In this paper, we trace the emergence of what we term the digital plant humanities—abbreviated as DPH throughout—as an evolution of burgeoning botanical interest among environmental and digital humanists. We argue that DPH coalesces the theoretical and methodological frameworks of the three research areas of plant humanities, environmental humanities, and digital humanities. After conceptualising DPH, we analyse three projects representative of the emergent field—the Native American Ethnobotany Database; Herbaria 3.0; and Microcosms: A Homage to Sacred Plants of America—while referring to a broader range of formative projects including the Plant Humanities Lab.

AbstractThe development of management strategies for the promotion of sustainable fisheries relies on a deep knowledge of ecological and evolutionary processes driving the diversification and genetic variation of marine organisms. Sustainability strategies are especially relevant for marine species such as the European sardine (Sardina pilchardus), a small pelagic fish with high ecological and socioeconomic importance, especially in Southern Europe, whose stock has declined since 2006, possibly due to environmental factors. Here, we generated sequences for 139 mitochondrial genomes from individuals from 19 different geographical locations across most of the species distribution range, which was used to assess genetic diversity, diversification history and genomic signatures of selection. Our data supported an extensive gene flow in European sardine. However, phylogenetic analyses of mitogenomes revealed diversification patterns related to climate shifts in the late Miocene and Pliocene that may indicate past divergence related to rapid demographic expansion. Tests of selection showed a significant signature of purifying selection, but positive selection was also detected in different sites and specific mitochondrial lineages. Our results showed that European sardine diversification has been strongly driven by climate shifts, and rapid changes in marine environmental conditions are likely to strongly affect the distribution and stock size of this species. IntroductionUnderstanding the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms driving the diversification and dispersal of marine organisms is essential for elucidating their genetic variation patterns. This knowledge underpins the development of conservation and management strategies for species of economic and ecological importance 1,2. Advances in marine genomics provide new insights into the evolutionary history and population structure of marine organisms, as well as into the evolutionary consequences of selective harvest, local adaptation, and response to climate change 2-5. Genomic data have also become increasingly relevant for the assessment and promotion of sustainable fisheries 6,7, for example, by enabling demographic analyses for stock identification and management and the assessment of connectivity among geographically delimited stocks.Population structure in marine fishes has been presumed to be minimal, since marine environments have fewer barriers to gene flow compared to terrestrial ecosystems, resulting in high levels of connectivity among populations and large population sizes in marine species1,8. Consequently, it was posited that adaptive divergence would be limited or non-existent in marine fishes due to the overwhelming effect of genetic drift and gene flow. However, large population sizes may increase the probability of retention of advantageous alleles, a phenomenon facilitated by local selective pressures 9, and adaptive processes have been shown to shape genetic patterns in oceanic fish populations8,10-16.Local adaptation is the driving force behind divergent selection17, when different alleles are selected in different subpopulations, in contrast with global adaptation, when the same allele is selected across all species populations. Local adaptation results from two antagonistic forces, natural selection, which promotes intraspecific differentiation, and gene flow, which promotes homogenization. Identifying genomic signatures of natural selection is pivotal for unravelling the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation18. Genomic signatures can result from different types of natural selection, manifesting in two main forms: positive and negative (or purifying) selection. Positive selection, which promotes the proliferation of beneficial mutations within a population, can be divided into balancing selection, preserving genetic polymorphisms, and directional selection, driving advantageous alleles to fixation, in contrast to purifying selection that works to eliminate deleterious mutations within a population 19.The European sardine, Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792), is a small pelagic fish from the Alosidae family, inhabiting the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, from the North Sea to Mauritania and Senegal and with populations in the Azores, Madeira and Canaries, and the MeditFerranean Sea 20. The European sardine is a migratory and schooling species that forms schools potentially comprising millions of individuals and is known to prefer colder water for living and spawning21-24. The European sardine plays an important role in marine ecosystems, as both a consumer of plankton and a prey for larger predators 25,26. Moreover, it is one of the most important marine fish resources in Southern Europe and Morocco27, especially in the Iberian Peninsula28, where its landings represent ~40% of the total capture 29. It constitutes the main target species for the purse-seine fleets operating in Portugal and Spain, thereby serving as a critical revenue stream for the respective local economies 30. The biomass of the Ibero-Atlantic stock has been declining since 2006, as its recruitment is strongly related to environmental conditions 31. This decline has led sardine abundance to fall to its historical minimums32, triggering profound socio-economic impacts on fishing communities. Consequently, this species has been subject to numerous studies, namely on its biology and ecology21,22,33-36, phenotypic variation37-39, population genetics 40-42, besides a complete genome sequencing 43,44.The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome), a maternally inherited, circular DNA molecule, has been a focal point in the study of evolutionary biology and population genetics due to its relatively high mutation rate, lack of recombination, and haploid nature. The positive and negative features of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) for population genetics, phylogeographic and phylogenetic studies have been extensively discussed45-47. Nevertheless, mitogenomes can provide valuable information at a relatively low cost as a byproduct of whole genome resequencing. Positive selection in mtDNA can be detected due to direct selection on the mitogenome or indirect selection in the nuclear genes that compose the mito-nuclear complex. The mitogenome contains 13 protein-coding genes that contribute to four Electron Transport System (ETS) complexes, whose function requires over 500 proteins encoded in the nuclear genome 48. This interaction between the mitogenome and the nuclear genome could generate diverse response patterns with compensatory mechanisms and coevolution between the two genomic compartments. A study on 70 mitogenomes of Clupeoid fishes49, including the European sardine, concluded for the prevalence of purifying selection, but also for the observed shift in codon preference patterns between marine and euryhaline/freshwater Clupeoids, indicating possible selection for improved translational efficiency while adapting to low-salinity habitats. This mitogenomic plasticity and enhanced efficiency of the metabolic machinery may have contributed to the evolutionary success and abundance of Clupeoid fish49. Mitogenomes can also harbour rare mutations that provide a selective advantage through the interaction with environmental factors such as temperature 45, raising the hypothesis that the wide temperature range of the European sardine increases its potential for local adaptation due to divergent selection.Previous studies on European sardine 50 have largely focused on mtDNA fragments to infer population structure, historical demography, and signatures of molecular adaptation. However, the resolution provided by partial mitochondrial data is limited, often obscuring finer-scale evolutionary processes and the detection of adaptive genetic variation. In this study, complete mitochondrial genomes from individuals collected across the entire distribution range of the European sardine were sequenced and analysed with three main objectives: 1) to assess the population genetic structure inside the species; 2) to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among lineages and explore the timing of diversification events within the species; and 3) to evaluate the role of natural selection (both positive and negative) in shaping mitochondrial genome variation, and its potential for local adaptation or association with intraspecific lineage.

A document by Dr. Vishal V. Bhende. Click on the document to view its contents.

Precipitation into the atmosphere is one of the main processes by which high energy electrons trapped in Earth’s inner magnetosphere are lost from the system. Precipitating electrons can affect the chemical composition of the atmosphere and provide insight into the complex dynamics of the Van Allen radiation belts. This study compares energetic electron precipitation measurements at low-Earth-orbit by the Focused Investigations of Relativistic Electron Burst Intensity, Range, and Dynamics (FIREBIRD-II) CubeSats with NOAA Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) and ESA Meteorological Operational satellite (MetOp) satellites, which are equipped with the Medium-Energy Proton Electron Detector (MEPED). The analysis considers 51 high quality conjunction events during times of low to moderate geomagnetic activity. The spacecraft capture similar electron flux variability, and FIREBIRD-II observations fall between POES/MetOp 0 and 90 degree telescopes, likely a result of FIREBIRD-II sampling both precipitating and mirrored electrons due to uncertainties in pointing direction. Results demonstrate the value of high-resolution differential energy observations of electron precipitation by low-cost CubeSats such as FIREBIRD-II, especially during periods of low flux.

Aim: Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic indicated in patients suffering from Gram-positive infections. Vancomycin monitoring is crucial due to its high inter-individual variability, especially in pediatric populations. However, there is limited data guiding vancomycin monitoring in pediatric patients compared to adults. This is the first study to assess vancomycin plasma concentrations in a Tunisian pediatric population according to patient’s age and infusion mode. Methods: A retrospective database study was conducted at Clinical Pharmacology department of National Pharmacovigilance Center. Our research obtained approval from the Institutional Review Board at Charles Nicolle Hospital in Tunis, Tunisia.Patients included in this study were classified by age (neonates, infants, children, and adolescents). Only vancomycin levels associated with initial dosing regimens were evaluated. Continuous and intermittent infusion modes were assessed. Results: We included 142 patients. After vancomycin starting dose, 12.1% of trough concentrations were within the therapeutic range (TR) with an average dosage of 38 mg/kg/day. Using the continuous infusion, 29% of initial plasma vancomycin concentrations reached the TR with an average vancomycin dose of 42 mg/kg/day. Only 21% of plasma concentrations during continuous infusion were supratherapeutic, compared to intermittent infusion (28.8%). TR was reached in neonates and infants receiving a continuous infusion at mean rates of 24 mg/kg/d and 46 mg/kg/d, respectively. Neonates and infants receiving an intermittent infusion with mean daily doses of 30 mg/kg and 48 mg/kg, respectively, reached the TR. Conclusion: It is challenging to recommend a single dosing range, mainly due to rapid changes in renal function during growth.

Rusts (Pucciniomycotina) and smuts (Ustilaginomycotina) are the two most diverse groups of plant-pathogenic basidiomycetes. With a worldwide distribution, many of these phytopathogens are economically important, destroying many commonly cultivated crops. In this chapter we review both the historical and modern views on the classification and systematics of rusts and smuts, describe their biology and life cycles, highlight their relationship with host-defense response mitigation, and provide examples of pathogens that pose a threat to our modern agriculture. 

One of the truly remarkable features of fungal pathogens is their diverse set of approaches towards infection of various hosts across the Tree of Life. In many cases, fungi do more than simply colonize host plants, animals, and even other fungi, going one step further to manipulate their hosts in effort to increase their own fitness. In this chapter, we discuss three categories of these manipulation strategies: physiological manipulations, deception through phenotypic and chemical mimicry, and behavioral manipulation.

Organic materials with persistent room-temperature phosphorescence (pRTP) have attracted great attention for their wide applications in display, sensing, and bioimaging. However, manipulation of the emission properties of organic phosphors is challenging, requiring intricate molecular design and tedious synthesis processes. Herein, we develop a simple and versatile strategy for achieving tunable pRTP by modulating the size of anionic aromatic phosphorescent cores and cations in organic salts. Remarkably, pairing large phosphorescent cores with larger-sized guanidinium ions, rather than smaller potassium ions, enables bright pRTP. Meanwhile, pairing small phosphorescent cores with guanidinium ions yields a blue-shifted but longer-lived pRTP compared to those paired with potassium ions. Mechanistic studies reveal that large cations primarily weaken π-π interactions, thereby reducing triplet quenching in large phosphorescent cores, while causing a blue shift in both excitation and emission wavelengths in small phosphorescent cores. Through a simple and reversible cation-exchange process, organic salts capable of excitation-dependent color (from blue to green) and lifetime (from 0.86 s to 1.28 s) tunable pRTP can be achieved, which allows advanced applications in multiple afterglow anti-counterfeiting and dynamic information encryption.

Developing a crawler to gather IoT (Internet of Things) data streams and a behavior analyzer to detect malicious attacks is worth investigating for sustaining a secure IoT system. Detecting malicious before triggering an attack is highly advised. We present a special-purpose IoT crawler that simulates an inspector to find malicious attacks. A crawler is located in the Fog layer to take over its resources. It gathers data streams from IoT nodes, depending on a priority principle. An intelligent behavior analyzer with a machine learning (ML) algorithm foundation discovers malicious nodes cor- responding to the obtained node behavior according to collected data streams by the crawler. The performance of the crawler was tested on the dataset NSW-NB15 with seven ML classifiers: AB, NB, LR, KNN, DT, RF, and ET. For example, the average accuracy was 80.2%, 88.3%, 88.4%, 92.8%, 97.5%, 97.8%, and 98.3%, respectively. Keywords: Crawler, Intrusion Detection System, Machine Learning, Securing IoT

Rapid evolution contributes to plant invasion success. Previous studies have rarely considered the coevolution of multidimensional traits in invasive plants. We compared multiple traits related to growth, fecundity, and herbivore palatability of the widespread invader Spartina alterniflora in its native (US) and introduced (China) families across large geographic scales. Of 18 tested variables, ten revealed genetic-based differences between native and introduced ranges, and nine exhibited latitudinal clines within the introduced range. Introduced families compared to natives exhibited superior syndromes with larger growth, higher fecundity, and lower palatability, which were linked to provenance climates and could enhance plant competitiveness and spread. We conclude that within only 40 years since its introduction to China, Spartina has evolved an integrated ecological strategy to enhance invasiveness under climate selective pressure, making it the most successful invader along China’s coast. Our study underscores the importance of considering multivariate traits to understand plant invasion success.

Abstract Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a prevalent vasculitis primarily affecting larger vessels, notably in individuals aged 70–79. Cerebrovascular ischemic events (CIE), such as stroke and transient ischemic attacks, are significant GCA complications, with a pooled prevalence of 4%. CIEs are rare but debilitating complications of GCA. This research article is a narrative review that aims to highlight the risk factors and pharmacological interventions that impact GCA-related CIE. This narrative review suggests that age, male gender, hypertension, and smoking were significantly associated with GCA-related CIE, while risk factors such as having anemia, a higher body mass index (BMI), relatively higher inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) had protective effects against GCA-related CIE. Symptoms of ischemia of the ophthalmic artery were also found to be the strongest predictors of CIE. Pharmacological interventions such as glucocorticoids and tocilizumab can help manage and prevent CIE in GCA patients. Aspirin and antiplatelet therapy may also be useful as adjunctive therapies. A detailed and appropriate study design for various risk factors is required to establish the association. Identifying risk factors is imperative for managing morbidity and mortality. This can help physicians assess the risk and prevent CIE in GCA patients.

In this study, an electrically driven membrane and microfluidic coupled chip is proposed to drive heavy metal ions through an ion exchange membrane by an electric field, thereby separating them from organic matter in water. The ions were regulated by adjusting the voltage, solution environment, and detection conditions, which enabled the preferential detection of lead and cadmium ions, thus reducing the interference of other cations. The ion exchange membrane prevents dissolved organic matter from coming into contact with the electrode, thus reducing the influence of organic matter on the measurement results by approximately 10%. After comparing the membrane materials that are more suitable for the application of the system, they are further modified, and the final detection time is shortened by about 50s compared with the original. Improved screen-printed electrodes further enhance the performance of the on-chip electrochemical sensors, and the coupled chip allows for simultaneous pre-processing and ion detection and provides a stable environment for the detection. The coupled electrochemical detection platform exhibited good linear response for Cd2+ and Pb2+ with detection limits of 0.21 and 0.46 ug/L (S/N=3).

Papaverine Effect on Superficial Vein in Thumb Replantation Procedure: A Case Study

A document by Jana Zeitvogel. Click on the document to view its contents.

Bees and moths are globally important pollinators. Xeric barrens in the largely mesic northeastern USA support high levels of pollinator diversity, including rare bees and moths. We investigated the response of bee vs moth communities to abiotic and vegetation drivers in barrens across the region. We sampled environment, vegetation, bees, and moths for 2-4 years in 20 preserves. Employing random forest analysis, we tested the role of 26 abiotic and vegetation predictors of bee vs moth abundance, species richness, Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, evenness, and species composition. Variables related to climate, canopy cover, and soils were the most important predictors of abundance, diversity, and species composition for both bees and moths. Vegetation variables, such as species richness of shrubs and hostplants, were also important for bees. The direction of these relationships contrasted sharply between bees and moths: bees were more abundant and species rich in more open, sandy sites and moths the opposite. Surprisingly, bee-moth contrasts in diversity did not hold for Shannon-Wiener Diversity. Habitat preferences for a subset of moth xeric specialists were much more similar to bees than to other moths, with a preference for open, sandy conditions. Contrasts between bees and moths in habitat preferences likely stemmed from differences in life history: bees rely on flowers for feeding and porous substrates for nesting, whereas most moth adults rely on flowers but many moth caterpillars use woody plants as hosts. The contrast between bees and moths for species richness vs. Shannon-Wiener Diversity raises important general questions about the conservation value of these two metrics. Our results suggest that, because of differences in habitat preferences among pollinators, barrens management for spatial and temporal heterogeneity is likely to promote the highest abundance and diversity of resident pollinator communities.

The mutual interactions of ER resident proteins in the ER maintain its functions, prompting the protein folding, modification, and transportation. Here, a new method, named YST-PPI (YESS-based Split fast TEV protease System for Protein-protein Interaction) was developed, targeting the characterization of protein interactions in ER. YST-PPI method integrated the YESS system, split-TEV technology and endoplasmic reticulum retention signal peptide (ERS) to provide an effective strategy for studying ER in situ PPIs in a fast and quantitative manner. The interactions among 15 ER resident proteins of S. cerevisiae were explored using the YST-PPI system, and their interaction network map was constructed, in which more than 74 interacting resident protein pairs were identified. Our studies also showed that Lhs1p plays a critical role in regulating the interactions of most of the ER resident proteins, expect the Sil1p, indicating its potential role in controlling the ER molecular chaperones. Moreover, the mutual interaction revealed by our studies further confirmed that the ER resident proteins perform their functions in a synergetic way and multimer complex might be formed during the process.

Background. Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (HES) is a rare disorder with an extremely heterogeneous clinical presentation, leading to diagnostic delay, and a very bad prognosis if left untreated. Our study aimed at highlighting the effectiveness and feasibility of a two-tails approach in improving the HES diagnosis in an Italian Immunology excellence university centre. Methods. A retrospective observational single-centre study was conducted. All the patients underwent blood and instrumental tests to highlight HES aetiology and early detect any organ damage. Results: 79 patients (31 females, 39.2%), with a mean age of 54.9 years, were included in the study. 19 (24.1%) patients were diagnosed with reactive HES, 15 (19.0%) with Overlap HES (EGPA), 1 (1.3%) with myeloid-HES, 10 (12.7%) with lymphocytic HES and 8 (10.1%) with idiopathic HES. 63 patients showed involvement of at least two organs: the lung (32/63, 50.7%), the skin (24/63, 38.1%), the bowel (23/63, 36.5%), and the peripheral nervous system (25.4%). Eight patients (8/63, 12.7%) showed a heart involvement. The diagnosis was achieved in 4±1.8 months and no deaths were observed. Conclusion. HE is a common reason for allergists’ and clinical immunologists’ consultations, and the two-tails approach should be implemented from the first evaluation of patients with HE. This will aim at detecting early organ damage and reducing both diagnostic delay and the risk for mistakes in the classification of HES subtypes, thus allowing a prompt and tailored treatment and better outcome.

Remote sensing is an invaluable tool for tracking decadal-scale changes in vegetation greenness in response to climate and land use changes. While the Landsat archive has been widely used to explore these trends and their spatial and temporal complexity, its inconsistent sampling frequency over time and space raises concerns about its ability to provide reliable estimates of annual vegetation indices such as the annual maximum NDVI, commonly used as a proxy of plant productivity. Here we demonstrate for seasonally snow-covered ecosystems, that greening trends derived from annual maximum NDVI can be significantly overestimated because the number of available Landsat observations increases over time, and mostly that the magnitude of the overestimation varies along environmental gradients. Typically, areas with a short growing season and few available observations experience the largest bias in greening trend estimation. We show these conditions are met in late snowmelting habitats in the European Alps, which are known to be particularly sensitive to temperature increases and present conservation challenges. In this critical context, almost 50% of the magnitude of estimated greening can be explained by this bias. Our study calls for greater caution when comparing greening trends magnitudes between habitats with different snow conditions and observations. At a minimum we recommend reporting information on the temporal sampling of the observations, including the number of observations per year, when long term studies with Landsat observations are undertaken.

Aim: Taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy (TIPN) is a dose-limiting toxicity of paclitaxel in patients with cancer. Prediction of which patients will experience TIPN is challenging, though patients with higher systemic paclitaxel exposure have higher TIPN risk. This study aimed to use plasma proteomics to identify predictors of TIPN and paclitaxel pharmacokinetics (PK). Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of a prospective observational study of female patients with early-stage breast cancer receiving weekly paclitaxel treatment. TIPN was assessed at each dose via the sensory subscale of the EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN8). A blood sample was collected within ten minutes before the end of the first paclitaxel infusion to measure plasma proteomes using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based global proteomics approach and to estimate maximum systemic paclitaxel concentration (Cmax). A second sample was collected approximately 24 hours after infusion to estimate paclitaxel time above threshold (Tc>0.05). Linear mixed-effect and linear regression models were utilized to identify proteins predictive of TIPN and paclitaxel PK parameters, respectively, using a Bonferroni-adjusted α=0.0006 to correct for multiple testing. Results: Data from 36 participants were included in the analysis testing for an association of 83 proteins with TIPN or PK. Higher levels of complement C3 were associated with more severe TIPN trajectories (p=0.0002). No protein was significantly associated with either PK parameter (all p>0.0006). Conclusion: Complement C3 concentration at the end of initial paclitaxel infusion may be useful in identifying patients who could benefit from TIPN prevention strategies to improve long-term treatment outcomes.

Inverted (p-i-n) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are favored by researchers owing to their superior compatibility with flexible substrates and tandem device fabrication. Additionally, the hole transport layer (HTL) serves as a template for perovskite growth, which is critical for enhancing the device performance. However, the current research on how the HTL promotes perovskite crystallization is insufficient. Here, 4PADCB, a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) hole transport material, was optimized as a superior template for perovskite growth through comparative analysis; accordingly, compact perovskite film with vertical growth was prepared. The better matched energy level alignment between 4PADCB and perovskite suppressed nonradiative recombination at the interface and enabled rapid hole extraction. Moreover, high-quality perovskite film growth on 4PADCB exhibited lower Young’s modulus and less residual stress. By integrating 4PADCB into p-i-n PSCs, the optimal device achieved a power conversion efficiency of 24.80%, with an open-circuit voltage of 1.156 V, thus achieving the best rank among devices without perovskite post-treatment, additives, dopants, or intermediate layers. Furthermore, the unencapsulated device demonstrated exceptional thermostability and photostability under maximum power point tracking. Thus, this work provides a new understanding for the development of novel SAMs and perovskite growth, and it is expected to further improve device performance.

Biomass gasification for syngas production is one of key operating units in the biomass utilization process, however its overall efficiency and stability are normally limited by the presence of complex impurities including particulate matters (PMs) and tars. Herein, a highly integrated ceramic membrane-based reactor was developed for high temperature syngas cleaning to allow the efficient in situ removal of PMs and tars from bio-vapours generated by biomass gasification. In specific, silicon carbide (SiC) membrane could in situ separate the PMs from biomass volatiles, while structured Ni 15La 5/S1-SiC catalyst (nickel and lanthanum-laden silicalite-1 zeolite supported on SiC foam) could promote the catalytic reforming of tars. Compared to other control reactors (i.e., with either membrane or catalyst alone), the integrated reactor demonstrated synergistic intensification in producing clean syngas from biomass gasification, with PM and tar removal efficiencies up to ~97% and ~90%, respectively, and excellent stability in five-cycle evaluations at 800 °C.

The Yarlung Zangbo River Basin (YZRB), located in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, has been significantly impacted by global warming and greening. Serving as an indicator of coupled vegetation growth and climate variation, the spatiotemporal land surface temperature (LST) has undergone substantial changes in recent decades. In this study, we evaluated the components of the water and energy cycle from 1980 to 2015 using the VIC model, a widely recognized and applied distributed hydrological model, to obtain continuous 35-year daily LST data. The results demonstrated that the VIC model exhibited high adaptability in the YZRB. Then, the fluctuation of LST was examined, and the influence of environmental elements on LST was identified. Our modeling indicated that climate factors were increasing, while human activities remained stable in the YZRB. In YZRB, the greening was witnessed while LST showed an increasing trend. By distinguishing the impacts of climate and human activities on LST, LST was mainly affected by climate with contribution rate at 70.36% from 1980 to 1995. After 1995, LST was mainly affected by human activities, and its contribution rate was 55%. Grassland with medium cover showed the potential of a cooling influence. Among all environmental factors, albedo showed a negative and delayed effect on LST. Temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration were positively correlated with LST and displayed relatively synchronous changes. Soil moisture and NDVI were detected as leading positive changes in LST. Our study contributes to clarifying the mechanisms influencing LST in high-altitude and high-latitude regions under global greening, providing fundamental insights for socio-economic development in alpine mountainous regions.

CeMn-rare earth tailings catalysts were prepared by hydrothermal method. The results show that the optimum ratio of Ce/Mn is 1:1, and the NO x conversion can reach 90% at the range of 100-300℃. The introduction of Mn improves the dispersion of CeCO 3F on the catalyst surface, exposing more active adsorption sites. In addition, the interaction of MnO x with Ce and Fe in the rare earth tailings promotes redox, which facilitates the oxidation of NO to NO 2. Meanwhile Mn also increases the abundance and stability of NO adsorption species and Lewis acid sites, forming important intermediates such as Mn 4+-ONO 2, NH 4NO 3 and NH 2NO. But the strong oxidizing ability of Mn and the reaction between monodentate nitrate and adsorbed NH 3 results in N 2 selectivity decrease rapidly. Catalysts follow both E-R and L-H mechanism in the NH 3-SCR reaction. Moreover, the excellent redox performance and Lewis acid sites improve the NH 3-SCR catalytic activity together.

Accurate detection and analysis of bubble size and shape in bubbly flow are critical to understanding mass and heat transfer processes. Convolutional neural networks have limitations in different bubble images due to their dependence on large amounts of labeled data. A new foundational Segment Anything Model (SAM) recently attracts lots of attention for its zero-shot segmentation performance. Herein, we developed a novel image processing method named bubSAM, which achieves efficient and accurate bubble segmentation and shape reconstruction based on SAM. The segmentation performance of bubSAM is 30% higher than that of SAM, and its accuracy reaches 90% under different bubbly flow conditions. The accuracy of bubble shape reconstruction algorithm (BSR) in bubSAM is about 30% higher than that of typical ellipse fitting method, thus better restoring the geometric shape of bubbles. BubSAM can provide great support for understanding gas-liquid multiphase flow and design of industrial multiphase reactors.