies in cell and animal models demonstrated that the molecule CBP13 improves the morphology and functions of mitochondria in a dose-dependent manner and inhibits mitochondrial protein reduction and apoptosome activity. Molecular modeling and docking analysis revealed that CBP13 prefers a concave conformation, which can potentially bind to human cytochrome C and Apaf-1, providing hints regarding the molecular basis by which CBP13 inhibits the apoptosis signaling cascade. The results indicate that CBP13 can be developed into drugs that regulate apoptosis, providing a new avenue for antiaging and anti-inflammatory applications.

Background: Evidence suggests that patients afflicted with COVID-19 are subject to significant risks of thromboembolic complications. We aimed to evaluate the occurrence of coagulation disorders in patients suffering from COVID-19 and determine its relationship with the disease outcome. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 106 COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized in Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ardabil, Iran. After the preliminary completion of the information forms, 3 cc of intravenous blood sample was taken from each of the patients to check the patients’ INR, PT, CBC, and D-dimer. The patients were monitored. Finally, the results obtained from these clinical assessments and tests were all recorded in checklists and statistically analyzed using SPSS Software, Version 19. Results: Of the total 106 COVID-19 patients who entered the study, 69 cases were discharged from the hospital alive while the other 37 cases died. The mean age of the patients was 58.99±15.94 years and 56.6% of them were male. There were significant differences between the survived and the deceased patients in terms of D-dimer, LDH, PT, and INR levels (p<0.05). Based on the results of logistic regression analysis, only D-dimer was found to have a significant effect on predicting mortality. More specifically, with the increase of each 1 unit in D-dimer level, the mortality risk increased by 0.99%. Conclusion: D-dimer has a higher sensitivity in comparison with other markers of coagulation and is of relatively greater value in terms of intensity. Compared to the high prevalence of thrombotic events, bleeding is not that common; therefore, standard anticoagulant therapy is highly recommended.

Recent studies demonstrated that dihydromyricetin (DHM) has prominent therapeutic effects on liver injury and liver cancer. By summarizing the current preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, the present review examines the preventive and therapeutic effects of DHM in liver disorders as well as its potential mechanisms. Briefly, in both chemical- and alcohol-induced liver injury models, DHM ameliorates hepatocyte necrosis and steatosis while promoting liver regeneration. In addition, DHM can alleviate NAFLD via regulating lipid/glucose metabolism, probably due to its anti-inflammatory or sirtuins-dependent mechanisms. Furthermore, DHM treatment inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis and autophagy, regulates redox balance in the liver cancer cells, thus exhibiting remarkable anti-cancer effects. With the accumulating interests in utilizing natural products to target common diseases, our work aims to improve the understanding of DHM acting as a novel treatment for liver diseases and to accelerate its translation.

A coupled model of piezoelectric beams with magnetic effect and nonlinear damping is considered. Assuming adequate hypotheses on nonlinear damping, uniform decay rates for the solution is established.

Introduction Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is method used to study cerebral hemodynamics. The analysis majority of TCD studies are conducted at group level, pooling change in flow velocity over several subjects. Analysis of variance are the most frequently applied statistical methods However, due to the dynamic nature of flow velocity, non- parametric tests, may allow for a better representation of results. Methods During a visuo-motor task, the mean flow velocity (MFV) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in healthy-subjects was measured using TCD. All MFV values were converted to relative values, i.e. compared with resting values. The results obtained were analyzed using the general linear model (GLM) and the general additional models (GAM). Both methods of analysis were compared against with each other. Results The sample comprised 30 healthy participants, aged 33.87±7.48 years; 33% females. The MFV for the first 20 seconds was 1.06±0.07 in the right-MCA and 1.08±0.07 in the left-MCA. Both MCAs showed a steady increase in MFV, returning to resting state. GL- and GA-Models showed a statistically significant change in MFC (GLM: F (2, 3598) = 16.76, p<0.001; GAM: F (2, 3598) = 21.63, p<0.001); as well as differences in hemispheric side and gender. Comparing the models using a Chi-square test for goodness of fit yields a significant difference X2 (9.9556) = 0.6836, p= <0.000. With a superiority of the models using GAM. Discussion GLM and GAM of the MFV yielded similar results; the model using the GAM resulted in a better measurement of fit. The GAM’s advantage becomes clearer when the mean flow velocity curves are visualised; yielding a more realistic approach to brain hemodynamics, thus allowing for an improvement in interpretation of the mathematical and statistical results. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the utility of the GAM for the analysis of hemodynamic measurements.

In this study, the planar kinematics is studied in generalized complex plane which is a geometric representation of the generalized complex number system. Firstly, the one parameter planar kinematic formulas for homothetic motions in the generalized complex plane mentioned briefly. Then, the Steiner area formula given areas of the trajectories drawn by the points taken in generalized complex plane are obtained during the one parameter planar homothetic motion. Finally, the Holditch theorem, which gives the relationship between these areas of trajectories, is expressed for homothetic motions in generalized complex plane. So, this theorem obtained in this study is the most general form of all Holditch theorems obtained so far.

Spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) is an economically important marine cultured fish species in Asia, especially in Southeast China. As an XY sex-determining type fish species, spotted scat can be used as a model for understanding the mechanism of novel sex determination system evolution in vertebrates. However, genomic resources of spotted scat are lacking, and no highly contiguous reference genome has been released. In this study, the first chromosome-level genome of spotted scat was constructed using PacBio’s single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) sequencing technologies. The genome comprised 572.42 Mb, with the contig N50 of 19.60 Mb. A total of 24,256 protein-coding genes were predicted in the genome, and 96.30% of the predicted genes were functionally annotated. Evolutionary analysis showed that spotted scat diverged from the common ancestor of Japanese puffer (Takifugu rubripes) approximately 114.8 million years ago. In addition, doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 (dmrt1), a gene associated with sex determination process, was not found in the high-quality female genome, while it existed in the re-sequencing data of three XY genotype male fish. The conserved dmrt1 locus of vertebrates was substituted by its truncated homologue (dmrt1b), which derives from dmrt1 via allelic diversification and munitions. The genomic resources offer a strong foundation for further research on the sex determination of spotted scat and facilitate the understanding of the evolution of sex chromosomes in teleost species.

Ecosystems may exhibit transient (the period toward stable state) and alternative stable states, where positive feedback(s) generally plays important roles. However, the outline between transient and alternative stable states may blur when involving multiple positive feedbacks, which may shift dominance along environmental gradient. Therefore, a common theoretical framework considering multiple positive feedbacks is needed. Specifically, this study employed a mechanic model to explain a long transient state of a dryland ecosystem after restoration under effects of two positive feedbacks. We found that the long transient state might be a temporal visit of a hidden alternative stable state, maintained by the previously on-acting positive feedback and then pulled out by the upcoming feedback due to dominance shifting. This work proposes a novel perspective to study system dynamics – switch of positive feedbacks, and discovers a new type of transient state – temporal visit of hidden alternative stable states, which will benefit ecosystem interventions in practical.

Introduction: After emerging the global pandemic of SARS-CoV2 some preliminary studies demonstrated the efficacy of antiviral treatments. But shortly thereafter, inconsistencies in the results of further clinical trials raised doubts on the efficacy of these agents. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of Remdesivir on hospitalized COVID-19 patients’ outcomes. Material and methods: This study was an open-label, single-armed, clinical trial on hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who had progressive respiratory symptoms despite receiving standard care. All patients received Remdesivir and their characteristics, outcomes, time of treatment initiation, and respiratory support stages during hospitalization were registered and followed up for 14 days. Results: 145 patients with the mean age of 52.89 ± 1.12 years enrolled in this study, 38 (26.2%) died at the end of 14 days period. The mean time interval from the onset of the symptoms to antiviral treatment was 10.63±0.56 days. Thirty deceased patients (78.9%) were men, showing 2.8 times higher mortality chance compared to women (ORadj=2.77; 95%CI=1.08-7.09). The type of respiratory support on the first day of treatment initiation showed a significantly lower mortality chance in patients receiving O2 only than those who needed non-invasive and/or mechanical ventilation (ORadj=3.91; 95%CI=1.64-9.32). The start time (early vs late administration) and duration (less or more than 7 days) of antiviral treatment had no statistically significant association with mortality or ventilation escalation among the patients (p-value > 0.05). Conclusion: In this study, we showed that Remdesivir probably is not effective on the outcome of hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

The COVID-19 pandemic is a complex global public health crisis presenting which has caused tremendous psychological problems in different subpopulations and there is an urgent need to focus on the strategies to prevent massive mental health impacts on the public. This systematic review aims to assess and explore the psychological impact, anxiety, depression, and stress on the general public during the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. Literature review is conducted based on databases: Pubmed, Medline and Web of Science based on the selected keywords of the study which includes mental assessment of the general public on anxiety, depression and stress during COVID-19 pandemic. Studies indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with depression, anxiety, insomnia and acute stress in the general population. Previous studies and preliminary evidence from current lockdowns suggest that emergency measures protecting the public’s physical health by dislocating individuals, families, and social networks could well be causing a devastating public health crisis of mental ill-health in the months and years to come. Health systems need better and more timely data to govern through a pandemic-induced transition period which helps to overcome those challenges with appropriate psychological strategies, techniques and interventions, to preserve and improve mental health of the general public, including those who need routine assistance. Mitigating the hazardous effects of COVID-19 on mental health is an international public health priority. Keywords: COVID-19, pandemic, mental health, general population

Background: Clinicians are increasingly recognising severe asthma patients in whom biologicals and other add-on therapies lead to dramatic improvement. Because there is no agreed upon super-responder (SR) definition at present, we surveyed severe asthma experts using a modified Delphi process in order to define an international consensus-based definition of a severe asthma ‘super-responder’. Methods: The Delphi panel comprised 81 participants (94% specialist pulmonologists or allergists) from 24 countries and consisted of 3 iterative online voting rounds. Consensus on individual items, whether acceptance or rejection, required at least 70% agreement by panel members. Results: Consensus was achieved that the SR definition should be based on improvement across 3 or more domains assessed over 12 months. Major SR criteria included exacerbation elimination, a large improvement in asthma control (≥ 2x the minimal clinically important difference) and cessation of maintenance of oral steroids (or weaning to adrenal insufficiency). Minor SR criteria comprised a 75% exacerbation reduction, having well controlled asthma and a 500mL or greater improvement in FEV1. The SR definition needs to incorporate quality of life measures, though current tools can be difficult to implement in a clinical setting and further research is needed. Conclusions: This international consensus-based definition of severe asthma super responders is an important prerequisite for better understanding super-responder prevalence, predictive factors and the mechanisms involved. Further research is needed to understand the patient perspective and measure quality of life more precisely in super-responders.

A 63-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, prostate cancer and class two obesity was admitted for altered mental status and hypertensive emergency. During his hospital stay he developed narrow complex tachycardia and it was difficult to definitively diagnose the underlying arrhythmia. Observation of the cool down phenomenon on electrocardiogram allowed us to make the diagnosis of atrial tachycardia and elegantly ruled out other causes on the differential. We report this interesting case of narrow complex tachycardia.

Objectives: Anaphylaxis is an acute, life-threatening allergic reaction involving multiple systems caused by the sudden release of mediators from mast cells. This study aims to assess the current practice of emergency management of adults and children diagnosed with anaphylaxis at the Royal Hospital, against the recommendations of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines. Methods: This is an observational study of all anaphylaxis cases which took place at the emergency department (ED) during a 5-year period. Results: Of 100 patients with a preliminary diagnosis of anaphylaxis, 49% were true-anaphylaxis cases based on the WAO definition. All the 49-patients with true-anaphylaxis received adrenaline intramuscularly at ED. 24 (48.9%) of them were referred to an immunologist: 8/24 (33.3%) were adults and 16/24 (66.6%) were children. 16-children were admitted, seen by an immunologist and received an adrenaline autoinjector when indicated. 25 of the 33 adult patients (75.7%) were discharged from the ED with no onward referral to a specialist. None of the adult patients received an adrenaline autoinjector prior to discharge from ED and no one had a tryptase level checked. Conclusion: The paediatric emergency department fulfilled all the criteria for anaphylaxis management in accordance with NICE guidelines except for measuring serum tryptase where appropriate. By contrast, the adult patients were discharged from ED without an adrenaline autoinjector as an interim measure until seen by an allergist or immunologist. Therefore, education is the best strategy to improve the management of this severe and possible fatal condition.

Background: Neal et al. suggested that active labor started at 6 centimeters (cm) cervical dilatation which differs from Friedman’s labor curve of 4cm. The feasibility and risk of adverse obstetric outcomes when active labor starts at 4cm compared to 6cm dilatation has not been studied amongst African women. Objective: Compare incidences of adverse obstetric outcomes among low-risk parturients when active labor starts at 6cm versus 4cm dilatation. Methodology:180 low-risk parturients in spontaneous labor between 37-42 weeks gestation with a singleton fetus in cephalic presentation and reassuring fetal status were recruited, allotted to 4 cm or 6 cm arms and intrapartum and immediate postpartum outcomes recorded. Demographic characteristics were summarized and Chi-square tests used to evaluate relationships between study arms. P-value was considered significant at <0.05 at the 95% level of confidence. Results: Between January and April 2019, 90 parturients each were recruited to the 4cm and 6cm arms. Demographic and reproductive characteristics were comparable on admission. Defining active labor at cervical dilatation of 4 cm versus 6 cm was not associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. However, the need for amniotomy and oxytocin was 1.44 (1.09-1.96) and 1.42 (1.07-1.88) times higher when active labor was defined as cervical dilation of 4 cm than 6 cm (P<0.05). Conclusion: Defining active labor at cervical dilatation of 4 cm versus 6 cm was not linked with adverse obstetric outcomes. However, defining active labor at 4 cm than 6 cm increased the risk of amniotomy and oxytocin administration 1.44 and 1.42-fold.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of children with systemic juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG). Methods Children with JXG from January 2012 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Data relating to the clinical manifestations, laboratory values, treatment, and prognosis of the children were extracted from medical records. Patients underwent vindesine +prednisone as the first-line treatment and cytarabine + vindesine + dexamethasone +/- cladribine as the second-line treatment. Results Ten patients, including 8 males and 2 females, with an onset age of 1.95 (0.80-7.30) years, exhibited multi-system dysfunction. The median age of diagnosis was 2.45 (1.30-12.10) years. The most common location of extracutaneous lesions was the central nervous system (6 cases), followed by the lung (5 cases) and bone (4 cases). Nine patients underwent first-line chemotherapy, and 6 patients underwent second-line chemotherapy, including 5 patients with poorly controlled disease after first-line treatment. The median observation time was 20 (3-106) months. Nine patients survived, whereas one patient died of respiratory failure caused by pulmonary infection. By the end of follow-up, 7 patients were in an active disease (AD) state but better (AD-better), and 2 patients were in an AD-stable state. Three patients had permanent sequelae, mainly, central diabetes insipidus. The first-line treatment response rate was 40.0%, and the second-line treatment response rate was 66.7%. Conclusion The chemotherapy protocol for Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) was effective for patients with systemic JXG, which also resulted in good outcomes. Central nervous system involvement did not impact overall survival, but serious permanent sequelae remained.

Modern plant breeding and agrosystems artificialization could have altered plants’ ability to filter and recruit beneficial microorganisms in its microbiota. Thus, compared to modern cultivars, we hypothesized that root-endosphere microbiota in modern wheat cultivars are less resistant to colonization by fungi and bacteria and thus more susceptible to also recruit more pathogens. We used an in-field experimental design including six wheat varieties (three ancient vs. three modern) grown in monoculture and in mixture (three replicates each). Endospheric microbiota of wheat roots were analyzed on four individuals sampled randomly in each plot. Composition-based clustering of sequences was then characterized from amplicon mass-sequencing. We show that the composition of bacteria and fungi microbiota in wheat roots differed between in ancient and modern cultivars. However, the responses observed varied with the group considered. Modern cultivars harboured higher richness of bacterial and fungal pathogens than ancient cultivars. A synergistic effect was identified in mixtures of modern cultivars with a higher root endospheric mycobiota richness than expected from a null model. The present study shows the effect of plant breeding on the microbiota associated plant roots. The results call for making a diagnosis of the cultivar’s endospheric-microbiota composition. These new results also suggest the importance of a holobiont-vision while considering plant selection in crops and call for better integration of symbiosis in the development of next-generation agricultural practices.

The known manganese (Mn) hyperaccumulator Gossia bidwillii, and G. acmenoides unknown to hyperaccumulate Mn are tree species native to subtropical eastern Australia, where they co-occur on Mn-rich soils. Here, we investigate Mn accumulation and distribution in G. acmenoides collected from its natural habitat, and propagated G. bidwillii plants in a Mn dosing trial. Gossia bidwillii were subjected to different levels of Mn (250 µg g-1, 500 µg g-1, 1000 µg g-1) treatments whereas G. acmenoides were sampled from Mn rich soil. We used laboratory-based X-ray Florescence Microscopy (XFM) to elucidate in situ distribution patterns of Mn and other elements in hydrated G. acmenoides and G. bidwillii tissues. Data from G. acmenoides revealed that contrary to existing knowledge, it can be strongly Mn-hyperaccumulating, with foliar Mn concentrations of 39 000 µg g-1 and 24 000 µg g-1 in old and young leaves, respectively. In the Mn dosing trial, G. bidwillii accumulated 24 400 µg g-1 in old leaves and 17 100 µg g-1 in young leaves at the highest treatment level. The XFM data revealed clear interspecies differences in foliar Mn distribution patterns, with wild G. acmenoides leaves uniformly enriched throughout the laminae and petioles of both young and old leaves; while in G. bidwillii, the foliar Mn distribution was primarily concentrated at the apex and lamina. The approach employed of combining data from the field and controlled experiments was especially effective for comparing Mn accumulation in these two species and gaining added insight into the phenomenon of Mn hyperaccumulation.

Title: A constellation of complexity: unpacking the multiple disadvantages underlying inequities in maternal mortality Author: Krithi Ravi1Southampton Children’s Hospital, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom, SO16 6YD

The deflection problem of circular plates of variable thickness with fixed edges under uniform loaded is considered in this paper. When the thickness of the thin plate along the diameter section follows an exponential function curve, new approximate decomposition solution of the kind of deflection problems is constructed by the Adomian decomposition method. Based on the approximate decomposition solution, the influence of different design of the thickness change for the thin circular plate of variable thickness on the deflection, the radial bending stress and the tangential stress of the thin plate is discussed. The radial bending stress and the tangential stress of the plate of variable thickness at the center and the edge are analyzed with the parameters of thickness change of the plates through its 2-dimensional graphs. The center deflection of the plates of variable thickness is discussed with the parameters of thickness change of the plates through its 2-dimensional graph. From those discussions, one can see the radial bending stress and the tangential stress of the plate at the center tend to decrease after increasing to a certain level with the increase of the parameter. The center deflection and the absolute values of the radial bending stress and the tangential stress of the plate at the edge are increase along a curve as exponential curve with the increase of the parameter.

We consider the damped inhomogeneous and anisotropic elastic wave equation with a memory on bounded domain. We apply the Morawetz estimates and the compactness-uniqueness arguments to prove the stability results. We also give a discussion of the instability of the system when the proposed condition is not satisfied.

This article extracts exact solutions for the perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation (PNLSE) with Kerr law nonlinearity forced by multiplicative noise in It^o sense by utilizing the unified solver method. The presented solutions involve three types: rational function, trigonometric function and hyperbolic function solutions. These stochastic solutions may be applicable for investigation various complex phenomena in applied science and new physics. We exhibit the influence of multiplicative noise on the solution of the PNLSE forced by multiplicative noise in It^o sense. The study and acquired solutions clarify that the unified solver technique is sturdy and efficient. Finally, some 3D proles to some of the gained solutions are also illustrated.

Objective: Impairment in executive and attentional function is common in youth with sickle cell disease (SCD) without history of stroke, indicating that mechanisms other than infarction contribute to cognitive deficits. Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) may be a unique contributor due to increased prevalence rates in SCD and well-established associations with executive and attentional impairments in healthy peers. The current study examines associations between SDB and executive and attentional function in a heterogenous pediatric SCD sample. Methods: Participants included 60 youth with SCD ages 8-18 years (M=13.05, SD=3.10) and a caregiver. The Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) was used as a proxy for SDB. Cognition was measured by the Delis Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS) Trail Making Test, Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT), and the Parent Report Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF-2). Results: Half of youth (50%) met the clinical cut-off for SDB based on caregiver ratings on the PSQ. Performance based measures of cognition (e.g., DKEFS, PVT) were consistent with impaired performance regardless of stroke status, whereas caregiver ratings on the BRIEF-2 were not consistent with impairment in everyday executive dysfunction. The PSQ significantly predicted the BRIEF-2, F(1, 58)=37.95, p<0.001, R2=0.39, f2=0.64, but not the PVT or DKEFS, p>0.05. Conclusions: Sleep-disordered breathing may contribute to parent report of everyday executive dysfunction in pediatric SCD. Future research is needed to delineate the impact of SDB on cognition across youth with varying stroke status and SDB severity.