This paper aims to establish a spectral inequality for a one-dimensional degenerate/singular elliptic operator, derived from a new Carleman estimate for the corresponding augmented operator. We also examine its applications to obtain new and improved results on impulse approximate controllability, null controllability on measurable time intervals, and finite-time stabilization for the associated degenerate/singular parabolic equations.

This study investigates the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of chloroform fractions derived from Acanthospermum glabratum. Reducing power and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays revealed that the ethanol-chloroform fraction possessed the highest antioxidant potential. Antibacterial activity was examined against clinical isolates including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Bacillus cereus, with significant zones of inhibition and MIC values ranging between 0.031 and 0.125 mg/ml. These findings support the potential of A. glabratum as a source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents.

This paper introduces a formal mathematical model of subject formation via early maternal interaction, applying “Alpay Algebra” to structure the psychoanalytic dynamics of the mother-child relationship. Drawing on Winnicott’s maternal mirror and Lacan’s primordial unity, the model encodes symbolic traces of care and absence as recursive identity operations. Each interaction is translated into algebraic form, constructing a ψₘₘ-layer—a symbolic domain in which subjectivity crystallizes through recursive maternal resonance. This framework bridges mathematical formalism with phenomenological insights, offering philosophers of language, psychoanalysis, and metaphysics a precise vocabulary for the ontology of the self. Dedicated to my mother-the origin of χ, the rhythm of λ, and the infinite longing of Ξ ∞ .

We report an updated perspective on what autistic rituals and routines are because there is too little recognition of their variable appearances and underpinning functions. We conducted a novel Constructivist Grounded Delphi study with autistic young people as the experts (n=12) to reach consensus over three rounds. Rituals were autistic when they had a ‘have to do it’ quality, met personal limits (number, order, colour), and managed anxiety by subjectively organising the day (often linked to a belief that things will be OK). Examples were attention to left/right when dressing, counting when walking, or ending social interactions in a set way. Routines organised activities of daily living, and were used mostly at meals and bedtime. Autistic rituals and routines were characterised specifically by their emotional meaning and disruption to wellbeing when denied. We share this update with autistic people, their families, clinicians, and researchers who align with a non-pathologising approach.

The impact of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine on innate immunity is not well understood. However, it has played a pivotal role in reducing COVID-19 severity and mortality. Recent findings have revealed that vaccine efficacy is influenced not only by the effective activation of adaptive immunity, but also by the modulation of innate immunity. This study evaluates the natural killer (NK) cell response and its relationship with type I interferon (IFN-I) gene expression in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients who had previously received the anti-spike vaccine, as well as in unvaccinated patients. Vaccinated individuals showed a higher frequency of NK NK CD56dim CD16- cells and increased IFN-α2 and IFN-ω mRNA expression (p < 0.05). By contrast, unvaccinated patients displayed a predominance of NK CD56dim CD16+ cells and reduced IFN-I gene expression (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between IFN-I levels and the frequency of NK CD56dim CD16- cells and a negative correlation between IFN-I levels and NK CD56dim CD16+ cells. Furthermore, despite having more comorbidities, vaccinated patients had faster SARS-CoV-2 clearance, which reinforces the immunological advantage conferred by vaccination. Together, these findings suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine can modify the innate immune response by enhancing the NK cell response and increasing the magnitude of IFN-I production during SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The development of safe lithium metal batteries (LMBs) is critical for practical applications with high-energy-density demanding. In this study, a phosphorus-containing diethyl vinylphosphonate (DEVP)-based gel polymer electrolyte (PD-VI GPE) with high ionic conductivity of 6.38 mS cm⁻¹ is prepared by in-situ γ-ray radiation polymerization. The PD-VI GPE induces the formation of a uniform, dense fluorine- and phosphorus-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in Li||Cu coin cells, effectively suppressing interfacial side reactions and enabling stable lithium deposition. Pouch cells assembled with the PD-VI GPE (2 g Ah⁻¹) exhibit a specific energy of 420 Wh kg⁻¹ with 89% capacity retention over 80 cycles. A novel in-situ separator thermal shrinkage assay reveals that the PD-VI GPE-coated Celgard separator maintains structural integrity at 129 ℃. Phosphorus-functional groups in the PD-VI GPE act as oxygen radical scavengers, inhibiting cathode-derived O2 evolution in abusive conditions. Thus, LMBs assembled with the PD-VI GPE demonstrate suppressed thermal runaway and mechanical abuse tolerance. This study establishes a material design paradigm that concurrently addresses interfacial stability and safety challenges, paving the way for the application of LMBs in energy systems with high safety requirements.

This study sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes of three Camaenidae snail species (Acusta ravida, Bradybaena similaris, Trichobradybaena submissa). Each mitogenome contained the typical 37 genes (13 PCGs, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs), with most tRNAs forming clover structures (except trnK, trnH, trnN trnS1, trnS2 and trnR). Comparative analysis with nine existing Camaenidae mitogenomes revealed : (1) The nucleotide composition of mitochondrial genes was significantly skewed toward A and T; (2) Most protein genes used ATN start codons and TAA/T stop codons;; (3) Synonymous codons ending with T/A were dominant. Analyses (PR2-plot, neutrality plot) indicated codon usage was influenced by both mutation pressure and natural selection. Phylogenetically, the three newly sequenced species clustered within Bradybaeninae of Camaenidae, consistent with previous classifications. The results support Hygromiidae and Geomitridae as sister groups, and identify Polygyridae as the sister clade to Camaenidae. Additionally, they also partially support elevating Satsuma and its subgenus to subfamily status. This study enriches mitogenomic resources for Camaenidae and provides foundational data for future research on codon usage, adaptive evolution, and phylogenetics within this family.

Canine heartworm disease is caused by a mosquito-transmitted filarial nematode, Dirofilaria immitis, and the observed heterogenous global distribution of D. immitis cannot be fully explained by the distribution of its vectors. Transmission of D. immitis requires maturation of larvae within the mosquito, requiring a sustained ambient temperature above 14˚C. Lower temperatures may limit transmissibility, with areas experiencing either year-round or seasonal Temperature Limited Transmissibility (TLT) reporting lower, apparently restricted, prevalence compared to areas never experiencing TLT, having the potential to become hyperendemic in the dog population and resulting in a zoonotic risk. We used weather records to investigate the effect of climate change on global D. immitis transmissibility since 1980 and investigated three different carbon emissions scenarios to assess the future impact of projected climate changes in the years 2040, 2070 and 2100. Since 1980, climate change has had a limited impacted on the epidemiology of D. immitis. Areas with hyperendemic potential (never experiencing TLT) increased in land area coverage by 10.7% but had no significant increase to human population coverage, although the portion of the globe experiencing year-round TLT has reduced significantly in land area coverage by 30.2% and human population coverage by 68.8%. Projected climate change is likely to have an impact on the epidemiology of D. immitis by extending the parts of the globe with hyperendemic potential into densely populated areas, impacting both dog and human populations. These changes are independent to changes in mosquito range changes and may approximate changes of other infectious diseases with similar extrinsic incubation.

We formalize the ϕ^∞ framework as a transfinite fixed-point formalism for recursive knowledge structures, proving that ϕ^∞ is a unique mathematical construct introduced by Faruk Alpay. Any contradiction in the ϕ^∞ axioms leads to an epistemic collapse of the underlying logical system, underscoring the framework's consistency requirements. We develop a rigorous category-theoretic foundation for consequence mining on ϕ^∞-structured information systems, defining recursive inference operators, ordinal-indexed derivations, and formal language dynamics. A detailed example on Arweave (transaction ID qgNF182FXa-WMuhK4LfrQxOiMIvPyGXxflqHlqV7BUo) demonstrates how consequences are iteratively derived from an immutable knowledge substrate, then measured, weighted, and projected. We use symbolic tensor calculus and algebraic recursion to encode knowledge states and their evolution. We prove that ϕ^∞-guided consequence mining yields a convergent closure of knowledge-a fixed point containing all logical consequences-and we quantify collapse dynamics when observational feedback is introduced. Collapse risk metrics are defined to measure proximity to inconsistency or "temporal identity drift," linking our formalism to observer-dependent collapse phenomena in AI systems and to global distributed cognition. Finally, we show how consequence mining on ϕ^∞ supports the aims of the Global Consciousness Project 2.0 (GCP 2.0) by providing a formal mechanism for detecting and integrating subtle, globally coherent informational patterns. This work bridges category theory, blockchain-based knowledge representation, and consciousness research, positioning ϕ^∞ consequence mining as a foundation for resilient epistemic infrastructure.

Background: Spider venoms contain peptide toxins that modify ion channel currents, primarily in excitable insect cells. Research has revealed various peptides with pharmacological properties affecting mammalian species, including immune cell ion channels like the voltage-gated proton channel Hv1. This channel facilitates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during the respiratory burst, contributing to inflammation and carcinogenesis by maintaining an acidic tumor microenvironment that supports tumor growth, invasion, and resistance to apoptosis. Experimental Approach: In this study, six animal venoms underwent screening against hHv1 using the patch clamp technique. The complete venom extracted from the spider Grammostola rosea resulted in the modulation of hHv1 expressed in CHO cells during whole-cell patch clamp measurements. HPLC reverse-phase fractionation of the venom showed that two peptide fractions #7 (GsAF-I) and #9 (GsAF-II) were active . Key Results: GsAF-I and GsAF-II inhibited Hv1 with micromolar Kd values in a membrane potential-dependent manner. Voltage ramp protocol revealed a shift in the Hv1 activation threshold toward a more positive potential. Voltage step protocol showed slowed activation kinetics and accelerated deactivation kinetics, suggesting stabilization of the closed state. The effects of both peptides were reversible. The membrane potential dependence of the inhibition was uniquely analysed and presented in this study. Conclusion and Implications: This is the first study to investigate in detail the inhibitory effect of peptides from animal venoms on the human Hv1 ion channel. The found two peptides effectively modify proton currents, highlighting their potential as lead compounds for drug development.

Cooper’s hawks (Astur cooperii) and Sharp-shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus) are migratory raptors occurring from southeastern Alaska to Mexico. During the 2022 fall migration (September–November), cloacal swab samples were collected from three Cooper’s hawks at Miramar Ecotourism Park (19°40’45.9” N, 96°25’57.7” W) in Actopan, Veracruz. DNA was extracted, and three total DNA libraries were constructed and sequenced using the Illumina Miseq platform. Filtered reads were aligned to the Accipiter gentilis reference genome to extract Cooper’s hawk specific sequences. Mitochondrial genome was retrieved using GetOrganelle, annotated with Mitos2 and graphically represented using MitoFish. The same protocol was applied to the A. striatus mitogenome (accession SAMN22322940). Phylogenetic reconstruction of A. cooperii was performed using Bayesian inference in MrBayes. Repetitive elements were identified in the A. cooperii genome, including seven high-confidence microsatellites (173, 343, 442, 32, 129, 1385 and 2341 bp), six low-confidence microsatellites (109, 173, 1534, 2682, 35 and 912 bp) and two putative LTR elements. Sequencing yields varied among libraries: C1ch3 (8,842,513 bp), C1ch6 (20,045,820 bp) and C1ch13 (5,032,470 bp). Merging the libraries (C1ch1363) produced a total of 67,841,606 raw reads. Three complete A. cooperii mitogenomes were assembled, ranging from approximately 17000 to 18400 bp, along with one A. striatus mitogenome (17430 bp). All contained at least 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs and 2 rRNAs. Phylogenetic analysis identified three subclades (I, II and III) and confirmed that A. cooperii is more closely related to A. gentilis than to A. striatus. The protocol proved effective for generating genomic libraries from low-concentration DNA. The size and structure of the Cooper’s hawk mitogenome are consistent with other raptors’, supporting its utility for genetic studies. Despite morphological similarity, notable phylogenetic differences were found between A. cooperii and A. striatus. Identified microsatellites hold potential for conservation, evolutionary and monitoring studies, pending further validation.

Background Survival rates for childhood cancer reveal stark global disparities. While over 80% of children survive in high-income countries (HICs), outcomes remain significantly lower in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the burden is also higher. This study synthesizes observational data on survival outcomes for the six WHO Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer (GICC) index cancers in LMICs, aiming to establish survival estimates, identify key determinants, and assess data limitations. Methods Following JBI and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we conducted a scoping review searching MEDLINE, WHO Global Index Medicus, and EMBASE for observational studies published since 2013. Studies included children aged 0–19 diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, low-grade glioma, retinoblastoma, or Wilms tumor in LMICs. Results From 6,358 records, 196 studies were included. Most (72.9%) were retrospective cohorts; 71.9% were single-institution studies. The most frequently reported cancers were acute lymphoblastic leukemia (35.2%) and Wilms tumor (29.1%). Mean reported overall survival varied widely, from 62.5% for Burkitt lymphoma to 78.6% for Hodgkin lymphoma. Median follow-up was often poorly reported. Socioeconomic barriers, limited healthcare access, and diagnostic delays were common determinants of poor outcomes. Only 10% of studies referenced hospital-based registries, and fewer than 5% used population-based data, highlighting critical data gaps. Conclusions This review underscores emerging evidence and persistent limitations in childhood cancer survival data from LMICs. The predominance of single-center, retrospective studies indicate a need for more standardized, collaborative research.

Background: Physical activity (PA) is feasible, safe, beneficial, and recommended for pediatric cancer patients, yet PA levels are low due to numerous barriers. Delivering PA by videoconference may address selected barriers. Few have explored this delivery modality; in response the IMplementation of Physical Activity for Children and adolescents on Treatment (IMPACT) intervention (a PA intervention) was developed. Methods: The IMPACT intervention is delivered by videoconference and is being evaluated in a single-arm, mixed methods, type II hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial. Pediatric cancer and blood disorder patients diagnosed between 5-18 years old are eligible. Participants are offered tailored PA sessions 3 times/week for 15-45 minutes/session over 12-weeks. The co-primary aims of this trial are to: (1) assess the effectiveness of the videoconference-delivered PA intervention on participant’s objective PA (primary effectiveness outcome) and secondary effectiveness outcomes of participant- and caregiver-reported outcomes, and physical fitness outcomes at baseline, post-intervention, and 6 and 12-month follow-ups, and (2) assess implementation of the PA intervention and trial through evaluating recruitment, indices of feasibility, delivery time, expertise, cost, fidelity of intervention delivery, and adverse events. Interviews are conducted post-intervention with participants and caregivers to explore perceptions of and experiences with the intervention. Implementation data are tracked throughout and quality improvement cycles occur every 6 months. Trial data are analyzed at pre-specified time-points. Conclusions: This work will provide insights into the effects and factors influencing PA intervention implementation. Findings may offer support for videoconference delivery as a strategy to ensure more pediatric patients can access and benefit from PA.

Based on three-channel phase-shift voltage regulation, this paper proposes a control strategy for underwater wireless charging systems in order to address efficiency degradation and weak misalignment tolerance during wide voltage gain output. The strategy designs a novel spatially decoupled three-channel coupling mechanism and constructs a distributed half-bridge topology, where three independent power transmission channels are generated by controlling three transmitting coils via half-bridge circuits. The strategy is able to switch system operation modes and adjust phase-shift angles between channels, so that output voltage can be regulated flexibly within a broad range, and zero phase angle (ZPA) operation for voltage and current can be maintained in each power transmission channel to improve power transfer efficiency. As demonstrated by the simulation and experimental results, the control strategy exhibits strong wide voltage gain regulation, misalignment tolerance, and fault tolerance capabilities.

This article develops existence results for non-linear partial differential equations in superconductivity. Specifically for the parabolic model, the method of proof comprises a variational approach for establishing a concerning solution existence at each instant of time, related to a model discretized in time. Moreover, as a novelty, we have modeled the Ginzburg-Landau system in superconductivity as a two phase one, with a wave function for a super-conducting phase and another one for a normal phase.

Extreme weather events (EWEs) are intensifying in frequency and severity, posing complex pulse and press disturbances to coastal ecosystems. While each disturbance type has been studied in isolation, empirical data on their combined effects under realistic field conditions are virtually absent. Here, we examine how compound pulse–press disturbances shape the successional dynamics of taxonomic and functional beta diversity in free-living marine nematodes, a group well suited for detecting community reassembly due to their short generation times, ecological sensitivity, and trait diversity. Following two EWEs in central Greece, we monitored eight sites at 0-, 6-, and 12-months post-disturbance. Beta diversity was partitioned into turnover and nestedness components using presence–absence and abundance data. Taxonomic beta diversity was shaped predominantly by turnover and responded strongly to disturbance intensity and time, whereas functional beta diversity showed subtle responses, likely reflecting high trait redundancy. Early stages reflected spatially structured legacies, mid-stages showed deterministic environmental filtering, and late stages revealed decoupling between taxonomic and functional trajectories. This study provides the first comprehensive empirical evidence of how compound pulse–press disturbances drive divergent successional dynamics in marine sediments, and highlights nematodes as powerful yet underutilized model organisms of post-disturbance reassembly.

Introduction BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) and JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) are thought to establish persistent, low-grade infections in the kidney. However, their specific intrarenal reservoirs remain unclear. To explore their localization and potential presence prior to transplantation, we analyzed different kidney regions from deceased donors. Method Donor kidneys discarded for donation and subsequently designated for research purposes between November 2023 and October 2024 were included. For each kidney, cortex, medulla, pelvis, and ureter were sampled. These samples were analyzed using qPCR for the presence of JCPyV and BKPyV. Results In total, 10 kidneys were analyzed with a total 72 samples taken from the cortex: n=22, medulla: n=22, renal pelvis: n=14, and ureter: n=14. All samples tested negative for BKPyV. JCPyV DNA was detected in 4 out of 10 kidneys. When analyzed by tissue type, positive samples were found in 6/22(27.3%) cortex, 6/22(27.3%) medulla, 4/14(28.6%) renal pelvis, and 4/14(28.6%) ureter samples. The cycle threshold values did not show significant differences among the various regions within the kidney. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that JCPyV is much more prevalent than BKPyV, detected in 40% of discarded donor kidneys with comparable viral DNA levels across different regions of the kidney. BKPyV was undetectable in all kidney samples.

Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. While transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and microwave ablation (MWA) are established treatments for unresectable HCC, the comparative efficacy of TACE combined with MWA versus MWA alone remains unclear. This is the first meta-analysis to evaluate survival, recurrence, and safety outcomes between these strategies. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science (inception–April 2024) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies comparing TACE+MWA with MWA alone. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects models in RevMan Web. Results: Eight studies, comprising 1,336 patients (502 TACE+MWA, 834 MWA alone), met the inclusion criteria. TACE+MWA significantly reduced disease progression/recurrence (OR=0.64, 95% CI:0.42–0.97; p=0.04) but showed no survival benefit at 1-year (OR=1.71, 95% CI:0.79–3.72), 3-year (OR=1.47, 95% CI:0.99–2.18), or 5-year (OR=0.58, 95% CI:0.28–1.21) compared to MWA alone. Subgroup analyses revealed improved 3-year survival (OR=1.91, 95% CI:1.09–3.36; p=0.02) and reduced progression/recurrence (OR=0.44, 95% CI:0.25–0.78; p=0.005) for tumors >3 cm and <5 cm. No differences emerged in recurrence-free survival, mean survival time, or adverse events. Conclusion: TACE + MWA reduces disease progression and improves 3-year survival for tumors between 3–5 cm, whereas MWA alone may be non-inferior to the TACE + MWA combination therapy for tumors <3 cm. Future studies should standardize treatment intervals and conduct tumor-specific subgroup analyses to optimize clinical decision-making.

Large language models (LLMs) have recently achieved significant success across various application domains, garnering substantial attention from different communities. Unfortunately, many faults still exist that LLM cannot properly predict. Such faults will harm the usability of LLMs in general and could introduce safety issues in reliability-critical systems such as autonomous driving systems. How to quickly reveal these faults in real-world datasets that LLM could face is important, but challenging. The major reason is that the ground truth is necessary but the data labeling process is heavy considering the time and human effort. To handle this problem, in the conventional deep learning testing field, test selection methods have been proposed for efficiently evaluating deep learning models by prioritizing faults. However, despite their importance, the usefulness of these methods on LLMs is unclear and underexplored. In this paper, we conduct the first empirical study to investigate the effectiveness of existing test selection methods for LLMs. Experimental results on four different tasks (including both code tasks and natural language processing tasks) and four LLMs (e.g., LLaMA3 and GPT4) demonstrated that simple methods such as Margin perform well on LLMs but there is still a big room for improvement. Based on the study, we further propose MuCS, a prompt Mutation-based prediction Confidence Smoothing framework to boost the test selection capability. Concretely, multiple prompt mutation techniques have been proposed to help collect diverse outputs for confidence smoothing. The results show that our proposed framework significantly enhances existing methods with test relative coverage improvement by up to 70.53%.

The Yangtze River estuary is a critical habitat for the endangered Acipenser sinensis, supporting diverse aquatic communities vital for ecosystem functioning and the sturgeon’s survival. To assess the ecological conditions influencing A. sinensis’s habitat, this study investigated the fish community structure, ecological indices, and seasonal variations in the estuary. Seasonal surveys from May to December 2024 identified 53 fish species across 12 orders, 22 families, and 44 genera, providing insights into the ecological dynamics of A. sinensis’s habitat.Cyprinidae dominated the assemblage, representing 37.74% of species. Dominant species (based on IRI) such as Cynoglossus gracilis, Coilia nasus, and Lateolabrax japonicus are key indicators of habitat quality for A. sinensis. The community was predominantly sedentary (83.02%) and inhabited the mid-upper water column (50.94%). Carnivorous (50.94%) and omnivorous (33.96%) species dominated trophic guilds. Ecological indices indicated moderate diversity (Shannon-Weiner: 1.797-2.563; Simpson: 0.788-0.900; Margalef: 1.724-5.138; Pielou evenness: 0.526-0.864), essential for maintaining a balanced ecosystem for A. sinensis. Seasonal similarity analysis showed highest overlap between spring and summer (Bray-Curtis >0.65), with comparable similarity between spring-autumn and autumn-winter. ABC curve analysis indicated minimal disturbance in spring (W=0.041) but significant stress in autumn and winter (W=-0.068 to 0.276), correlating with seasonal hypoxia events. Summer displayed moderate disturbance (W=0). These findings underscore anthropogenic pressures on habitat suitability for A. sinensis and highlight the need to prioritize the potential risk of seasonal environmental pressure on its survival.

Modern software systems demand earlier vulnerability severity detection to protect systems from critical issues such as data leaking or attacker access. Security analysts are in charge of triaging the vulnerability severity by computing a score following security standard methods. The triaging of vulnerability severity becomes critical as the number of vulnerabilities increases. In addition, this severity classification is also relevant for timely detection of vulnerabilities. Large Language Models (LLMs) have been demonstrated to assist security analysts in vulnerability detection and fixing. However, private models ( e.g., ChatGPT, Copilot, and Claude) require sending registered code and proprietary data to third-party companies. We present an industry experience report that uses registered and open data datasets to assess the effectiveness of predicting vulnerability severity. We designed an in-context learning solution to predict the severity score using open-source LLMs such as CodeLlama2 and Mistral. We observe that CodeLlama2-7B can predict the severity score with an average MSE of ≈7.62 in one shot. Our findings indicate CodeLlama2 is a promising LLM to assist security analysts in assessing the severity impact before deployment while protecting data exposure.

The adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) across multiple contexts has sparked interest in understanding how scaling model size might lead to behavioral changes, as LLMs can exhibit behaviors not observed in their smaller counterparts. Understanding these emergent capabilities is essential for advancing LLM development and improving their interpretability across diverse tasks. However, whether LLMs exhibit true emergence in the context of Software Engineering remains an unexplored topic, as most research has focused on NLP tasks. In this paper, we investigate the emergence of capabilities in the context of SE. We propose a model-agnostic pipeline for evaluating this phenomenon across three SE tasks: bug fixing, code translation, and commit message generation. More precisely, for each task, we present a case study instantiating our pipeline to analyze the emergence of capabilities in CodeGen1-multi across four scales, ranging from 350M to 16.1B parameters. Our findings do not provide evidence to support the idea of emergent capabilities resulting from scaling the model size in the selected set of tasks. We hope our results can pave the way to a more nuanced understanding of the emergent capabilities of LLMs within the SE domain, guiding future research to focus on task-specific evaluations and the identification of alternative factors contributing to this phenomenon. Our work underscores the importance of task diversity in examining model behaviors and highlights potential limitations in transferring prior understandings of and approaches to emergence from NLP to Software Engineering.

The Chinchorro Bank Reserve is the largest reef in Mexico. For decades, the Society for the Conservation of Wildlife (WCS), the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT), and the Centre for Research and Advanced Studies of the I.P.N. (CINVESTAV) have joined efforts for an ecological assessment of the reef. They conducted numerous field trips between 1995 and 2022, collecting information about the bathymetry, ecological conditions, and coralline communities. In recent years, questionnaires were distributed to fishermen to identify areas of traditional use. Multispectral photography (TM) captured the bottom characteristics, traditional use, and conservation proposals for the reef lagoon. The multispectral analysis of the bottom did not yield definitive results, as the most extensive types of spectral signatures included fine sand substrate with patches of Thalassia testudinum and mounds of Arenicola spp. (172 km 2), medium-coarse sand substrate with a predominance of Halimeda spp. (109 km 2), and coral substrate (106 km 2). Surveys allowed for calculating current and traditional use areas, enabling comparison with those presented by the official reserve management program. A suggestion for optimization is proposed for the use of the reef lagoon. Both proposals are complementary and would allow for better management of the reef resources.

Background and Purpose Rare but serious adverse events (AEs) associated with mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) COVID-19 vaccines, such as Comirnaty and Spikevax, include acute and chronic inflammatory reactions, the mechanisms of which remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate these effects using a porcine model. Experimental Approach Naïve and anti-PEG antibody-sensitized pigs were intravenously injected with Comirnaty. Acute anaphylactic responses were assessed through hemodynamic monitoring, hematological changes, and plasma inflammatory markers. Multiorgan inflammatory effects were evaluated by qPCR detection of spike protein (SP) mRNA uptake and inflammatory cytokine gene expression in seven organs over 6 hours. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry were also performed. Results Severe cardiopulmonary distress developed within minutes of repeated i.v. injections of Comirnaty. qPCR revealed predominant SP mRNA accumulation in liver and PBMCs, with spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, heart, and brain also affected in 40–90% of animals. Repetitive PBMC transfection showed reversible mRNA peaks at 15 minutes, followed by rapid decay. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1RA, CXCL10, TNF-α, CCL2) paralleled mRNA uptake, suggesting a causal relationship. Cytokine profiles varied by organ (e.g. IL-1RA in kidney, CCL2 in PBMCs). Histologic abnormalities and SP immunopositivity were noted in kidney, heart, and brain. Booster injections replicated PBMC transfection kinetics observed at first dose. Conclusions and Implications This porcine model reveals systemic anaphylactic reactivity and multiorgan SP mRNA transfection following i.v. injection of mRNA-LNPs, resulting in organ-specific inflammatory responses. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the rare vaccine-related AEs and may support future efforts to improve the safety of the mRNA-LNP platform.