Retrorectal Cysts and Tumors: From Clinical Presentations and Imaging Techniques to Pathological Diagnoses and Management: A case series and literature review Gita Manzari Tavakoli1, 2*, Ayda Manzari Tavakoli1, 3, Mustafa Ramezanian2Department of Surgery, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranSchool of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranStudent’s Scientific Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranRunning title : Retrorectal Cysts and Tumors: From Clinical Presentations and Imaging Techniques to Pathological Diagnoses and Management: case series and literature review*Correspondence: Gita Manzari Tavakoli, Research Center for Surgery, Taleghani Hospital , Arabi St., Student Blvd., Valenjak, Tehran, Iran.Email address :Gita Manzari Tavakoli: gitatavakoli93@gmail.comAyda Manzari Tavakoli: aydatavakoli006@gmail.comMustafa Ramezanian: mustafaramezanian@gmail.comPhone : +989120349338

Online customer data provides valuable information for product design and marketing research, as it can reveal the preferences of customers. However, analyzing these data using artificial intelligence (AI) for data-driven design is a challenging task due to potential concealed patterns. Moreover, in these research areas, most studies are only limited to finding customers’ needs. In this study, we propose a game theory machine learning (ML) method that extracts comprehensive design implications, which is more connect to customer needs and preferences. The method first uses a genetic algorithm to select, rank, and combine product features that can maximize customer satisfaction based on online ratings. Then, we use SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations), a game theory method that assigns a value to each feature based on its contribution to the prediction, providing a guideline for assessing the importance of each feature and its positive or negative influence on overall satisfaction. We apply our method to a real-world dataset of laptops from Kaggle, and derive design implications based on the results. Our approach tackles a major challenge in the field of multi-criteria decision making and can help product designers and marketers, to understand customer preferences better with less cost and effort. The proposed method outperforms benchmark methods in terms of relevant performance metrics.

Aim: Medication non-adherence is a global health problem affecting patients with numerous medical conditions. Training healthcare professionals (HCPs) on managing the challenging issue of medication non-adherence requires an evidence-based approach. Therefore, we aimed to describe the perspectives and experiences of adherence experts on educating HCPs about medication adherence in order to guide the content and delivery of medication adherence education to HCPs. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted online, face-to-face, and via phone. Interviews were video or audio recorded and professionally transcribed. Data was coded line by line into the preliminary coding framework and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: Fifteen adherence experts were interviewed between May 2022 and March 2023. Five major themes with subthemes were identified: enhancing awareness among HCPs, seeing life through the patient’s lens, communicating to build empathy and rapport, having a structured approach to address individual patient behaviours, and delivering enriching and targeted training. Conclusion: Adherence experts emphasised the impact HCPs can play by regularly addressing the pervasive issue of adherence in their clinical setting. HCPs can elicit behaviour change by understanding the patient’s perspective, the complexity of adherence, and communicating effectively. Structured approaches include using tools, frameworks, and communication methods. Continuous training that is clinically relevant and builds on existing professional expertise is required to overcome HCPs’ own barriers to behaviour change.The findings of this study guide the content and delivery of medication adherence education and training to HCPs.

The design and development of hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts with superior catalytic activity for the conversion of refractory organosulfur compounds has been highly desirable, but still remains challenging in the petroleum processing field. Herein, a series of Pt-triggered Ni 2P/Al 2O 3 catalysts were fabricated and examined for 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) HDS. The loading of Pt strengthened the interaction between the Pt and Ni 2P and promoted the hydrogen atoms overflowing to the Ni 2P surface due to the lower electronegativity of Pt compared to Ni, thereby enhancing the number of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites and facilitating the prehydrogenation and isomerization pathways, and thereafter substantially boosting the HDS performances of Pt-Ni 2P/Al 2O 3 catalysts. Therein, 5%Pt-Ni 2P/Al 2O 3 exhibited the optimal HDS performance with 97.1% 4,6-DMDBT conversion, remarkably higher than that of Ni 2P/Al 2O 3 (25.6%) and the-state-of-the-art catalysts reported in literature due to its moderate acidity and temperate interaction between Pt and Ni 2P.

Chronologically two experiments have been conducted during the period from October 2018 to May 2019 and July 2019 to June 2020 at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh for the identification of one of the best rice varieties and chemicals against blast disease. In a field experiment, eight boro rice varieties were evaluated (five inbreed varieties, two high-yielding varieties, and one wild variety) to observe varietal performances against blast disease. A pot experiment was also performed to study the resistance behavior of the tested varieties in an in-vitro condition by applying silica powder, K2SiO3, salicylic acid, cattle urine (both normal and pregnant cows), and PPN. Field study revealed that the wild variety was highly resistant (incidence and severity 0%) whereas BRRI dhan58 was susceptible (incidence 21.48% and severity 60.48%). Wild variety was also characterized by the highest tiller number (20.73), panicle length (24.90 cm), fresh grain weight (62.30 g), and dry grain weight (51.70 g). The highest number of panicles was recorded in BRRI dhan28 (18.40) which was statistically like the wild variety (17.50). Though wild variety performed best in another parameter it gave the lowest amount of yield (4.77 kg/plot). In morphological studies of pathogen, pyriform-shaped conidia were found in a sympodial fashion on conidiophores whose size varied from 22.13 to 28.47 μm × 9.13 to 11.72 μm (average 25.30×10.43 μm). The second experiment revealed that all selected novel chemicals showed some extent of resistance but the cattle urine, PPN, and K2SiO3 showed a promising effect. Koch's postulate test for the experiment confirmed the causal organism of blast disease is Magnaporthe oryzae in artificially inoculated plants.

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Development of the power system towards high renewable penetrated system requires various flexibility resources to grow economically and reliably. However, the multiscale uncertainties brought by the demand and renewable energy sources is increasingly significant in the systems with high proportion of renewable energy. Thus, this paper establishes a system expansion planning model with multiscale uncertainties, in which system elements from all side can develop harmonically, including conventional units, renewable energy sources, transmission lines, energy storage systems and demand responses. The proposed uncertainty architecture consists of a long-term scenario tree which illustrate the uncertain load growth and short-term stochastic scenarios which represent the volatility of wind power, solar power and demand. Simulation operations are then carried out on the planning schemes to evaluate the expected reliability and economics of the resulting systems. The case studies on a 6-bus system and a real-world system in China are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model. Results show that the flexibility not only comes from coordinated flexibility resources but also the tree structure of planning decisions.

In response to the security threats faced by multi-area interconnected power systems, particularly various potential attacks, a security protection scheme based on an extended state observer is proposed. The proposed approach extends the state vector by introducing new variables, allowing disturbances and attacks to be treated as additional state variables within the system. Through the utilization of the extended state observer, separate estimations of interference and external attacks can be obtained, thereby enhancing the power system resilience against potential threats. Based on this, a threshold-based attack detection algorithm is proposed. In simulation experiments, the model of the multi-area interconnected power system is studied under various attacks such as step attacks, ramp attacks, and periodic attacks using active disturbance rejection control (ADRC). Based on the performance comparison between traditional PI control and ADRC, it has been demonstrated that the ADRC method exhibits significant advantages in improving system response speed and enhancing control accuracy.

Objective: Biliary Tract Cancer (BTC) is a significant health concern with limited resectable cases. This meta-analysis assessed the safety of triplet regimens for advanced BTC, specifically gemcitabine, cisplatin, nab-paclitaxel, and gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, erlotinib, along with their associated adverse events. Method: Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library from inception to November 2022. Results: Our analysis of 5 studies favored Gem+Cisplatin+nab-Paclitaxel over GEMOX-T in terms of safety and adverse events. Qualitative analysis of 7 studies (491 patients) showed that Gem+Cisplatin+nab-Paclitaxel also outperformed in median overall survival, progression-free survival, and response rates. Conclusion: This study suggests that Gem+Cisplatin+nab-Paclitaxel is a safer and more effective treatment than GEMOX-T for advanced BTC. It exhibits superior outcomes in terms of survival and response rates. Further research should focus on optimizing treatment regimens to reduce adverse effects in advanced BTC patients.

Abstract Background and Purpose: Activation of Nrf2 holds great promise for treating major depressive disorder (MDD). Trilobatin (TLB) is a naturally occurring food additive conferring robust neuroprotection with Nrf2 activation potency. This study was designed to explore whether TLB is able to overcome MDD, and the role of Nrf2 in the antidepressant effect of TLB. Experimental Approach: Mice and primary hippocampal astrocytes challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to decipher the effects of TLB on MDD. Nrf2-deficient mice were treated with TLB and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to validate the potential targets of ICS Ⅱ on ALI. Key results: TLB ameliorated depressive-like behavior in LPS-induced MDD mouse model. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of the hippocampus revealed that astrocytes exhibited distinct MDD-related clustering with increased Nrf2 in the antidepressant effect of TLB. TLB directly bound to Nrf2 and increased Nrf2-antioxidant response element (ARE) binding activity, which ultimately restored mitochondrial function, reduced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. TLB improved intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and attenuated intestinal barrier through increasing expressions of the tight junction proteins. Fecal microbiota transplantation from TLB-treated mice also ameliorated depression-like behavior after LPS insult. Furthermore, by using genetically modified Nrf2-knockout mice, we validated that the antidepressant effect of TLB were Nrf2/ARE signaling dependent, suppressing astrocytes activation and gut microbiota dysbiosis. These favorable effects of TLB were abrogated in Nrf2 deficiency mice. Conclusions and implications: Our results reveal a new-found pharmacological property of TLB: serves as a novel and naturally-occurring Nrf2 activator to conquer MDD through modulating microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the hippocampus. Since hippocampal studies have highlighted a differential subregional regulation along its longitudinal axis, a more detailed analysis addressing subregional changes along the longitudinal hippocampal axis has the potential to provide new relevant biomarkers. This study included structural brain MRI data of 583 participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Cognitively normal (CN) subjects, mild cognitively impaired (MCI) subjects and AD patients were conveniently selected considering the age- and sex-match between clinical groups. Structural MRI acquisitions were pre-processed and analysed with a new longitudinal axis segmentation method, dividing the hippocampus in three subdivisions (anterior, intermediate, and posterior). When normalizing the volume of hippocampal sub-divisions to total hippocampus, the posterior hippocampus negatively correlates with age only in CN subjects (r = -0.31). The longitudinal ratio of hippocampal atrophy (anterior sub-division divided by the posterior one) shows a significant increase with age only in CN (r = 0.25). Overall, in AD the posterior hippocampus is predominantly atrophied early on. Consequently, the anterior/posterior hippocampal ratio is an AD differentiating metric at early disease stages with potential for diagnostic and prognostic applications.

Background: Immunomodulatory proteins in human milk (HM) can shape infant immune development. However, strategies to modulate their levels are currently unknown. This study investigated whether maternal prebiotic supplementation alters the levels of immunomodulatory proteins in HM. Methods: The study was nested within the SYMBA double-blind randomised controlled trial (ACTRN12615001075572), which is investigating the effects of maternal prebiotic (scGOS/lcFOS) supplementation from <21 weeks gestation during pregnancy until 6-months postnatal during lactation on child allergic disease risk. Mother-child dyads receiving prebiotics (n=46) or placebo (n=54) were included in this study. We measured the levels of 24 immunomodulatory proteins in HM collected at 2, 4 and 6 months. Results: Cluster analysis showed that the overall immunomodulatory protein composition of milk samples from both groups was similar. Prebiotic-supplemented women had decreased levels of TGF-β1 at 2 months, IgG1 at 4 months and sCD14 at 6 months (p=0.03, 0.03 and 0.04, respectively). IL-5 levels were increased in the prebiotic group compared to the control group at 4 and 6 months (p=0.02 and 0.04, respectively). After adjustment for multiple comparisons, the statistical differences between the prebiotic and placebo groups were no longer present (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study is the first to comprehensively trial scGOS/lcFOS intake during pregnancy and indicate potentially altered levels of immunomodulatory proteins in HM. Future research will elucidate the significance of change in milk content in immunomodulatory compounds in the prevention of allergy risk (and beyond), filling a major gap in dietary advice to pregnant and/or lactating women.

In this article, we generalized Mittag-Leffler-type functions F ̵̄ A ( 3 ) , F ̵̄ B ( 3 ) , F ̵̄ C ( 3 ) and F ̵̄ D ( 3 ) , which correspond, respectively, to the familiar Lauricella hypergeometric functions F A ( 3 ) , F B ( 3 ) , F C ( 3 ) and F D ( 3 ) of three variables. Among the various properties and characteristics of these three-variable Mittag-Leffler-type function F ̵̄ D ( 3 ) , which we investigate in this article, include their relationships with other extensions and generalizations of the classical Mittag-Leffler functions, their three-dimensional convergence regions, their Euler-type integral representations, their Laplace transforms, their connections with the Riemann-Liouville operators of fractional calculus, and the systems of partial differential equations which are associated with them.

Drug addiction, a global problem affecting 275 million people, is a complex disorder characterized by compulsive substance use despite negative consequences. Neuroplasticity changes in the brain’s circuits, particularly those involving dopamine, play a crucial role in addiction. Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation, show promise as adjunctive treatments for substance use disorders, including cocaine use disorder. Combining these brain stimulation therapies with psychological interventions may enhance treatment outcomes and reduce relapse rates. In this study, a 38-year-old Iranian woman, diagnosed with cocaine use disorder, underwent a multi-faceted neuropsychological treatment program. Her husband also received psychological treatment but not biological treatment. After treatment, both the woman and her husband were able to completely stop using cocaine for more than three years. The study used various assessments, including self-report tests and brain mapping, to evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions. The woman showed a significant reduction in symptoms and improvement in mood regulation. This study highlights the effectiveness of a multifaceted approach to treating cocaine addiction, including neurological and psychological interventions. It suggests that non-invasive brain manipulation and Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT) may be effective in treating complex cases. However, further research is needed to establish the efficacy of CAT for bipolar affective disorder. The study emphasizes the importance of considering biological, psychological, and social factors in the treatment of substance use disorders.

The accuracy of dynamic reserve calculation in gas fields is of significant importance for the rational and efficient development of oil and gas fields, as well as the establishment of gas well production allocation schemes. The reservoir in the ZT block in the northwest of Sichuan is tight and highly heterogeneous, with complex gas-water distribution and significant differences in gas well test production rates and rapid decline rates. In order to accurately calculate the dynamic reserves of such tight water-bearing gas wells, this study focuses on the tight water-bearing gas reservoirs in the ZT block in the northwestern region of Sichuan. Rock core X-ray diffraction experiments, constant rate mercury injection experiments, and reservoir rock stress sensitivity experiments were conducted. Based on the experimental results, corrections were made to the porosity and permeability of rock samples under effective stress conditions using a binary linear regression method. These corrected parameters were then incorporated into the water-sealed gas material balance method, establishing a new method for calculating dynamic reserves in water-bearing tight gas reservoirs under stress-sensitive conditions. Utilizing reservoir parameters and production data from the ZT block, the results of the material balance method, well testing analysis method, and mathematical statistical method were compared with the results obtained using the new method. The dynamic reserve calculations for water-bearing tight gas reservoirs considering stress-sensitive conditions showed smaller relative errors and more accurate results.

Aim: To model and estimate the total above ground biomass (AGB) of forest with the best model out of five different regression models Location: Shreenagar Hill Forest, Tansen Municipality, Nepal Time Period: During the month of July, 2023 Major Taxa Studies: Pinus roxburghii Methods: Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and field-measured AGB at plot level were used. Field data were collected from a total of 26 sample. Randomly chosen 18 sample plots (SPs) (70%) were used to generate the model and remaining 8 SPs (30%) for validation of developed model. Using various bands with 10m spatial resolution, eleven VIs were calculated & correlated with field measured AGB at plot level. Results & Main Conclusions: Evaluating the fit statistics, quadratic regression model using NDVI with correlation coefficient (R) 0.92, coefficient of determination (R^2) 0.86, AIC (161.13) & BIC (164.69) was found as the best model. Predicted value of AGB from best model and observed value of AGB from field were used for model validation. Root mean square error (RMSE), R & R^2 were found as 13.3594 t.ha-1per plot, 0.9597 and 0.9211 respectively during the model validation. Therefore, the quadratic regression model with NDVI as best fit model was used to estimate the total AGB and carbon stock (CS) of study area. The average value of AGB & CS (including no vegetation area) for total study area were found 192.403 & 90.429 t.ha-1 respectively. The value of AGB & CS range from 0 to 233.451 & 0 to 109.722 t.ha-1 per pixel respectively. The benefits, possibilities, and effectiveness of combining Sentinel-2 VIs with field data to forecast biomass are demonstrated by this work. To reduce the estimation error & make wider application of research, very large sample size can be chosen by future researchers.

This paper proposes a neural network-based integrated reactive power optimisation method for power grids containing large-scale wind power, which improves the generalisation capability of the neural network by constructing a typical wind-load scenario, and solves the integrated reactive power optimisation problem for a typical wind-load scenario after it is connected to the system using the Harris Hawk Optimisation algorithm (HHO) The method is designed to reduce the computational effort and decision time of reactive power optimization by deeply fitting the mapping relationship between grid operation state and comprehensive reactive power optimization strategy through neural networks.

Background: The anterior and lateral position of the anterolateral papillary muscle (ALPM) has found to be reached with better catheter stability and less mechanical bumping via the transseptal (TS) compared to the retrograde aortic (RA) approach. Aim: To compare the TS and RA approaches on mapping and ablation of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) arising from ALPMs. Methods: Thirty-two patients with ALPM-VAs undergoing mapping and ablation via the TS approach were included and compared with 31 patients via the RA approach within the same period. Acute success was compared, as well as other outcomes including misinterpreted mapping results due to bumping, radiofrequency (RF) attempts, procedural time and success rate at 12 months’ follow-up. Results: Acute success was achieved in more cases in the TS group (96.4% vs 72.0%, P=0.020). During activation mapping, bump-provoked premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) misinterpreted as clinical PVCs were more common in the RA group (30.0% vs 58.3%, P=0.036), leading to more RF attempts (3.5±2.7 vs 7.2±6.8, P=0.006). Suppression of VAs were finally achieved in the unsuccessful cases by changing to the alternative approach, but the procedural time was significantly less in the TS group (90.0±33.0 vs 113.7±41.1min, P=0.027) with less need to change the approach, although follow-up success rates were similar (75.0% vs 71.0%, P=0.718). Conclusion: A TS rather than RA approach as the initial approach appears to facilitate mapping and ablation of ALPM-VAs, specifically by decreasing the possibility of misleading mapping results caused by bump-provoked PVC, and increase the acute success rate thereby.

Aiming to decrease the recurrence of tumors and achieve patients’ satisfactory, the elicitation of immunotherapy and integrated synergistic employment anew bright new down in oncotherapy, yet an emergently challenging task. Especially, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) regulation though light-induced photodynamic and photothermal therapy (PDT and PTT) was regarded as a powerful approach, which focused on systemic immune instead of tumor itself. Herein, this study published an acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens), named TPA-2CN, which was applied as photosensitizer (PSs) and photothermal agent (PTA). Attributing to the A-D-A structure and AIE property, TPA-2CN owned higher molar absorption coefficient and perfect templates in regulating radiative and nonradiative transitions, which maximally utilized excited energy. The generation of type I reactive oxygen pro-moted its application in hypoxia tumor sites and the combination of hyperpyrexia forcefully induced macrophages to polarization to-wards immune responses M1 phenotype. Both in vitro and in vivo, the successful reversion and reprogramming of immune microenvironment was impressively proved. This finding optimally concentrated immune therapy, PDT and PTT as one, and exhibited excellent synergistic therapeutic effects with good biosafety.

Five pairs of new merosesquiterpenoid enantiomers, named dauresorcinols A−E (1−5), were isolated from the leaves of Rhododendron dauricum. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis, quantum chemical calculations, Rh2(OCOCF3)4-induced ECD, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Dauresorcinols A (1) and B (2) possess two new merosesquiterpene skeletons bearing an unprecedented 2,6,7,10,14-pentamethyl-11-oxatetracyclo[8.8.0.02,7.012,17]octadecane and a caged 15-isohexyl-1,5,15-trimethyl-2,10-dioxatetracyclo[7.4.1.111,14.03,8]pentadecane motif, respectively. Plausible biosynthetic pathways of 1−5 are proposed involving key oxa-electrocyclization and Wagner−Meerwein rearrangement reactions. (+)/(−)-1 and 3−5 showed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, 3 to 22 times stronger than acarbose, an antidiabetic drug targeting α-glucosidase. Docking results provide a basis to design and develop merosesquiterpenoids as potent α-glycosidase inhibitors.

Although the postdispersal function of fruit appendages has been reported, little is known about their protective/defensive functions. In this context, diaspores with appendages (persistent inner tepals and/or fruit wings) that experienced predispersal herbivory by insects in natural populations of Rheum nanum were investigated. The seed abortion percentage, seed and embryo masses, and germination of seeds from diaspores with different categories of insect herbivory were measured and compared. Predispersal insect herbivory of R. nanum diaspores was prevalent in the four natural populations, but the percentage of diaspores with appendages (persistent inner tepals and and/or fruit wings) damaged by insects was significantly higher than that of diaspores with the pericarp damaged by insects. Seeds from diaspores with gnawed appendages experienced significantly less damage than those with gnawed pericarps. Importantly, we conclude that fruit appendages of Rheum nanum help to mechanically protect developing seeds from predispersal insect herbivory.

Gene flow is important for maintaining the genetic diversity required for adaptation to environmental disturbances, though gene flow may be limited by site fidelity in small coastal sharks. Bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo) - a small coastal hammerhead species - demonstrate site fidelity, as females are philopatric while males migrate to mediate gene flow. Consequently, bonnetheads demonstrate population divergence with distance and Atlantic populations are genetically distinct from those of the Gulf of Mexico. Indeed, Florida forms a vicariant zone between these two bodies of water for many marine species, including some sharks. However, while bonnetheads are expected to have limited dispersal, the extent and rate of bonnethead migration remains uncertain. Thus, we aimed to determine their dispersal capacity by evaluating connectivity between disparate populations from the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean. Using 10,733 SNPs derived from 2bRAD sequences, we evaluated genetic connectivity between Tampa Bay on the Gulf Coast of Florida and Biscayne Bay on the Atlantic coast of Florida. While standard analyses of genetic structure revealed little differentiation between Tampa Bay and Biscayne Bay populations, demographic history inference based on the site frequency spectrum favored the model with divergence between 2000 - 6000 years ago, with continuous unidirectional gene flow from Tampa Bay to Biscayne Bay. Combined with prior findings of small-scale genetic divergence in bonnethead mitochondrial (female-transmitted) loci, our findings support the hypothesis that female bonnetheads are highly philopatric while male bonnetheads often migrate over relatively large distances (>300 miles) to find mates. Together, these results provide optimism that under proper management, a small-bodied globally Endangered shark can undergo long migrations to sustain genetic diversity.

A visible-light-induced photoredox-catalyzed regioselective and stereoselective C(sp2)-H amination of enamides with bench-stable and easily accessible N-aminopyridium salts is developed, affording synthetically and biologically prominent vicinal 1,2-diamine scaffolds in broad substrate scope and excellent functional group compatibility. The transformation proceeded through a radical pathway involving the Giese addition of the relatively electrophilic N-centered amidyl radical species to nucleophilic β-olefinic position of enamides followed by the ensuing single electron oxidation and β-H elimination, delivering geometrically-defined Z-configured β-amino enamides. The operational simplicity, environmentally friendliness and cost efficiency of this methodology has paved a new avenue to enrich the arsenal of synthetically crucial functionalized enamides and their derivatives.

We investigate the motion of closed, smooth non-self-intersecting curves that evolve in space R 3 . The geometric evolutionary equation for the evolution of the curve is accompanied by a parabolic equation for the scalar quantity evaluated over the evolving curve. We apply the direct Lagrangian approach to describe the geometric flow of 3D curves resulting in a system of degenerate parabolic equations. We prove the local existence and uniqueness of classical Hölder smooth solutions to the governing system of nonlinear parabolic equations. A numerical discretization scheme has been constructed using the method of flowing finite volumes. We present several numerical examples of the evolution of curves in 3D with a scalar quantity. In this paper, we analyze the flow of curves with no torsion evolving in rotating and parallel planes. Next, we present examples of the evolution of curves with initially knotted and unknotted curves.