Based on a specific case of calculating limit, this paper puts forward an analytical theory for the non convergence caused by the infinite value in this case. This paper proposes that: the algorithm previously applicable on the number field and the complex plane will be extended in the case of infinity, and the algebraic structure of extension can be established. Specifically, the exponential function shows a value approaching 0 under the operation in the case of infinity. The theory can be more c learly explained mathematically through analytical continuation method: firstly, the factorial denominator of Taylor expansion of exponential function that seems to converge on the whole complex plane hides its singular point that it has as the gamma function that has not been continued, and this singularity acts on the number of series items of Taylor expansion and affects the fitting interval of Taylor series. In addition, the analytic continuation function of the exponential function can be found by the method of periodic continuation, so as to demonstrate the feasibility of the analytic continuation mathematically. This paper also makes validation and extended discussion of the theory: by using residue theorem and Jordan lemma to verify the conclusions of the theory, and the residue distribution in Paradise Domain in the direction of pure imaginary number is discussed preliminarily. At last, the paper gives an example of the analysis of divergence product according to the theory, which preliminarily defines an indeterminate product of 0 and infinity and its binary algorithm of multiplication and power, and preliminarily discusses the properties of the two algebraic structures. Finally, it can be obtained that the binary algorithm of multiplication forms a simple and harmonious Abelian semigroup due to the narrow sense of its elements.

Understanding the ecological drivers and limitations of adaptive convergence is a fundamental challenge. Here, we explore how multiple ecological factors, evolutionary history, and chance influence the phenotypic evolution of planktivorous fishes. Using ecomorphological data for over 1600 marine species, we find that planktivores are significantly more similar in phenotype than expected. However, since not all traits undergo strong selection toward a convergent ecomorph, their evolutionary trajectories have not entirely overcome ancestral differences in the multivariate trait space, resulting in conservatism. Traits important in prey detection and capture, such as eye diameter and jaw length, are strongly convergent, while general body size and shape are constrained by deep divisions between clades where historical constraints are most pronounced. We show how adaptive responses to feeding ecology intertwine with other ecological pressures and historical contingency to shape fish phenotype evolution over deep time, offering key insights into the generality of phenotype evolution.

A document by Tim Mair. Click on the document to view its contents.

This study explores the prediction of stress values in glass fiber and epoxy resin laminated composites subjected to tensile loads through advanced artificial intelligence (AI) models. Accurate stress prediction is essential for the design and analysis of composite materials, emphasizing the need for efficient and precise computational methods. To this end, finite element analysis (FEA) software was utilized to simulate the effects of various lamination sequences on composite samples, resulting in a detailed dataset. This dataset was subsequently used to train and evaluate three AI models: Narrow Neural Network (NN), Squared Exponential Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The stress predictions from these AI models were compared against those derived from FEA simulations and validated with experimental data. The results revealed that the GPR and SVM models outperformed the NN model, delivering superior predictive accuracy. Specifically, the GPR and SVM models achieved prediction accuracies of 96.83% and 95.04%, respectively, underscoring their potential for enhancing the analysis of composite materials.

Ransomware attacks have become a significant threat to critical infrastructure, with increasingly sophisticated variants targeting Linux systems, known for their stability and wide use in server environments. To address the limitations of traditional signature-based detection methods, a novel approach is proposed that leverages machine learning through the analysis of Input/Output Request Packet (IRP) data, capturing behavioral patterns unique to ransomware activity. This method enhances detection accuracy by focusing on real-time file system interactions, allowing the Random Forest model to differentiate between benign and malicious processes with precision. Through extensive simulations and data collection, the model was able to achieve high performance metrics, including low false positive rates, and exhibited adaptability in identifying previously unseen ransomware strains. The use of IRP data for feature extraction offers a more granular understanding of system behavior during ransomware execution, making this approach particularly effective in detecting attacks before significant encryption occurs. Overall, this methodology provides a robust, scalable solution for detecting ransomware in Linux environments, which could be further adapted for broader system monitoring applications.

Massive hemoptysis in a patient with Eisenmenger syndrome, polysplenia and transverse liverMohsen Shafiepour M.D 1, Behnam Dalfardi M.D2, Ali Nemati M.D 3, Sina Bakhshaei M.D 4, Elahenaz Parsimood M.D 5Assistant Professor of Pulmonology; Afzalipour Hospital Research Center‚ Kerman University of Medical Sciences‚ Kerman‚ Iran.Email: m.shafiepour@kmu.ac.irAdvanced Thoracic Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranEmail: B.dalfardi@kmu.ac.irAssistant Professor of Hematology and oncology, Afzalipour Hospital Research Center‚ Kerman University of Medical Sciences‚ Kerman‚ Iran.Email: ali_nemati802002@kmu.ac.irInternal medicine resident, UHS SoCal MEC, Temecula, California, USAEmail: sina.bakhshaei@uhsinc.comcardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (Corresponding author)Email: eliprs5@gmail.comAbstractIntroduction : Hemoptysis is defined as blood-streaked sputum from the lower parts of the respiratory tract. Hemoptysis, even in small amounts, is a frightening and an alarm sign for possible underlying conditions such as infections, pulmonary diseases, neoplastic conditions, cardiovascular alterations, vasculitis, traumatic events, hematological derangements, and iatrogenic or drug-induced events. The initial step in the evaluation of hemoptysis is to determine the source of bleeding.Case presentation : Herein, we report an unusual case of massive hemoptysis in a young patient with polysplenia and Pulmonary Artery Hypertension (PAH) in the setting of Eisenmenger syndrome. Chest radiography was suggestive of multiple lung opacities bilaterally. Chest Computed Tomography (CT) revealed a non-heterogeneous mass-like lesion measuring 4 × 5.2 × 5.6 cm in the superior segment of the inferior lobe of the left lung, concerning for accessory spleen. The patient underwent Video bronchoscopy, which showed tracheomalacia and active bleeding in the left main bronchus. The bleeding was controlled by Argon Plasma Coagulation (APC) technique. Broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) was negative for acid-fast bacilli on staining and on culture. After stabilization, the patient was discharged home on medical management for PAH. On two-week follow-up, imaging revealed resolution of the pulmonary mass-like lesion.Conclusion : Our report highlights the importance of bronchoscopy in determining the bleeding source in patients with hemoptysis and managing it via the APC technique.Keywords: Hemoptysis; Pulmonary Hypertension; Eisenmenger syndrome; Polysplenia; Transverse liverINTRODUCTIONHemoptysis is defined as blood-streaked sputum from the lower parts of the respiratory tract. The initial step in the evaluation of hemoptysis is to determine the source of bleeding. Pseudo hemoptysis, which refers to blood expectoration via a source other than the bronchial or pulmonary system, should be ruled out by history and physical examination (1).Hemoptysis, even in small amounts, is a frightening and alarm sign. The clinical spectrum ranges from minor blood-stained sputum to major bleeding causing respiratory failure and hemodynamic instability. Underlying causes may vary from benign self-limiting conditions to severe and potentially life-threatening conditions. In terms of severity, hemoptysis is considered scant when presents with bleeding <5 mL, mild when <20 mL, and moderate when >20 ml, while massive hemoptysis is defined as bleeding amount of 100 mL/24 hours or more (2).Hemoptysis may derive from multiple underlying conditions, such as infections, pulmonary diseases, neoplastic conditions, cardiovascular alterations, vasculitis, traumatic events, hematological derangements, and iatrogenic or drug-induced events (Table 1) (3).In adults, acute respiratory tract infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia), bronchiectasis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and malignancy are the most common etiologies. Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of hemoptysis in endemic regions and in developing countries (4). However, in industrialized areas, bronchial carcinoma and bronchiectasis are more common culprits.Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a serious condition causing progressive obstruction and obliteration of the pulmonary vascular bed. PAH is a rare cause of hemoptysis, which is responsible for 0.2- 4% of the cases. Although, hemoptysis is a relatively more common finding in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome (1).In the past, depending on the severity and etiology of hemoptysis, several management strategies were recommended including supportive care, surgical resection, and lung transplant. Currently, the more commonly used strategy is bronchial artery embolization (BAE). In this technique, a particulate material is injected into angiographically identified abnormal bronchial arteries, helping in hemostasis. BAE is usually well tolerated; however recurrent bleeding is commonly associated with the procedure (6).Herein, we report a case of hemoptysis in a patient with Eisenmenger syndrome and polysplenia. We aim to portray the importance of bronchoscopy as both a diagnostic and therapeutic tool, which helped us to identify the source of bleeding and manage it via the BAE technique.CASE DESCRIPTIONHistoryA 34-year-old female with past medical history of Eisenmenger syndrome in the setting of Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), who presented with 10 days’ history of cough, hemoptysis (about 300 ml/day), pleuritic chest pain, and exertional dyspnea. She did not report any fever, gum bleeding, or epistaxis.ExaminationOn physical examination the patient was tachypneic, tachycardic, and hypoxic with oxygen saturation of 85% in room air. Chest auscultation revealed left upper lobe crackles and holosystolic murmur in the lower sternal border. Also, she was found to have clubbing in her hands bilaterally.METHODS (DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS, INVESTIGATIONS, AND TREATMENT)Laboratory findings were significant for microcytic anemia (Hemoglobin 10.6 gm/dl), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) at 23 mm/hr., and negative sputum for both Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) stain and geneXpert. Chest radiograph revealed non-homogenous opacities in both lungs (figure 1). Computed tomography (CT) Chest showed a non-heterogeneous mass like lesion measuring 4 × 5.2 × 5.6 cm in superior segment of inferior lobe of the left lung (figure 2), in addition to a transversus liver and multiple spleens were noted (Figure 3). Echocardiography was remarkable for mild Pulmonary valve insufficiency, Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) of 80 mmHg, abnormal septal motion, large membranous VSD, severe right ventricular (RV) enlargement, and left ventricular Ejection fraction (LVEF) of 55%.

Objective To investigate the alignment between complaints, litigation cases, and significant untoward incidents (SUIs) at the Coombe Hospital, Dublin, following the release of Ireland’s national maternity strategy in 2016. Design A retrospective cohort study comparing complaints, litigation cases, and SUIs using statistical analysis. Setting Coombe Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Sample The study analysed 1037 written complaints, 104 formal litigation cases, and 124 SUI reports from the hospital between 2016 and 2023. Methods Data were collected from the Quality Patient Safety Department at the Coombe Hospital, anonymized, and categorized using a hybrid system based on the Health Service Executive charter and Coombe Hospital’s complaint system. Complaints with multiple issues were assigned multiple codes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, and data visualization was completed with R’s ggplot2 library. A Chi-squared test (χ 2) was used to compare the data categories. Main Outcome Measures Identification of statistical relationships between complaints, litigation cases, and SUIs. Results There were significant differences between complaints and litigation cases (χ 2 = 221.4, p < 0.001) and between complaints and SUIs (χ 2 = 263.1, p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between litigation cases and SUIs (χ 2 = 4.0, p = 0.14), suggesting that similar issues trigger both legal action and classification as SUIs. Conclusions Investment in the SUI system is crucial for fostering a culture of continuous learning in maternity care. Insights from SUIs can help identify areas for improvement and potentially reduce litigation by enhancing patient safety.

Alexander Archipelago wolves are an ecologically and genetically distinct subspecies of gray wolf endemic to the coastal regions of Southeast Alaska. Post-logging forest succession has led to the depletion of Alexander Archipelago wolves’ primary prey - Sitka black-tailed deer. The use of marine prey by some wolves has been suggested to increase population resilience to declines in ungulate prey, yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms mediating this dietary shift. Environmentally sensitive epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, provide an important avenue through which ecological effects can impact animal behavior. Yet, the relationship between DNA methylation and diet has not been explored in wild carnivores, leaving questions about the sensitivity of epigenetic modifications to dietary processes unanswered. To address this gap, we profiled genome-wide DNA methylation among 152 Alexander Archipelago wolves and coupled this data with information on wolves’ diet. K-means clustering grouped wolves into three dietary clusters corresponding to wolves’ use of marine versus terrestrial sourced prey. We detected 1,263 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between wolves from these dietary clusters. Compared to terrestrial wolves, marine-oriented wolves were hypermethylated at 96% of DMRs, possibly reflecting a higher consumption of marine derived polyunsaturated fatty acids. DMRs associated with diet were distinct from those associated with neutral genetic variation, suggesting that patterns of DNA methylation can distinguish between aspects of diversity related to diet versus genetic population structure. Our findings suggest that DNA methylation could represent an important molecular marker to investigate population differences in ecologically relevant behavioral traits.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is seeing tremendous growth and has significant promise for enhancing service delivery. The emergence of AI has resulted in a fundamental transformation in multiple industries, notably the healthcare sector. Artificial Intelligence (AI), due to its capacity to replicate human cognitive processes and acquire knowledge through experiential learning, can significantly transform healthcare services. Nevertheless, notwithstanding the prospective advantages, there exists several obstacles that necessitate resolution to comprehensively incorporate and optimize the capabilities of AI inside the healthcare domain. This review aims to explore the challenges of AI applications in healthcare settings. This was a scoping review. Database search was conducted involving five databases namely Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, and Google Scholar using Boolean Operators for relevant terms. Included studies involved studies on different healthcare settings and focus on AI and its challenges in terms of implementation. Non-original articles and articles which did not fit into the research questions and were not aligned with AI or machine learning definitions were excluded. A total of 2794 articles were published between January 2018 to September 2023, with 21 articles included in this review. Most of the studies were conducted in North America (38.1%, n = 8), followed by Europe (28.5%, n = 6), Asia (19.0%, n = 4), Worldwide (9.5%, n = 2), and Africa (4.7%, n = 1). Most of the studies were cross-sectional (42.8%, n= 9). The most common healthcare setting was acute care (64.5%, n = 60), followed by qualitative study (19.0%, n=4), predictive study (14.2%, n= 3), case-control study (9.5%, n=2) and one each of mixed method and randomized control trial. This review’s findings emphasize the need for a well-considered and holistic approach to integrating AI into healthcare to maximize its benefits while addressing difficulties and guaranteeing patient safety and well-being.

IntroductionLeprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease, is an infamous chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae andMycobacterium lepromatosis . These pathogens predominantly affect the skin and peripheral nerves. Although leprosy is known to have been eradicated in many parts of the world, it remains a major concern in developing countries, including India. Lepra reactions are immunological reactions that can complicate the course of the disease and can be a significant burden to the patient, irrespective of the status of multidrug therapy. That is, these reactions can occur before, during or after the completion of multidrug therapy [1].Lepra reactions can manifest in two types: type 1 and type 2 reactions. Type 1 reactions, also known as reversal reactions, are characterized by the development of acute inflammatory changes in skin lesions with or without neuritis, and it usually affects borderline forms of leprosy. Type 2 reactions, often referred to as erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), typically present with constitutional symptoms, accompanied by crops of painful, erythematous, cutaneous nodules or plaques, with patients frequently experiencing multiple episodes. This type of reaction is commonly associated with lepromatous type of leprosy. ENL lesions are usually managed with the use of prednisone and thalidomide [2].While ENL typically presents with tender erythematous nodules, instances of atypical presentations of ENL such as vesiculo-bullous lesions (46% of atypical presentations), ulcero-necrotic lesions (41%), erythema multiforme-like lesions (28%), Sweet’s syndrome-like lesions (11%) and pustules (9%) are rarely found in the annals of medical literature [3]. Recently, we encountered an unusual case of bullous ENL. This article offers a comprehensive account of this distinctive presentation.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown A case report of a pregnancy complicated by sigmoid volvulus in the extreme preterm gestational age Authors list: Corresponding Author: Naghmeh Kian (School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. naghmeh.kian78@gmail.com) Co-author: Atefeh Moridi (Preventive Gynecology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. moridi59@gmail.com) Key Clinical Message Intestinal obstruction including sigmoid volvulus is an unusual incident during pregnancy which might be mismanaged due to the lack of clinical suspicion or delayed action. This study provides useful information in regards to timely diagnosis and practical methods of management in order to prevent gestational morbidity and mortality. 0.1 Abstract Intestinal obstruction is a rare but life-threatening incidence in pregnancy. Diagnosis can be challenging for clinicians as the symptoms might be approached as other common obstetric complications. Performing radiological and abdominal surgery are also areas of great concern in this field; since radiologic studies inevitably expose the fetus to radiation and the treatment options mostly involve surgery that is worrisome during gestation. The maternal and fetal outcomes are dependent on timely diagnosis and management; as intestinal perforation, necrosis and peritonitis can happen and lead to fetal or maternal mortality or morbidity. In this study, we present a challenging case of a 36-year-old pregnant women with severe abdominal pain and distension that emergently underwent surgery after the diagnosis of sigmoid volvulus without the gestation being discontinued. To our knowledge, our study presents one of the rarest cases of intestinal obstruction during pregnancy that was managed surgically without pregnancy termination. Further we will discuss intestinal obstruction in pregnancy based the current literature. Keywords: intestinal obstruction, volvulus, pregnancy, OB & GYN 0.2 Introduction Obstruction of the intestinal lumen is uncommon during pregnancy and is reported to happen from one in 1500 to one in 66,431 pregnancies (1). Since first described by Dr. Braun in 1885, Sigmoid volvulus is known as a common type of intestinal obstruction and is reported in 44% of pregnant cases with intestinal obstruction (2, 3). In the first, second, and third trimesters, sigmoid volvulus reportedly happened in 6%, 19%, and 54% of cases, and in 21% in the postpartum period (4). The most common causes of intestinal obstruction are adhesion, volvulus, intussusception, carcinoma, hernia and appendicitis (4). The clinical presentation during pregnancy might be obscure due to the physiological changes of maternal body, thus making quick diagnosis and timely management a challenge (5). With that being said, intestinal obstruction is a diagnosis that can be made when high amount of clinical suspicion is present or otherwise it will be missed and might lead to bowel ischemia, necrosis, perforation, peritonitis, sepsis, preterm labor and both fetal and maternal death (6). The decision to perform a radiological study (e.g. a CT scan in our case) is often not favorable during pregnancy due to the concerns for fetal radiation exposure. However, an abdominal contrast-enhanced CT scan which is available in most centers including ours, provides a definitive diagnosis in a short amount of time and determines the exact site of obstruction for further intervention (7, 8). The type of intervention and the decision to finish the pregnancy is dependent on the gestational age, clinical scenario, the extent of bowl ischemia and the viability of the fetus. In this study, we present a 36-year-old multiparous women in her 24th weeks’ gestation who was diagnosed with sigmoid volvulus after an oral contrast enhanced- abdominal CT scan and underwent a Hartman procedure emergently without the pregnancy being discontinued. 0.3 Case history/examination Our case was a 36-year-old multiparous women in her 24th weeks’ gestation who came to the emergency room of Mahdieh OB&GYN hospital, complaining of abdominal pain. The patient had an uneventful pregnancy until three days ago when she started feeling an abdominal pain and pressure which increased in severity day by day. She was unable to defecate and pass gas in the last three days. She has had visited several doctors for her constipation and received plenty of bisacodyl prescriptions which did not change her condition. She had given birth to four healthy kids and had no history of abortion or fetal death. The first two deliveries were performed vaginally but the last two children were delivered by cesarean section due to breech position and repeated cesarean, respectfully. Her last pregnancy dated back to 6 years ago. The patient did not receive any prenatal care during this pregnancy. Except for bisacodyl suppositories in the last three days, the patient was taking no medications other than routine supplements. She declared no past medical condition and no history of surgery other than the cesarean sections. 0.1 Abstract

Environmental DNA (eDNA) has emerged as a crucial tool for monitoring terrestrial animals, yet numerous variables can influence species detection. Among these, the choice of sampling substrate and method is paramount and should align with the specific research objectives. This review provides a thorough overview of eDNA sampling methods and substrates, focusing on their effectiveness in detecting species across various spatiotemporal scales. We categorize substrates into three groups: abiotic (soil, water, air), biotic (invertebrate, spiderweb, plant tissue, plant swab), and trace (scat, material with trace, material from artificial setup). Additionally, we address key processes leading to false-negatives and -positives due to spatial and temporal mismatches between the eDNA source and the sampling. Practical considerations for designing sampling plans are also discussed, including strategies to enhance detection accuracy and considerations tailored to specific taxa and habitats.

Biopharming, using genetically modified plants to produce pharmaceutical compounds, has emerged as a promising approach in biotechnology. This paper explores the current state of biopharming, highlighting recent advancements, challenges, and prospects. The medical database search was conducted to obtain all epidemiological studies of the past two decades between 2000 and 2024. The review considers several advantages of plant-based systems against the microbial and mammalian cell cultures that are expensive, challenging to scale up and prone to pathogen invasion. Some biopharming plant species are explained in the particular area or study: Nicotiana benthamiana, Oryza sativa, and Lactuca sativa. Furthermore, the paper addresses the challenges of overviewing the regulatory barriers to plant-made pharmaceuticals, as well as the major ethical issues arising from the commercialization of the technology. The following broad research proposal is intended to shed light on the opportunities of biopharming to change the current state of the pharmaceutical industry and meet the global demand for drugs.

A document by Ata Garajei. Click on the document to view its contents.

In this paper we will propose a class of generalized Kantorovich type operators constructed using a general differential operator with non-constant coefficients D l g ( x ) = ∑ i = 0 l a i ( x ) g ( i ) ( x ) and its corresponding antiderivative operator I l with respect to the composition D l ◦ I l = I d . The operators studied are of the type K n = D l ◦ L n ◦ I l where L n are positive linear operators. For these operators we will prove an approximation result and a Voronovskaja type theorem. Also, a simultaneous approximation result will be provided for a particular case. The operators studied in this paper are linear but not positive operators.

Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, the causal agent of Ash Dieback (ADB), has been introduced to eastern Europe in the 1990s from where it spread causing decline in European ash populations. However, the genetic basis of the molecular response in tolerant and susceptible ash trees to this disease is still largely unknown. We performed RNA-sequencing to study the transcriptomic response to the disease in four ash genotypes (ADB-tolerant FAR3 and FS36, and ADB-susceptible UW1 and UW2), during a time-course of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-inoculation, including mock-infected trees as control samples for each sampling time point. The analysis yielded 395 and 500 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) along the response for ADB-tolerant FAR3 and FS36, respectively, while ADB-susceptible UW1 and UW2 revealed 194 and 571 DEGs, respectively, with most DEGs found exclusively in just one of the genotypes. DEGs shared between tolerant genotypes FAR3 and FS36, included genes involved in the production of phytoalexins and other secondary metabolites with roles in plant defense. Moreover, we identified an earlier expression of genes involved in both pattern- and effector-triggered immunity (PTI and ETI) in ADB-tolerant genotypes, while in ADB-susceptible genotypes both responses were delayed (late response). Overall, these results revealed different transcriptomic expression patterns not only between ADB-tolerant and ADB-susceptible genotypes, but also within these two groups. This hints to individual response in the natural tolerance to ADB, possibly revealing diversified strategies across ash genotypes.

Fraxinus Mandshurica Rupr. is one of the major hardwood species in Northeast of China and is a valuable timber forest. However, drought in the seedling stage severely restricts its growth and wood formation. In this study, we used defense signaling molecules, salicylic acid (SA), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), and plant endophytes (FMR21, Fungal sp. and FMR22, Alternaria tenuissima) to explore their role for drought tolerance in F. mandshurica seedlings. The results showed that 50mg/L SA, 20-30mg/L ZnO-NPs, endophytic fungi FMR21+FMR22 have improved significantly the drought resistance. The plant height and root activity of seedlings treatment with SA+FMR21+FMR22(SA+FMR) soaked seeds treatment were increased by 31.25% and 82.95%, respectively. The net photosynthetic rate and the lignin content were increased by 2.21 times and by 1.66 times. Nitrogen content in leaf was increased by more than 60% after spraying 50mg/L SA and SA+FMR fungal solution, and the contents of flavonoids, polyphenols, and lignin in stem skin and leaves were effectively increased by more than 20% compared with the control. The above results were verified by field experiment in arid area of Heilongjiang Province. Further, the transcriptome analysis of SA-induced F. mandshurica seedlings showed 1343 differential genes, of which 764 were up-regulated and 579 down-regulated. The differential genes were mainly concentrated in plant-pathogen interaction, MAPK pathway, and phenylpropane pathway. And found that, under drought stress, spraying SA enhanced the expression of WRKY transcription factor genes and the expression of NPR1, TGA and four 4CL genes, thus promoting the accumulation of secondary metabolites and stress resistance substances, which may indicate the reason why SA improves drought resistance in F. mandshurica. This study provided establishment of drought-resistant cultivation technology and important marker genes for early breeding of drought-resistant varieties of F. mandshurica.

In eusocial insects, social parasitism - the exploitation of the host’s brood care behaviour for survival and reproduction – can occur either within or between species. Parasite queens invade host nests and aggressively replace the resident queen. While the adoption of conspecific queens is a common feature of species with multi-queen colonies (polygyny), the origin of parasitic founding is not fully understood. Functionally monogynous ants, in which nestmate queens establish social and reproductive hierarchies by biting and antennal boxing, might provide a link between peaceful adoption and social parasitism. In this study we aimed to evaluate whether alien queens might usurp colonies of the functionally monogynous ant Leptothorax gredleri. Ovary dissection of queens from 33 nests showed that multiple queens with developed ovaries can occasionally cooccur in the same nest. Genetic analysis highlighted frequent exchanges of the dominant queens. We evidenced that alien queens may take over reproduction, suggesting possible occurrences of intraspecific social parasitism in L. gredleri.

A corner stone of Physics is the Energy Conservation principle which states that the Energy is always conserved and that the Energy, embedded in the Universe, cannot disappear or be created from nothing. This should imply that the Total amount of the Energy, which is embedded in the whole Universe, must be a constant value. This, might also imply, as will be elaborated in the paper, that the evaluated amount of an Energy should not be relative to a specific spectator, which performs the evaluation of this amount of this Energy, and all spectators, evaluating the Total Energy Content of several specific Energy components, in the Universe, should conclude, that these specific Energy components, contain the same Total amount of Energy, as each of the spectators evaluated. However, this paper provides significant arguments that the Energy might be also relative to the spectator, and that two separate spectators, evaluating the Total Energy Content of several specific Energy components, in the Universe, might arrive at different results, relating to this Total Energy Content, of these several specific Energy components, which they evaluated. The paper also elaborates on the Implications of the conclusion that the Energy might be also relative. 1. Arguments that the Energy might be also relative A corner stone of Physics is the Energy Conservation principle which states that any amount of the Energy which is embedded in the whole Universe, cannot disappear or be created from nothing.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown A 0.9-V low-power VCO by using TSMC 0.18-μm CMOS process has been proposed. A cross-coupled gain enhancement multiple-gate circuit is proposed for lowering phase noise. The gates of the tail transistors are driven by the differential fundamental oscillation signals from the cross-coupled pair. The second order harmonic signals of the oscillation signals at the drains of the tail transistors can be enlarged. The proposed circuit uses the enlarged second order harmonic signals for increasing the differential fundamental signal power without extra power consumption. The proposed circuit can also provide higher output impedance and voltage gain than conventional common-source cross-coupled pair. The measured results show the phase noise at 1 MHz offset frequency from the carrier signal is -119.2 dBc/Hz with 1/f3 corner frequency of 21 kHz while the control voltage is 0.5 V. The frequency tuning range is from 2.29 to 2.37 GHz under power consumption 1 mW. The figure of merit at 1 MHz offset frequency from the carrier signal is -187 dBc/Hz.

Background and Purpose: Ischemic stroke is a complex neurological diseases with limited therapeutic approaches. Baicalin-Liquiritin (BA-LI) are effective components isolated from Scutellariae radix and Glycyrrhiza glabra which possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, whether BA-LI has beneficial effects on ischemic stroke as well as its underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Experimental Approach: In order to investigate the protective effect of BA-LI on ischemic stroke and its molecular mechanism, we constructed an in vitro oxygen glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R) model as well as the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO/R) model and detected the relevant indexes and the expression of Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways related proteins. Results: BA-LI could effectively reduce the volume of cerebral infarction in MCAO/R mice, activate Keap/Nrf2 signaling, and the expression of anti-inflammatory factors TGF-β1 and IL-10 was elevated after administration of BA-LI, and BA-LI had a protective effect on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice; in vitro OGD/R model was constructed by using BV2 cells, and 5uM BA-LI was able to significantly increase cell viability and down regulate Keap protein expression, upregulated Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expression, and increased the levels of M1 and M2 inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α. Conclusion: BA-LI attenuates cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury via Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, and is a promising novel therapeutic candidate for ischemic stroke. Key Words: Ischemic stroke, Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury，Baicalin, Liquiritin, Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways

IntroductionEndometriosis was first described by Rokitansky in 1860. It refers to the appearance of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. The incidence rate of endometriosis in women of childbearing age is about 10%–12%; in 5%–12% of cases, it may involve the intestines[1]. Colorectal endometriosis may lead to myriad symptoms, such as alteration in bowel habits (constipation/diarrhea), abdominal pain, dyspareunia (difficulty in sexual intercourse), and infertility [2], which have a significant impact on the quality of life of the patient. Due to the lack of specificity in clinical manifestations and related examinations (including endoscopy), the diagnosis of colorectal endometriosis poses a significant challenge to physicians [3]. This case was detected during colonoscopy examination. Previous reports have only rarely described the manifestations of this disease under colonoscopy. Here we report a case of colorectal endometriosis and review the relevant literature. By reviewing this case, we hope to increase awareness about the endoscopic manifestations of the lesion, which may improve chances of early diagnosis.

Background: Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in early wound healing by providing essential nutrients and oxygen to tissue cells, supporting the growth of epithelial and other tissue cells. The essence of angiogenesis lies in the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. Pilose antler extract (PAE) accelerates early-stage wound healing. Proteomic analysis shows its role in vascular tension regulation, cell migration, and angiogenesis. Objective: This study aims to investigate the effects and pharmacological mechanisms of PAE on angiogenesis and vascular maturation during early wound healing. Methods: We used a full-thickness skin excision model in rats, utilizing endothelial cell analysis to examine PAE’s regulatory mechanisms on angiogenesis. Results: PAE accelerates vascular network formation and blood flow restoration in early wound healing. It promotes proliferation, migration, and formation of endothelial tubular structures by activating the PI3K-AKT pathway, upregulating VEGFR2 and p-AKT1 in endothelial cells. PAE also regulates Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tek expression, demonstrating time-dependent effects on angiogenesis and remodeling during healing. The positive effects of PAE on wound healing and blood flow recovery are counteracted when LY294002 inhibits PI3K activity. Conclusion: Local treatment with PAE increases VEGFR2 expression and activates the PI3K-AKT pathway to promote angiogenesis and accelerate wound healing while regulating Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tek expression, accelerating vascular maturation, and promoting functional vessel formation. Our study first reveals that PAE promotes angiogenesis by activating the PI3K-AKT pathway. Additionally, we monitored PAE’s time-dependent regulation of angiogenesis and remodeling, highlighting its role in maintaining balance.

Over the past few decades, there was a remarkable attempt to broaden the technical application of natural/synthetic and cellulosic fiber-based polymer composites for modern use. These materials have received tremendous interest from engineers, manufacturers, and scientists to provide promising solutions to sophisticated engineering challenges and become the central subjects for environmentalists, researchers, and governments for great potential in various applications. The dynamic characteristics of manufactured fuel cells offer an excellent fortune in manufacturing multipurpose engineering materials for high-end use. Most researchers revolve around optimizing the properties of manufactured fuel cells, which are investigated. This work contributes to knowledge by critically highlighting the use of natural/synthetic and cellulosic materials in different applications and their recent progress in predicting their dynamic modifications for optimizing PEMFCs. The aspects of various designs, manufacturing processes, modeling, and optimization techniques employed for fuel cells are also critically reviewed. At the end, future challenges and trends in using advanced materials in fuel cell technology are illustrated. It can be argued that fuel cells made of cellulose are promising candidates for improved performance.