In nature, many organisms exhibit remarkable freezing tolerance and employ rich and intriguing physiological strategies to adapt to low-temperature environments. However, cryopreservation techniques face challenges when it comes to freezing and thawing biological tissues and cells, such as cryo-damage caused by crystallization and cell membrane rupture due to osmotic imbalances. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the molecular mechanisms underlying natural freezing tolerance and artificial cryopreservation processes. This review delves into the adaptive mechanisms observed in freeze-tolerant species and hibernating animals, elucidating the significance of specific genes, proteins, and metabolic pathways for survival. Furthermore, we discuss advancements in cryopreservation technologies, highlighting their impacts on cellular and tissue integrity, and analyzes the adaptive regulation of processes like glucose metabolism, miRNA expression, and cryoprotective protein modulation. Finally, future directions for cryopreservation are proposed.

1. Marine sponges as natural samplers of environmental DNA (eDNA) are receiving growing attention as an untapped source of biodiversity data. However, little is known about the state of the DNA that is represented by these samples and how this compares to conventional aquatic eDNA samples. 2. Here, we present an artificial spiking experiment where DNA in cellular and extracellular states was added into tanks containing two sponge species. Aquatic eDNA samples and sponge (natural sampler DNA (nsDNA)) samples were collected over 7 days and DNA from the two states was quantified using qPCR. 3. We found that there was a significant interaction between DNA state and sample type (eDNA and nsDNA), with lower detection and concentration of extracellular DNA, compared to cellular DNA, found in nsDNA samples. We also found that detection probability and concentration of DNA were significantly lower in nsDNA than eDNA overall. 4. During methodological testing, PCR inhibition was observed in both sponge species; this was prohibitive in one of the species. Further work to investigate the degree of PCR inhibition during nsDNA metabarcoding is important to understand it’s impact on the communities resolved using these nsDNA methods. 5. Synthesis and applications. We show that nsDNA may originate from a subset of the DNA present in environmental media, potentially resolving a more stable picture of local communities. Natural samplers provide a promising option for hard-to-reach environments and for analysing archived samples; however, further work and optimisation is required to understand what is and isn’t well represented by this sample type compared to widely applied aquatic eDNA approaches.

This study explores the potential of offshore wind energy in Italy by considering the planned offshore wind farms, their construction challenges, possible wake losses and production based on historical data (by using ERA5 and CERRA dataset). An IEA 15 MW wind turbine was considered for all locations since the turbine models have not yet been decided in the preliminary plans. A genetic algorithm was used to identify a tentative optimal layout able to maximise the minimum intra-turbine distance without considering the local climatology. By means of Monte Carlo simulations, future energy scenarios are assessed considering factors such as technical challenges, wind patterns, turbine characteristics, and array efficiency due to wake effects, offering valuable insights into the feasibility of the planned offshore wind energy in Italy or in other countries with similar wind resources.

Pooled data portrays wide range of environmental conditions by reducing the effects of outliers. On that basis, character association and path analysis were studied to assist the selection of traits in breeding approach of Cucumis sativus L. Total of 52 genotypes were evaluated at three locations during 2022 and 2023 at College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India in RCBD design. The correlation estimates revealed that yield per hectare had significant positive correlation with fruit yield per vine(0.99), fruit yield per plot(0.99), number of fruits per vine(0.75) and vine length(0.38). Parameters like vine length, number of branches per plant, days to first and last harvest, sex ratio, fruit length and diameter, TSS, average fruit weight and yield per plot showed direct positive effect on yield per hectare at genotypic level. This suggested that selection criteria based on these parameters may be effective to improve yield per hectare in cucumber.

The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) inhabits mountainous areas of Central and South Asia, including the northern region of Nepal, sharing borders with both India and China. For low-density, far-ranging species inhabiting inaccessible terrain, GPS collars are effective, given the volume of data, the accuracy of locations, and the ability to track numerous individuals simultaneously. For the first time, we analyzed spatiotemporal dynamics using satellite telemetry data to understand differences in movement patterns, time budgeting, and home range utilization between male and female snow leopards, satellite-collared in the northeastern Himalayas of Nepal. The ecological behaviour and time budgeting of snow leopards were modeled by the hidden Markov model (HMM) whereas home ranges were estimated and compared by various methods, such as the minimum convex polygon (MCP) and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) methods with href and the Brownian bridge movement model. This research showed clear sex differences in movement patterns and home range sizes, which indicate different ecological needs and resource-use techniques. Furthermore, this study provides reliable information on snow leopards from the telemetry data and links it to conservation implications in eastern Nepal to ensure their long-term survival, promote coexistence, and foster cross-border collaboration.

Abstract: Climate change and elevated CO2 concentration have significantly influenced on the Spatiotemporal distribution of global and regional grassland carbon storage. To detect the effects of present and future climate scenarios on spatiotemporal distribution of NEP and analysis the main factors of grassland NEP, this study used the CENTURY model after parameter calibration to estimate the values of net ecosystem production (NEP) from 2000 to 2014. The one-way ANOVA and error analysis were used to verify the model. The SSP126, SSP245 and SSP585 as the future climate scenarios also be used to simulate the spatiotemporal change of the NEP from 2015 to 2100. The results show that there was a good agreement between the observed and predicted NEP; The inter-annual variation of NEP decreased year by year under different scenarios. The northwest and eastern of Gansu province are sensitive areas to NEP spatial change. Precipitation, longitude and temperature were significantly positively correlated with NEP, which is significantly negatively correlated with temperature, but weakly correlated with precipitation. In addition, increased CO2 concentration was positively correlated with NEP. The annual average changes of grassland NEP in Gansu under the SSP126, SSP245 and SSP585 climate scenarios are 595.95 gC·m-2·a-1、604.53 gC·m-2·a-1 and 679.17 gC·m-2·a-1, respectively. During 2019-2048, grassland NEP decreased at a rate of -0.69 gC·m-2·a-1 (P<0.01) in the SSP126 climate scenario, no significant changes in the SSP245 climate scenario at a rate of -0.2 gC·m-2·a-1, and increased significantly at a rate of 1.36 gC·m-2·a-1 (P<0.01) in the SSP585 climate scenario. On average, grassland in Gansu is a carbon sink under different[ climate scenarios, and the potential carbon sequestration capacity of grassland will gradually increase under future climate change.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Silicon heterojunction technology (HJT) and tunnel oxide passivated contacts (TOPCon) solar cell technologies are expected to dominate the photovoltaic market in the coming years. However, there are still some concerns about the long-term stability of these technologies. This work examines the effects of two widely used commercial soldering fluxes (Flux A and Flux B) on the stability of commercial silicon HJT and TOPCon solar cells. The soldering flux was applied to the solar cells, and the solar cells were annealed at 85 oC under low relative humidity. TOPCon solar cells were found to be stable; however, significant degradation was observed in the HJT solar cells after only 50 hrs. The efficiency of the HJT cells decreased by ~ 61% rel with Flux A and ~ 55% rel with Flux B, respectively. We attribute part of the observed degradation to holes present in the HJT cell metalisation after printing, which allow the soldering flux to easily penetrate the contact and subsequently react with the paste constituents. In addition, we find that the indium tin oxide (ITO) layer is very sensitive to soldering flux, showing major cracks and significant peeling after 50 hrs of annealing. Consequently, this work shows that some soldering flux can react with the ITO layer, without requiring the presence of water. This suggests that certain types of soldering flux can harm HJT solar cells even after encapsulation without the need for moisture ingress. Therefore, paying more attention to the choice of soldering flux is essential, especially when working with HJT cells. It is strongly recommended that users perform comprehensive component analysis testing on soldering fluxes before their official use rather than solely relying on datasheets provided by suppliers.

Software-Defined Networking paradigm allows the control plane to centrally supervise the data planes for improving network manageability. It parallely enforces customizability and programmability at the switches. TCAM, an expensive, and compact memory is used in the switches to store flow rules, procured from the controller. Because of the memory constraints, the unused flow rules should be expedited in timely manner to reduce flow table occupancy and miss ratio. Simple Hard and idle timeout fields of the flow rules trigger automatic eviction. The objective of this work is model the performance of the flow rules which use dynamic timeouts in SDN flow tables. Literature reveals that eviction policies; Least Recently Used (LRU) and Adaptive Timeouts were proposed for enhancing the performance. Many of the works are targeted towards measuring the performance outcomes through simulations. In this paper, We proposed a novel idea of measuring the utilization of flow rules for adaptive timeouts through its pre-eviction time that captures the idle time since its last usage to eviction.Through mathematical modeling, we have studied the impact of pre-eviction time on utilization for adaptive hard and idle timeout policies. Our theoretical analysis illustrates that Adaptive Hard timeout policy experiences less pre-eviction time than Adaptive Idle timeout policy and yields better utilization. We have also done brief experimental simulation to demonstrate our findings practically.

A document by Aline Kirsten Vidal de Oliveira. Click on the document to view its contents.

We investigate rapid thermal processing (RTP) as alternative to the prolonged thermal annealing process used to form tunnel-oxide passivating contacts for silicon solar cells. The thermal treatment is generally followed by hydrogenation to passivate defects at the Si/SiOx interface. Whereas industrial manufacturing generally uses Cz wafers, research is often carried out with FZ wafers. Both types of wafers are prone to the formation of thermal defects in the bulk. To disentangle effects of the interface and the bulk, we assess the lifetime at different steps of the process sequence for both wafer types. We find that the initial bulk lifetime of our p-type FZ material is maintained for RTP up to temperatures of about 450°C, followed by a severe decay and eventually a moderate extent of recovery at temperatures above 800°C. Compared to FZ material, the initial bulk lifetimes in our p-type Cz material are slightly lower, but they are maintained on that level up to about 600°C. Beyond that temperature, the lifetimes also decay, but to a lesser extent than in the FZ material, and there is no curing at higher temperatures. Hydrogenation can partially passivate the bulk defects in FZ material, but the initial state is not recovered. In Cz material, it appears that RTP creates two different types of defects; for those created up to 800°C the initial state can be recovered by hydrogenation whereas those created at higher temperature cannot be passivated by hydrogenation. We also investigate the formation of n-type passivating contacts by RTP, and we fabricate solar cell precursors with a single RTP step and the same hydrogenation for both contact polarities. After sputtering a transparent conducting ITO layer on the full area and an Ag metallization, we achieve solar cells efficiencies up to 20.5%.

Background: Climate change, a pressing global health issue, impacts ecosystems, environments, and human health, leading to disrupted food systems, reduced crop nutritional value, and increased hunger. Objective: This review covers the food insecurity and mental health challenges that are among the complex impacts of climate change. Method: In this review, we bring together the data from existing research from various reliable databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Our intent is to unravel the complex links between climate change-induced food insecurity and mental health challenges. Results: The review discussed the direct and indirect influence of climate change on mental health, such as the causes of increased stress, anxiety, and depression arising from climate-induced disasters and their socioeconomic effects. The study drives home the crucial requirement for mitigation and adaptation strategies, including going green and transitioning to renewable energy, enhancing agricultural resilience, and providing mental health support to those affected. Thus, this review highlights effective interventions for tackling these interrelated problems. Conclusion: The future vividly demonstrates the necessity of interdisciplinary cooperation, policy alignment, and universal partnership to create a sturdier and environmentally friendly future. Taken together, this review suggests that a strong effort is necessary to address the multifaceted crisis of climate change and food insecurity, including mental health-related issues. Fostering resilience and adaptability will build healthier and more secure communities, mitigating the worst consequences of global warming.

Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has gained attention as a respiratory and neuropathogen, particularly affecting children and causing outbreaks of severe respiratory illness and acute flaccid myelitis. This review explores the current state of knowledge regarding the immunology of EV-D68, delving into the intricate interactions between the virus and the host immune system. From the initial encounter of the virus with the innate immune response to the development of adaptive immunity, we navigate through key aspects of EV-D68 immunology. 1. Innate Immune Response: The journey begins with the recognition of EV-D68 by the innate immune system. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) identify viral components, triggering a cascade of antiviral responses. The role of interferons, natural killer cells, and other innate immune effectors in controlling early viral replication is highlighted. 2. Adaptive Immunity: The adaptive immune system orchestrates a more targeted and specific defense against EV-D68. B cells produce antibodies that recognize and neutralize the virus, while T cells play a crucial role in coordinating and regulating the immune response. This section explores the dynamics of antibody-mediated immunity and the cellular immune response in the context of EV-D68 infection. 3. Viral Evasion Mechanisms: EV-D68 employs various strategies to evade the host immune response, including antigenic variation and interference with host antiviral pathways. Understanding these mechanisms is vital for developing effective countermeasures. 4. Vaccine and Therapeutic Developments: A critical aspect of EV-D68 immunology is the ongoing efforts to develop vaccines and antiviral therapies. This section provides an overview of current research and potential strategies for preventing and treating EV-D68 infections. 5. Future Perspectives: The review concludes by highlighting the gaps in our understanding of EV-D68 immunology and proposing avenues for future research. The importance of a comprehensive approach to tackle this evolving respiratory pathogen is emphasized.

Anxiety, a debilitating mental disorder, significantly impacts daily functioning and social interactions. Despite the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments, patients often face challenges such as treatment resistance, relapse, and adverse reactions. Gen Z individuals experience heightened loneliness due to social media, which exacerbates social anxiety and isolation. Research supports acupuncture as an effective non-pharmacological intervention for anxiety, especially among young people who prefer alternative treatments. However, the mechanisms of electroacupuncture (EA) in alleviating social anxiety are not fully understood. This study examined oxidative stress in microglia within the basolateral amygdala (BLA) to elucidate the mechanisms of EA. Using a mouse model of social isolation (SI), we investigated its therapeutic benefits. Anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated using the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Open Field Test (OFT). Biochemical analyses and immunofluorescence imaging were performed to assess NOX2 expression, microglial morphology, and oxidative stress markers in the BLA. These findings indicate that EA effectively mitigated anxiety-like behaviors, reduced NOX2 expression in BLA microglia, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and improved microglial antioxidant status and morphology. We conclude that social isolation induces oxidative stress, which is ameliorated by EA treatment in the context of anxiety.

Aims: The objective of this study is to describe the disease characteristics of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) in the Southern China. Method: The study included patients who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan Hospital of Chinese Medicine, and Jiangmen Wuyi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital between 2012 and 2023 and were diagnosed with IIM. Demographic, clinical data, and treatment plans were collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 237 patients were included in the study. Women accounted for 65% of the cases, with an average age of 49±16.19 years and a mean follow-up period of 2.48±5.02 years. The main clinical manifestations were fatigue (67.9%), rash (46.0%), and myalgia (45.6%). Other clinical manifestations were interstitial lung disease (ILD, 33.8%), arthralgia (27.0%), heart valve disease (15.2%). The main complications included hypertension (15.2%), hyperlipidemia (13.1%), and diabetes (11.4%). 21.7% had co-infections, and 5.9% had co-occurring tumors. Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) was detected in 55.7%. The most frequent myositis-specific antibodies (MSA) were anti-Jo-1 (13.1%). Elevated creatine kinase (CK) accounted for 65%. The most used medications were glucocorticoids (94.5%), hydroxychloroquine (29.5%), and methotrexate (27.8%). Conclusion: This study provides a comprehensive description of the characteristics of IIM in the Southern China. The findings serve as a basis for future clinical research and the development of treatment strategies for IIM.

Recent advancements in immunotherapy spotlight the pivotal role of macrophages in disease treatment. The polarization of macrophages, wherein these immune cells differentiate into either pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) states, plays a vital role in the therapeutic modulation of a spectrum of diseases. Oligonucleotides have emerged as potent tools for modulating macrophage polarization with high specificity and potential cost-effectiveness compared to traditional therapies. In this review, we delve into the application of oligonucleotides for steering macrophage polarization, introducing how macrophage is polarized and how 4 different kinds of oligonucleotide (ASO, siRNA, agomir/antagomir and aptamer) works, discusses their therapeutic potentials and challenges associated with these strategies, emphasizing the importance of precise, disease-specific interventions by presenting actual examples. While the application of oligonucleotides in clinical faces challenges, we also highlights some recent, significant advances in current trials and the future potential in stimulating macrophages for therapeutic advantages in immunotherapy, signaling a frontier in disease treatment and management.

The first examples of diterpene lactones with an unusual 2-nor-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one nucleus, eufislactones A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana, together with a new (3) and fifteen known biosynthetic congeners (4–18). Compound 1 possesses an unprecedented 2,3-seco-2-nor-ent-atisane diterpenoid skeleton, and 2 features a new 2,3-seco-2-nor-ent-isopimarane diterpenoid core. Their structures incorporating absolute configurations were elucidated via the comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, quantum chemical calculations, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and sin-gle-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Biogenetically, this compound was constructed by the plausible monomeric precursor, ent-atis-16-ene-3,14-dione (6) and ent-isopimara-8(14),15-dien-3-one (17), via key Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, decarboxylation, and recyclization to form an unique 2-nor-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one core. Our bioassays have revealed that eufislactone A (EFA, 1) dis-played significant inhibitory effect on the osteogenic differentiation of human valvular interstitial cells (VICs), highlighting its poten-tial as a preventive agent against the progression of human calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD).

The backwater effect caused by tributary inflow can significantly elevate the water level profile upstream of a confluence point. However, it still remains unclear that how the backwater effect in a river reach is influenced by the mainstream and confluence discharges. In the current study, various hydrological data measured in the Jingjiang Reach were collected. Using the statistical analysis method, the backwater degree and range were then determined under three representative mainstream discharges in the Jingjiang Reach. The results showed that the backwater degree increased with a higher mainstream discharge, and there was a positive relationship between runoff ratio and backwater degree under a certain representative mainstream discharge. The backwater effect in the Jingjiang Reach decreased after the Three Gorges Project operation. For example, the mean values of backwater degree for low, moderate, and high mainstream discharges were 0.83, 1.61, and 2.41 m during the period 1990-2002, whereas they reduced to 0.30, 0.95, and 2.08 m in 2009-2020. In terms of backwater range, it extended upstream with the mainstream discharge increasing from 7000 to 30000 m 3/s. Moreover, a random forest based machine learning model was proposed to quantify the backwater effect under different mainstream and confluence discharges, which can consider the effects of multiple influencing factors, and the impacts of mainstream discharge, confluence discharge, and channel degradation on the backwater effect in the Jingjiang Reach. Taking Jianli station as an example, a decrease in the mainstream discharge during the flood season led to a 7%-15% increase in monthly mean backwater degree, while an increase in mainstream discharge during the dry season led to a 1%-15% decrease in monthly mean backwater degree. The increase in confluence discharge from the Dongting Lake during the periods June to July and September to November resulted in an increase of 11%-42% in monthly backwater degree. The continuous channel degradation led to a decrease of 6%-19% in monthly mean backwater degree. Influenced by a combination of these three factors, the monthly mean backwater degree varied from a decrease of 53% to an increase of 37%.

While advances in catheter design and power delivery combined with increased awareness among operators have given more tools to avoid collateral damage, the results obtained in the accompanied manuscript are a warning that 50W and 90W 4sec LA lesions guided by 400 AI and 5 LSI using TactiCath, STSF, and QDOT MICRO do not provide immunity from significant extracardiac injury.

Long-term excessive use of fertilizers decreases soil productivity, which is detrimental to sustainable agricultural development. The purpose of this paper is to identify organic amendments suitable for winter wheat growth in the North China Plain by studying the effects of organic amendments on the economic benefit and carbon sequestration of winter wheat fields, and to provide a theoretical basis for the wide application of organic amendments. The nitrogen rates were N0 (0 kg/ha) and N240 (240 kg/ha), and the organic amendments were straw, manure, mushroom residue and biochar. The result showed that compared to N0, N240 significantly increased the yield by 244.1%-318.4% and the organic carbon sequestration by 16.7-30.5%, respectively, but increased the carbon emission by 29.3-45.5%. In addition, soil carbon sequestrations increased with three types of organic amendments compared to straw, with the biochar treatment being the largest, increasing carbon sequestration by 13.3-33.6%. In terms of yield and economic benefits, compared to straw, manure and biochar increased yield by 0.0-1.5% and 4.0-13.3%, respectively, and mushroom residue slightly decreased yield, but only the economic benefit of mushroom residue was greater than that of straw, with an increase in economic benefit of 1.3% and 8.2% in the 2021-2022 and 2022-2023, respectively. Furthermore, Net ecosystem productivity showed that N0 and N240 was the source and sink of CO 2, respectively. The TOPSIS results showed that N240 with mushroom residue could be recommended for increasing soil carbon sequestration and economic benefits for winter wheat in the NCP. Low-cost mushroom residue can increase farmer motivation and improve SOC, making a big step forward in the spread of organic amendments.

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is one of the leading causes of death and disabilities, and as such, it is of utmost importance to identify novel treatment options. Current acute treatments for AIS are limited to either thrombectomy or thrombolysis, both of which must be initiated within 4.5-6 hours of symptom onset. Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is a promising non-invasive treatment that is thought to activate the body’s own protective mechanisms against damaging ischemia through circulating microRNAs (miRNAs). Here, we investigate the transcriptional changes in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) transfected with four selected RIC-upregulated miRNAs (RIC-miRNAs), miR-16-5p, miR-144-3p, miR-182-5p, and miR-451a, under oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) - mimicking the initial stages of AIS. Pronounced transcriptional changes were present after RIC-miRNA transfection, with 149 unique downregulated and 212 upregulated differentially expressed genes in HBMECs after OGD and RIC-miRNA transfection compared to all other conditions. These genes were involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA replication and pathways of energy metabolism. However, we saw no direct effect on cell viability after RIC-miRNA transfection and OGD. In conclusion, our study suggests that the selected RIC-miRNAs regulate pathways that may facilitate endothelial cell recovery and remodeling events from ischemic damage, offering new therapeutic avenues for AIS.

In this review paper, we explore the complex relationship between sleep duration and stroke risk, outlining the association of both insufficient sleep and excessive sleep with an increased risk of cerebrovascular diseases. We explore a U-shaped relationship between sleep duration and cardiovascular outcomes, including stroke. Our review explores findings from cohort studies, meta-analyses, and Mendelian randomization studies, highlighting the nuanced findings and identifying gaps in the current literature. We address the direct and indirect effects of sleep duration on stroke risk, considering factors like atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. We also discuss the methodological challenges inherent in current studies, such as the reliance on self-reported sleep measures and the need for more objective and comprehensive assessments. The paper emphasizes the importance of recognizing individual variations in optimal sleep duration and the potential confounding effects of sleep quality and other sleep-related disorders on stroke risk. Furthermore, we explore the potential mechanisms by which sleep duration may influence endothelial function, oxidative stress, and vascular compliance, suggesting areas for future investigation. The paper makes a compelling case for the inclusion of sleep duration as a key factor in stroke prevention strategies, recommending that healthcare professionals proactively assess and manage sleep patterns to mitigate stroke risk.

Plant chemistry mediates interactions between plants and their environment. While intraspecific chemodiversity at the plant level is well-studied, the effects of groups of plants differing in chemistry on interactions need more attention. To test how intraspecific chemodiversity affects plant-arthropod interactions, we manipulated plots of Tanacetum vulgare L., differing in chemotype richness and composition. Over three seasons, we monitored four arthropod groups (herbivores, flower visitors, predators, and ants). We hypothesized that higher plot-level chemotype richness enhances occurrence across all studied arthropod groups and that the effect on abundance would be negative for herbivore and ant abundance and positive for flower visitors and predators. Mixed models revealed that with increasing plot-level chemotype richness, herbivore abundance decreased, flower visitor abundance increased, and predatory arthropods and ants remained largely unaffected. Specific chemotypes influenced community assembly within arthropod groups over time, emphasizing that plant chemical diversity shapes insect communities and contributes to ecosystem dynamics.

Two types of short-time Fourier transforms involving respectively nonlinear modulation and nonlinear translation are designed in this note. Some important properties such as twin in time-frequency domain and orthogonality relations are investigated. Moreover, Lieb type inequalities and uncertainty principle are established.

Characterizing patterns of genetic diversity including evidence of local adaptation is relevant for predicting and managing species recovering from over-exploitation in the face of climate change. Red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) is a species of conservation concern due to recent declines from over-harvesting, disease, and climate change, resulting in the closure of commercial and recreational fisheries. We hypothesized that the environmental mosaic that defines nearshore habitats in the California current ecosystem, including variable pH and temperature, has enriched some regions for locally-adapted genotypes that may be important for species persistence in changing environments. Using whole genome re-sequencing data from 23 populations spanning their entire range (southern Oregon, USA, to Baja California, MEX) we investigated population connectivity and local adaptation to inform management strategies. We discovered high genetic diversity that is shared within and among populations, suggesting high historical range-wide gene flow. Using multiple layers of environmental metadata, we tested for genotype-environment associations that would reveal local adaptation. We found little evidence for large selective sweeps between populations that occupy local habitats that vary by pH, strength of upwelling, chlorophyll, salinity, and sea surface temperature. While related physiological studies reveal evidence of local adaptation to pH in red abalone, our data suggest that the underlying genetic architecture may be polygenic and therefore difficult to detect from traditional genome scans. Overall, red abalone harbor a massive reservoir of genetic diversity that may be important for future adaptation, but adaptive recovery may be limited by current demographic decline. Given the high genetic connectivity across their range, state-mandated regulatory actions would be most effective if aligned across jurisdictional boundaries (i.e., Mexico, California, and Oregon).