We propose a new kind of qubits composed of electric dipolar molecules. The electric dipolar molecules in an external uniform electric field will take simple harmonic oscillations, whose quantum states belonging to the two lowest energy levels act as the states |0>,|1> of a qubit. The qubits’ excited states have a very long mean life time more than 70ms.We can perform quantum computations by manipulating the qubits of electric dipolar molecules just like those of neutral atoms. When the qubits are used for quantum computations, the dipolar moments’ orientations will harmonically oscillate along an external electric field and they will not change the directions: along or against the electric field, so the qubits can be large-scalely manufactured in graphene system.

According to the “fitness-suitability” hypothesis, ongoing changes in climate are expected to affect species’ fitness and habitat suitability. In trees, differences in fitness may manifest as changes in growth rates, which alters carbon uptake. Using tree-ring data, we calculated annual growth rates for 15,866 trees representing 37 species from 558 populations throughout eastern North America. We used species distribution models to estimate each population’s climatic suitability from 1900-2010. Growth rates and relative climatic suitabilities were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. There were no significant relationships between growth rates and climate suitability across space or time. However, growth rates have decreased significantly through time independent of changes in climate suitability, especially in gymnosperms. These results suggest that unidentified factors may slow tree growth and outweigh potential benefits of climate change and increasing [CO2]. Consequently, we should not count on growth of eastern North American trees to help offset anthropogenic carbon emissions.

Human-mediated introduction of cosmopolitan species and extirpation of endemic species modify community similarity, resulting in community-distinctiveness decrease or increase. Data from four basins in the Wannan Mountains, China, was used to evaluate the effects of low-head dams on patterns of fish faunal homogenization and differentiation based on abundance data. We aimed to examine the spatial changes in taxonomic and functional similarity of fish assemblages driven by low-head dams, and whether the changes in fish assemblage similarity differed between taxonomic and functional components. We found that low-head dams significantly decreased the mean taxonomic similarity but increased the mean functional similarity of fish assemblages in impoundments for abundance-based approaches, suggesting that taxonomic differentiation accompanied functional homogenization in stream fish assemblages. Meanwhile, these results showed the importance of population abundance in structuring fish faunal homogenization and differentiation at small scales, especially when the major differences among assemblages are in species abundance ranks rather than species identities. Additionally, we also found only a weakly positive correlation between changes in mean taxonomic and functional similarity, and partial pairs exhibited considerable variation in patterns of fish faunal homogenization and differentiation for taxonomic and functional components. In conclusion, our study proved that changes in taxonomic similarity cannot be used to predict changes in functional similarity. Keywords: Low-head dam, Stream fish, Biotic homogenization and differentiation, Taxonomic and functional diversities

Nucleus (plural nuclei) is the Latin term for the central organelle of eukaryotic cells. While the building blocks of eukaryotic cells (humans, plants and amoebas) feature command centers containing DNA, prokaryotes (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) do not. This membrane-bound nucleus has played an indispensable role in the diversification of today’s multicellular life, and the uncertainty surrounding its evolution has long been a puzzle for scientists studying the evolution of modern organisms. Emergence of the nucleus and our own origin are quite interlinked. Over the years, the subject of the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus has been discussed in depth by microbiologists, evolutionary biologists, cell biologists, etc., and even though the subject has brought many biologists together, their studies continue to produce different perspectives of the birth of the nucleus. We discuss here primarily theories arguing for the prokaryotic or viral origin of the nucleus, but also investigate reductive theory which suggests that the origin of the nucleus dates back to the last universal common ancestor (LUCA), and that prokaryotes are a product of reductive evolution. Finally, we take a brief glance at the domain cell theory of life supporting the LUCA as the origin of the nucleus.

Background and Purpose: Adenosine is a local mediator that regulates changes in the cardiovascular system via activation of four G protein-coupled receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, A3). Here we have investigated the effect of A2A and A2B-selective agonists on vasodilatation in three distinct vascular beds of the rat cardiovascular system. Experimental Approach: The regional haemodynamic effects of adenosine A2A and A2B selective agonists were investigated in conscious rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (350-450g) were chronically implanted with pulsed Doppler flow probes on the renal artery, mesenteric artery and the descending abdominal aorta. Cardiovascular responses were measured following intravenous infusion (3 min for each dose) of CGS 21680 (0.1, 0.3, 1 g.kg-1.min-1) or BAY 60-6583 (4,13.3, 40 g.kg-1.min-1) following pre-dosing with either SCH 58261 (0.1 or 1 mg.kg-1.min-1), PSB 1115 (10 mg.kg-1.min-1) or vehicle. Key Results: The A2A-selective agonist CGS 21680 produced a striking increase in heart rate (HR) and hindquarters vascular conductance (VC) that was accompanied by a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) in conscious rats. In marked contrast, the A2B-selective agonist BAY 60-6583 significantly increased HR and VC in the renal and mesenteric vascular beds, but not in the hindquarters. Conclusions and Implications: Taken together, these data indicate that A2A and A2B receptors are regionally selective in their regulation of vascular tone. These results suggest that the development of A2B receptor agonists to induce vasodilatation in the kidney may provide a good therapeutic approach for the treatment of acute kidney injury.

Tinnitus is a phantom perception of sound without an external source. It has high prevalence and in severe cases can impair quality of life. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) uses light to repair cell damage and modulate the function of target tissue. This article systematically reviews studies that have used PBMT in the treatment of tinnitus to determine the level of evidence for its effectiveness. Studies published by May 2020, are reviewed according to PRIZMA guidelines. 8417 articles found in the original search of PubMed, Google scholar, Embase and Cochrane databases. 35 articles met our inclusion criteria. Because the results of the studies are not homogeneous, it is impossible to determine the exact level of evidence for PBMT effectiveness. However, 7 out of 13 RCTs and the animal study of PBMT in tinnitus, as well as animal studies of brain disorders that share a pathway with tinnitus, have confirmed its effectiveness. Based on this evidence, PBMT is likely to be effective in treating tinnitus. The mechanism of tinnitus and the mechanism of PBMT modulatory effects as well as the gaps and potential limitations of the studies are also discussed. Factors that may improve outcomes in future studies include: transcranial PBMT to modulate central compensatory changes, the use of objective assessment methods, and the selection of laser parameters based on evidence from animal studies of brain disorders associated with tinnitus.

INTRODUCTION Post tracheostomy hemorrhage is a potentially life-threatening complication that occurs in approximately 1% of cases and requires immediate intervention. Iatrogenic vascular injury to the jugular and carotid vessels and branches of the neck during surgery is usually the cause for major bleedings during the immediate postoperative period, lasting up to 3 days. Delayed bleeding is usually the result of a tracheal erosion by a major artery, leading to pseudoaneurysms or fistulae. In most cases, the innominate artery is involved, resulting in trachea-innominate artery fistula (TIAF), with mortality rates reaching 100%. In some cases, sentinel bleeding, hemoptysis, or pulsation around the cannula may precede. In the past, the only treatment options for acute and delayed bleeding were open surgery to repair, ligate or resect the damaged vessels. Once the bleeding is controlled, repair of the tracheal fistula is indicated. Reported success rates following surgical repairs are low, with high morbidity and mortality of more than 75%. In recent years, an endovascular approach is replacing the need for surgery, with higher survival rates of over 70% and fewer complications. Objectives To describe our experience with endovascular treatments for immediate and delayed post-tracheostomy hemorrhage.

Seven-year follow-up of Perceval sutureless bioprosthesis for aortic valve endocarditis.Antonio Piperata1 MD, Nicolas d’Ostrevy1 MD, Olivier Busuttil1 MD, Mathieu Pernot1 MD.1Department of Cardiology and Cardio-Vascular Surgery, Hôpital Cardiologique de Haut-Lévèque, Bordeaux University Hospital, 33604, FranceCorresponding Author: Antonio Piperata,Avenue Magellan,33600, Pessac, FRPhone: +33 771768872E-mail: a.piperata88@gmail.comKey words: Aortic valve replacement, endocarditis, suturelessWord count :

This paper is concerned with a von Karman plate model with memory. Using some properties of the convex function and the multiplier method, we show the general decay rate result for a von Karman equations with minimal condition on the relaxation function. This result extends and improves on some earlier results-exponential or polynomial decay rates for a von Karman equations with memory.

This article addresses the problem of global practical output tracking by output feedback for a class of uncertain inherently time-varying delay nonlinear systems. Firstly, a homogeneous output-feedback controller is designed for the nominal uncertain inherently system by virtue of adding a power integrator technique. Then, with the help of an appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional and reduced-order observer, by using homogeneous domination approach and the adding a power integrator method, an output feedback controller is successfully developed to guarantee all the states of the closed-loop system remain to be bounded and simultaneous make the tracking error arbitrarily small. The simulation results of an example verify the proposed approach

In this paper, we study the following coupled fractional Choquard system $$\left\{\aligned&(-\Delta)^s u+V(x)u=\frac{2q}{p+q}\bigl(I_\alpha\ast|u|^p\bigr)|v|^{q-2}v,\\ &(-\Delta)^s v+V(x)v=\frac{2p}{p+q}\bigl(I_\alpha\ast|v|^q\bigr)|u|^{p-2}u,\\ &\ u(x)\to0\ \ \hbox{and}\ \ v(x)\to0\ \ \hbox{as}\ |x|\to\infty,\endaligned\right. $$ where $02s,\frac{N+\alpha}{N}

A generalization of the Mercer type inequality, for strongly convex functions with modulus $c>0$, is hereby established. Let $\mathfrak{h}:[\delta,\zeta] \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be a strongly convex function on the interval $[\delta,\zeta] \subset \mathbb{R}$. Let ${\bf a}=(a_1,….,a_s)$, ${\bf b}=(b_1,….,b_s)$ and ${\bf p}=(p_1,….,p_s)$, where $a_k, b_k \in [\delta,\zeta], p_k >0$ for each $k=\overline{1,s}$. If ${\bf n}\in{\mathbb{R}}^s$, $\langle {\bf a}-{\bf b}, {\bf n}\rangle=0$ and under some separability assumptions, then we prove that $$\sum_{l=1}^s p_l\mathfrak{h}(b_{l}) \leq \sum_{l=1}^s p_l\mathfrak{h}(a_l)-c\sum_{l=1}^sp_l(a_l-b_{l})^2.$$ Using the above result, we derive loads of inequalities for similarly separable vectors. We further applied our results to different types of tuples. Our results extend, complement and generalize known results in the literature.

This paper deals with a class of $p(x)$-Kirchhoff type problems involving the $p(x)$-Laplacian-like operators, arising from the capillarity phenomena, depending on two real parameters with Dirichlet boundary conditions. Using a topological degree for a class of demicontinuous operators of generalized $(S_{+})$ type and the theory of the variable exponent Sobolev spaces, we prove the existence of weak solutions of this problem.

Summary: Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), poses a major global threat to the health of humans and animals. The Suidae family is highly susceptible to TB and is used as screening sentinels for testing the presence of MTBC in the environment, but swine TB (STB) tends to be neglected worldwide. China has the largest pig population in the world, but epidemiological information on STB is scarce. In this study, 1379 serum samples were randomly collected from 45 herds of Gansu province, China from February to June 2021 and tested with PPD-B-ELISA. The STB prevalence at individual level was 0.22% (95% CI: 0.04%, 0.63%) and varied from 0.00% to 2.20% in different cities. The prevalence at herd level was 4.44% (95% CI: 0.54%, 15.15%) and varied from 0.00% to 33.33% in different cities. The STB prevalence in intensively raised three-crossbred pigs (0.23%, 95% CI: 0.05%, 0.68%) was higher than that in free-range raised Tibetan pigs (0.00%, 95% CI: 0.00%, 3.85%) ( p = 0.81). Besides, 180 serum samples were collected from Guangxi province, China, and STB prevalence in Guangxi province (1.67%, 95% CI: 0.35%, 4.79%) was significantly higher than that in Gansu province ( p < 0.05). These latest STB prevalence data are strongly suggested to conduct a randomized nationwide cross-sectional study on a regular basis for the development of an effective national program for STB surveillance and control.

INTRODUCTIONMultiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) 2A is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytoma (PCC) and parathyroid tumors.[1-4] Caused by germ-line mutation in the RET proto-oncogene located on chromosome 10, MEN-2A is a subtype of the MEN-2 syndrome and is the more commonly encountered clinical variant (accounting for 75% cases) as opposed to MEN-2B.[5,6] Almost 90% afflicted individuals manifest with MTC while PCC and parathyroid tumors are noted in upto 40-50% and 20-30% cases respectively. As the disease may present with polyglandular involvement, screening of other endocrine organs is imperative once any single organ involvement is detected. Current literature on diagnosis and management of MEN-2A syndrome in pregnancy is scant and largely comprises case series or case reports. Most patients were incidentally detected to have hypertension during routine antenatal screening and found to have an underlying pheochromocytoma. The limitations imposed by pregnancy both in terms of restricted imaging options due to radiation exposure to the fetus and restricted period of surgical intervention in the second trimester makes the management of this situation challenging in most cases. We share our experience of a young woman with MEN 2A syndrome who became pregnant immediately post adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma and had to undergo surgery for medullary thyroid carcinoma in second trimester during a nationwide lockdown due to the ongoing COVID pandemic. The case highlights the various challenges we faced in patient management, surgical intervention, post-operative care and follow up amidst travel restrictions during the lockdown along with how these challenges were overcome through multidisciplinary teamwork, teleconsultation services and shared decision making with the patient which led us to a successful outcome in a difficult clinical scenario, in such challenging times.

Teaching of Clinical Pharmacology has taken a backseat in most medical schools worldwide, especially with the introduction of newer methods of learning. Appropriate prescription writing skills depend on a large measure on the understanding of Clinical Pharmacology and therapeutics. The necessity of acquiring appropriate prescription writing skills, at the same time coupled with a reduction in time allotted to the teaching of Clinical Pharmacology poses unique problems. Through the introduction of a special module geared towards teaching prescribing skills to medical students, we have made an effort to mitigate the effects of reduction in time allotted to Clinical Pharmacology teaching. Our experience in this regard has been positive and we have found the module has served its purpose well.

Atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) mutagenesis technology have a rapid development in recent years due to advantages of simple operation, safety, environmental-friendly, high mutation rate, large-capacity mutation library, etc. It has been applied in the fields of food, agriculture and medicine. Data of 167 articles, related to ARTP mutagenesis technology from 2011 to 2021, were collected from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC), visually analyzed the keyword and reference of articles by CiteSpace. Several research hotspots of ARTP mutagenesis technology were found.

The genus Phyllachora contains numerous obligate fungal parasites that produce raised, melanized structures called stromata on their plant hosts. Most members of this genus are not of significant economic concern, with the exception of P. maydis, the causal agent of tar spot of maize (Zea mays). Tar spot of maize has emerged as a major threat to maize production throughout the Americas and continues to spread throughout North America. To date, species designations for Phyllachora have been based on host associations and morphology, and the origin and diversity of the pathogen that causes tar spot is unknown. We assessed the sequence diversity of 186 single stroma isolates collected from 16 hosts representing 15 countries by amplification of the ITS and LSU gene regions. Samples included both herbarium and contemporary strains that covered a temporal range from 1905-2019. These 186 isolates were grouped into 5 distinct species with strong bootstrap support. We found three closely related, but genetically distinct groups of Phyllachora are capable of infecting maize in the United States, we refer to these as the P. maydis species complex. Based on herbarium species, we hypothesize that these three groups in the P. maydis species complex originated from Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean. Although two of these groups were only found on maize, the third and largest group contained contemporary strains found on maize and other grass hosts, as well as herbarium specimens from maize and other grasses that include 10 species of Phyllachora. The herbarium specimens were identified based on morphology and host association, but our data indicates there may be significant synonymy in the Phyllachora genus and additional work on species delineation and host specificity should be considered.

Computer vision is the way to teach machines intelligence so that they are able to see things exactly like humans, is what allows computers to see and process visual data just like humans. Computer vision involves analyzing images to produce useful information (BARELLI, 2018). Images from mammograms of breast nodules were analyzed and a method of classification by shape and texture was proposed using computer programs that can maximize the accuracy in the assertive diagnosis of the malignancy or not of a tumor, that is, a tool that could be useful as a contribution in interpreting the results to mastologists who identify such nodules through the analyzed radiological images. The DDMS (digital database for screening mammography) was used to train an artificial intelligence program, OpenVino.

Sophora japonica is a medium-size deciduous tree belonging to Leguminosae family and famous for its high ecological, economic, and medicinal value. Here, we reveal a draft genome of S. japonica, which was approximately 511.49 Mb long (contig N50 size of 16.15 Mb) based on Illumina, Nanopore and Hi-C data. We reliably assembled 110 contigs into 14 chromosomes, representing 91.62% of the total genome, with an improved N50 size of 31.32 Mb based on Hi-C data. Further investigation identified 271.76 Mb (53.13%) of repetitive sequences and 31,000 protein-coding genes, of which 30,721 (99.1%) were functionally annotated. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that S. japonica separated from Arabidopsis thaliana and Glycine max about 107.53 and 61.24 million years ago, respectively. We detected evidence of species-specific and common-legume WGD events in S. japonica. We further found that multiple TF families (e.g., BBX and PAL) have expanded in S. japonica, which might have led to its enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress. In addition, S. japonica harbors more genes involved in the lignin and cellulose biosynthesis pathways than the other two species. Finally, population genomic analyses revealed no obvious differentiation among geographical groups and the effective population size continuously declined since 2 Ma. Our genomic data provide a powerful comparative framework to study the adaptation, evolution and active ingredients biosynthesis in S. japonica. More importantly, our high-quality S. japonica genome is important for elucidating the biosynthesis of its main bioactive components, and improving its production and/or processing.

Background and Aims: In recent years, various studies have been conducted to investigate the role of the influenza vaccine in reducing the risk of hospitalization and death in the elderly; however, the results of these studies are clearly contradictory. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between receiving the flu vaccine with the risk of hospitalization and mortality in the elderly. Methods: This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trial studies published in databases (web of science (ISI), Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct, Google Scholar) between 1980 and 2020. All analyzes were performed by Stata14 statistical software and the significance level in this study was considered 0.05. Results: In the initial search, 283 articles were retrieved which, considering the study criteria, finally 7 clinical trial studies were included in the meta-analysis. Based on the results of meta-analysis, the overall Odds Ratio (OR) of hospitalization for the elderly is equal to 0.65 (95% CI: 0.51 - 0.82; P.value <0.001) and the overall OR of mortality is equal to 0.95 (95% CI: 0.92 - 0.97; P.value <0.001). There was no publication bias in the study of the relationship between receiving the flu vaccine and hospitalization and mortality of the elderly. Conclusion: Getting the flu vaccine in the elderly can reduce the risk of hospitalization by 35% and the risk of overall death by 5%. Therefore, it may be promising to receive this vaccine as a preventive intervention for elderly deaths and hospitalizations

Reliable information of hydrological processes within a river basin is essentially required for developing an appropriate strategy for achieving sustainable development goals. The present study assesses the streamflow of a pro-glacial stream and also intends to estimate the contribution of suspended sediments, erosion rate, and the headwater contribution of the Panchachuli glacier. A field study during ablation period has been carried out to measure streamflow, Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) and further HBV model has been used for the estimation of the snowmelt. The measured average seasonal streamflow and SSC for the basin were 7.17 m 3/s, 1.52 g/l, and 6.84 m 3/s, 1.21 g/l during the gauging period (July to October) for the year 2018 and 2019. Snowmelt contribution in total streamflow was 54.75% which is reduced to 49.16% in 2019. Similarly, glacier melt contributes to 32.62% of its share in total runoff in 2018. This glacier melt contribution again was reduced to 28.73 % in 2019. The rainfall runoff contributes to 12.62% of its share in total runoff during 2018 and 2019. Rainfall runoff showed increased share of 22.13% in its total runoff contribution. The streamflow, SSC, and Suspended Sediment Load (SSL) show a strong positive correlation for both years. The SSY, SSL, and erosion rate of the basin are found as high as compared to the other Himalayan basins situated in Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir, and Ladakh, and non-Himalayan regions, while founded as low when compared to the glaciers presented in the Uttarakhand.

Atherosclerosis refers to a unique form of chronic inflammatory anomaly of the vasculature, presented as rupture-prone or occlusive lesions in arteries. In advanced stages, atherosclerosis leads to the onset and development of multiple cardiovascular diseases with lethal consequences. Inflammatory cytokines in atherosclerotic lesions contribute to the exacerbation of atherosclerosis. Pharmacotherapies targeting dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia and neutralizing inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-12/23) have displayed some promising although contradictory results. Moreover, adjuvants such as melatonin, a pluripotent agent with proven anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties, also display promises in alleviating cytokine secretion in macrophages through mitophagy activation. Here, we share our perspectives on this concept and present melatonin-based therapeutics as a means to modulate mitophagy in macrophages and, thereby, ameliorate atherosclerosis.

Re: Pregnancies in women with Turner Syndrome: A retrospective multicentre UK studyNiels H. Andersen1, Claus H Gravholt2-3Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, DK-9000 AalborgDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard, DK-8200 Aarhus.Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard, DK-8200 AarhusCorresponding author:Niels Holmark AndersenDepartment of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, DK-9000 Aalborgn.holmark@rn.dkSir,We read with interest the article by Cauldwell et al., which concluded that pregnancy in women with Turner syndrome is associated with major maternal cardiovascular risks and cardiovascular assessment and counselling prior to assisted or spontaneous pregnancy should be managed by a specialist team.These conclusions are based on data from 127 pregnancies in 81 women with a Turner syndrome.Cauldwell et al. describe data from 16 different centres with one to 42 pregnancies per centre over an observation period of 20 years. Details on pregnancies per centre are not presented but there must have been many centres where a Turners syndrome pregnancy was a rarity not even happening once a year. When analysing the numbers, it seems that the different centres beyond the centre with 42 cases will have seen an average of 6 pregnant women with Turner syndrome over 20 years. This must have had significant impact on the experience and expertise of the obstetricians in the different centres. Could this be the reason why the caesarean section rates where markedly higher than other wise reported?In the present article the rate was 61-67 % compared to data from Sweden where it was 38 % and 47 % in France. 1-2Cauldwell et al. also state that pregnancies in Turner syndrome are associated with major cardiovascular risks based upon three events. One woman suffered a type A dissection at 18 weeks gestation despite a normal aortic size but a bicuspid aortic valve. No other details about hypertension, aortic morphology or growth rates are presented. The two other events were women with severe aortic disease that should have been counselled and offered prophylactic aortic surgery before pregnancy. So, two out of three cases were not events but results of inadequate clinical care. In the Cauldwell cohort only 57.4% had seen a cardiologist within 24 months before getting pregnant, which is far from what is necessary in the caretaking of women with Turner syndrome and a childbearing potential.Data from Scandinavia, France, and from the Alliance for Adult Research in Congenital Cardiology tells another story. 2-4 In these cohorts the number of pregnancy related dissections was very low due to pre-pregnancy counselling, centralised follow-up, and timely prophylactic aortic surgery before considerations about normal pregnancy or egg donation. This simply generates better results.A safe pregnancy and childbirth are very important for women with Turner syndrome. What we can learn from this article is what not to do. Pregnancy and delivery in women with Turner syndrome must be centralised and a timely cardiovascular assessment of women with Turner syndrome and a pregnancy wish should be obligatory. Otherwise, we will end with results as described in this article.In other words, the conclusion of the article ought to have been lack of centralisation and appropriate cardiovascular pre-pregnancy assessment leads to increased morbidity and cardiovascular risk during pregnancy childbirth. If such pre-pregnancy assessment is in place and caretaking is centralised, cardiovascular risk during pregnancy is very low in Turner syndrome. 1-4References1. Hagman A, Källén K, Barrenäs M-L, Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Hanson C, Bryman I, et al. Obstetric outcomes in women with Turner karyotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96: 3475–82.2. Bernard V, Donadille B, Zenaty D, Courtillot C, Salenave S, Brac de la Perrière A, et al. Spontaneous fertility and pregnancy outcomes amongst 480 women with Turner syndrome. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:782–8.3. Hagman A, Loft A, Wennerholm U-B, Pinborg A, Bergh C, Aittomäki K, et al. Obstetric and neonatal outcome after oocyte donation in 106 women with Turner syndrome: a Nordic cohort study. Hum Reprod 2013; 28: 1598–609.4. Grewal J, Valente AM, Egbe AC, Wu FM, Krieger EV, Sybert VP et al. Cardiovascular outcomes of pregnancy in Turner syndrome. Heart 2021;107 :61–6.