Consider what usually happens when a large and complex problem is encountered. All too often there's a paralysis by analysis and nothing meaningful gets done at all. Sometimes solutions are identified from external sources (e.g., academic literature, colleagues, case studies) and applied. Maybe something works, maybe it doesn't. Often the metrics for improvement are fuzzy, so it's hard to tell. People become frustrated, lose interest, and move on to something else.Dr. Atul Gawande confronts this phenomena in health care delivery, describing the challenges of lowering nosocomial infection rates, a complex problem with a wide variety of potential causes. The problem was eventually addressed (hand washing of all things) not through some large scale randomized control trial or picking a solution from the proverbial hat. No, it was addressed through a short-cycle, iterative study of the problem and its possible solutions.Short-cycle ConceptuallyA short-cycle improvement study can be thought of as a phased emergent analysis of a complex problem (Figure 1). That's a loaded statement, so let's unpack the meaning behind the terms. Phased indicates that it occurs over multiple recursive steps. Emergent refers to the fact that the more we engage with a problem, the more robust our schema for it becomes. And finally, analysis means the deconstruction of a multifaceted construct into constituent elements for the purpose of better understanding it. The process has two distinct but recursive phases: an exploration phase focused on understanding the problem, and a testing phase focused on implementing and testing solutions.

Correlation is a fundamental concept within statistics that, once understood, provides insight into more complex statistical models and ideas. From a conceptual standpoint, correlation summarizes the measured association between variables, meaning the extent to which one variable is affected by the other. Put another way, correlation is simply a measure of association.The term measured association carries a lot of meaning here, so let's unpack it. To calculate the correlation between variables, we first have to measure those variables. The term measured association rather than simply association is a hedge against the possibility that those measures could be inaccurate, and not truly reflect the thing we intend to measure. Science is cautious; and the terms we use reflect that caution. The word association refers to how the data points between variables trend relative to each other. If one goes up does the other go up as well? Or maybe it goes down? Or maybe the change in one does not systematically affect the the other. Of course, this means that we need multiple data points across variables to determine correlation; but more on that in a minute.Association as a concept is a singular thing, but correlation as a measurement is multiple things. There are a variety of way to calculate correlation; and each is responsive to two important data characteristics. The first characteristic is the type of data being analyzed. All data is not created equal. It comes in levels of measurement that are categorized from least to most detailed as: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio. Nominal is often something like a discrete category (e.g., Democrat, Republican, Libertarian, Independent) and ratio is a continuous measurement where zero represents an absence of the variable (e.g., height, age). Ordinal and interval are somewhere between. The second characteristic is the trend within the data. Data comes in different types of distributions. Imagine having a list of test scores, placing them in order from lowest to highest, plotting them on a graph, and fitting a line that summarizes the trend of the data. That line may be straight (i.e., linear) or curved (non-linear). Correlation is calculated differently based on this trend within the data begin analyzed. When the data we have is at the interval or ratio level of measurement, and we expect the trend of the data to be essentially linear, correlation is measured with a statistic known as Pearson's r, or sometimes simply r. It is measured on a continuous decimal scale from -1 to 1 (Figure 1). The number we arrive upon, called a correlation coefficient, tells us the magnitude (i.e., strength) of the association between the measured variables and the direction (i.e., positive or negative) of that association.

LaTeX is a powerful free and open-source academic writing system; however, it does come with a learning curve. This curve can be especially steep when trying to incorporate bibliographic references and formatting a document to the current writing style of the field - APA 6th edition. Anyone who has submitted a manuscript for publication is familiar with the trials and tribulations of formatting and citing sources. Any tool to help with this process is a welcome one. Although LaTeX comes close to APA compatibility natively, it doesn't quite nail it. This post describes how to set-up and integrate a powerful (and free) LaTeX editor with a powerful (and free) citation manager to assist with formatting and citing. To get started, you will need to download and install two programs. Texmaker: LaTeX editorZotero: citation managerThen download two files that will run on these programs.APA 6th File: LaTeX document formatting codeBetter BibTex: program for generating cite keysThese programs and files are compatible with the major operating systems. Installation with Windows and macOS is largely a matter of point and click. Installation on Linux requires a bit more know-how of course; and it's assumed that those using a Linux distribution are familiar with the processes for installing programs and various file extensions. If you are already familiar with the terminology of LaTeX and citation managers then read on. If not, it would be helpful to first review the key terms listed at the end of this post. Zotero Set-upZotero can be used separately as a reference manager, but its real utility comes from its ability to generate a bibliographic reference file (i.e., .bib file) that contains cite keys for each of your references. These cite keys are entered into a LaTeX document to generate citations. Although Zotero has a great deal of native functionality, some set-up is required for fluid integration with LaTeX. First, you need to install Better BibTex, a program for generating those cite keys.From the Zotero toolbar, navigate to: Tools > Add-ons > Extensions.Select the gear icon in the top-right corner and select ‘Install Add-on From File…’ Navigate to the folder where you saved the Better Bibtex file and install it. At this point you will need to restart Zotero to complete the install and auto-update to the most recent version of Better Bibtex. Navigate back to Extensions and make sure Better Bibtex is now listed. You may see an option for preferences. Don't worry about setting-up the Better BibTex preferences yet; that will be done in a moment.

At some point, we've all likely heard the cautionary assertion that correlation is not causation. It sounds reasonable so we tend to accept the assertion, but what does it really mean? And is it always true?To answer these questions, we first need to understand what the terms mean and how they are distinguished from one another. Correlation is a mathematical representation that summarizes the measured association between variables. In simpler terms, it's a number between -1 and 1 that describes what happens to one variable (let's call this variable y) when another variable changes (let's call this one x). Causation takes correlation a bit further by demanding more from our variables than a basic association. Causation requires that at least part of the the change we see in variable y is actually due to changes in variable x. In other words, a change in one variable has actually caused a change in the other, hence the term causal.First, let's look at how correlations between variables can be misleading. The scatterplot in Fig. 1 shows simulated data from a sample of 50 elementary students, grades 1-6. The plot shows two variables for each student: a measure of shoe size along the x-axis (var.x) and performance on a common math test along the y-axis (var.y). Each point in the plot represents the intersection between those variables for each student in our simulated sample. The association between these variables is clear, as shoe size (x) increases, so do our math scores (y). There is a rather wide range in math scores across shoe sizes, but this range doesn't throw off the overall association demonstrated by the linear increase indicated by the blue line of best fit. To further reinforce this association, we can look at the calculated correlation statistic between shoe size and math performance [r(xy)=.74]. [If this statistic is unfamiliar, see Linear Association and Correlation.] This is a strong correlation, certainly something to take notice of, and provides further evidence for the association between shoe size and math performance within our sample.

Acknowledgments:

It has been previously hypothesised that nest predation is higher at forest edges. This has important conservation implications for the increasingly fragmented U.K. climax community. I aimed to test the generality of this edge effect in a mixed deciduous forest fragment which borders open grassland. Artificial nests containing a combination of quail and plasticine eggs were used, at ground and arboreal levels. I found an overall edge effect on nest predation rates, however this effect was not specifically seen in ground nests. Ground nests experienced significantly higher levels of predation than arboreal nests. I suggest this edge effect is due in part to the steep productivity gradient over the ecotone.

Review: Optimized FRET pairs and quantification approaches to detect the activation of Aurora kinase A at mitosis.In this manuscript, Bertolin et al. improve on their original Aurora Kinase A biosensor to produce a second generation that would help follow AURKA activation in regions where it is extremely low in concentration and undetectable with the original AURKA biosensor. The authors develop two independent strategies to improve on their previous work. First, they develop a single-color AURKA biosensor for multiplex FRET and second, a method to observe and quantify FRET efficiency in areas with very low AURKA abundance. The authors show that dark acceptors ShadowG and ShadowY allow for single-color FRET/FLIM measurements while first generation tandem GFP isn’t suitable due to low concentration of AURKA. They also show the inability of the original construct to measure FRET by 2c-FCCS and thus develop a novel method by replacing the donor-acceptor pair with a mTurquoise2 and novel superYFP. The experiments allowed the authors to develop guidelines when making new FRET biosensors such as characterizing the nature of the protein and making sure the conformational changes of the protein fall within the Forster’s radius of the donor-acceptor pair.The improvements to AURKA biosensors represent a novel way for studying the function of this kinase. While fluorescence anisotropy has been used in the past to study FRET in different kinases such as PKA, ERK, and cAMP, it has not been known to work with AURKA due to the nature of the protein and it’s function. Also, given the fact that levels of AURKA is regulated throughout the cell cycle, the ability to detect it at low levels will help understand it’s function in diverse contexts.The authors provide good explanations with regards to the anomalies seen in their data and point out any results that deviate from their expected hypothesis. However, experiments with regards to characterizing the effects of inserting a novel superYFP on the cell and AURKA’s function need to be seen. The author’s also fail to provide clear explanations for discrepancies between the inactivated kinases in Fig. 1B and 1C. The author’s work is systematic, giving context when constructing new strains, and provides clear explanations when talking about new methods of quantifying FRET. One thing that I did have a hard time understanding was the use of anisotropy to measure FRET, and I think the authors could have done a better job introducing the concept.In terms of experiments that need to be done in order to further validate the results. As mentioned previously, the differences observed in Δlifetime for inactivated ShG-AURKA-mTurq2 and ShY-AURKA-mTurq2 need to be investigated or explained better. Similarly, effects of inserting flanking donor-acceptor pairs on the function of the kinase need to be quantified. It would be relevant to see how insertion of the flanking pairs affect AURKA localization to the spindle poles and morphology of the cell compared to wildtype. It would also be interesting to see if normal, non-arrested cells can function properly for multiple generations with the inserted constructs.There are minor spelling mistakes that can be attributed to continental differences. But for the most part, the article is easy to read and well written, however, explaining the thresholds in Fig. 1 and 2 will help the readers. As someone who is not familiar with analyzing fluorescence data, I did have a tough time understanding Fig. 3 and 4C, but the data and the author’s interpretation are clear and convincing.

Quantum chemistry must evolve if it wants to fully leverage the benefits of the internet age, where the world wide web offers a vast tapestry of tools that enable users to communicate and interact with complex data at the speed and convenience of a button press. The Open Chemistry project has developed an open source framework that offers an end-to-end solution for producing, sharing, and visualizing quantum chemical data interactively on the web using an array of modern tools and approaches. These tools build on some of the best open source community projects such as Jupyter for interactive online notebooks, coupled with 3D accelerated visualization, state-of-the-art computational chemistry codes including NWChem and Psi4 and emerging machine learning and data mining tools such as ChemML and ANI. They offer flexible formats to import and export data, along with approaches to compare computational and experimental data.

In einem erst kürzlich veröffentlichten systematischen Review zur Effektivität nicht-pharmakologischer Interventionen zur Reduktion der Delirinzidenz bei erwachsenen Intensivpatienten kommen die Autoren in ihrer Analyse u.a. zu dem Ergebnis, dass eine Lichttherapie mit hoher Beleuchtungsstärke im Vergleich zu einer Standardbeleuchtung keinen signifikanten Effekt auf die Delirinzidenz hatte (N = 829, gepoolte Daten) \cite{Bannon_2018}. In einer Korrespondenz hierzu weisen Shen et al. auf einige wichtige Aspekte der inkludierten klinischen Studien hin, die mit ein Grund dafür sein könnten, warum eine klinische Wirksamkeit der Lichttherapie auf die Delirinzidenz nicht festgestellt werden konnte \cite{Shen_2019}.  Als einer der wesentlichen Gründe wird die Studienheterogenität in Bezug auf die verwendete Methodik angeführt. In der größten Studie hierzu mit insgesamt 714 Patienten wurden mit maximal 1.700 Lux \cite{Simons_2016} deutlich niedrigere Bestrahlungsstärken verwendet im Vergleich zu den anderen im Review berücksichtigten Studien die bis zu 5.000 Lux verwendeten. Darüber hinaus ist ebenfalls zu berücksichtigen, dass der Großteil der Patienten in dieser Studie zum Zeitpunkt der Intervention sediert war. Das bedeutet, dass das Licht in diesen Fällen nicht direkt auf die Retina fallen konnte. Genau hiervon ist aber die biologische Wirksamkeit des Lichtes abhängig. Zudem haben Untersuchungen an der Charité Berlin gezeigt, dass die Applikation von Licht mit hohen Bestrahlungsstärken auf einer kleinen Leuchtfläche, wie beispielsweise in der Studie von Simons et al. verwendet, zu einer Überschreitung der absoluten Blendentoleranz von 10.000 Candela führen \cite{Luetz_2016}. Derartige Lichtinterventionen werden von den Patienten nicht toleriert und bergen mutmaßlich ein Risiko für die Entwicklung von Delirien.Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass wir ganz am Anfang der Dosisfindung für eine wirksame Lichttherapie bei Intensivpatienten stehen. Voraussetzung ist und bleibt aber der wache Intensivpatient,  da die erwünschte Wirkung nur über den Lichteinfall auf die Retina erzielt werden kann.

Advanced Genetics recognizes that the assessment of conceptual advance and potential utility and interest are subjective.  The journal’s editors therefore keep the following questions in mind when assessing a submitted manuscript and then provide specific explanation how these considerations apply to the selection of this particular manuscript.Initial Editorial AssessmentAvailable to authors of all manuscripts. Open if the article is publishedScopeDo the research, methods or topics fit within the aims of this, or another journal? Conceptual advanceWhat is already known in this area and related fields?What gap in knowledge motivates this research?How do the main claims of this study relate to benchmark prior publications?Is this field new, growing or mature?What new insight is offered by the current submission?If confirmatory, or a negative finding, what is the value added?Potential InterestAre many labs likely to conduct their research differently because of these findings?Is the paper likely attract readers beyond the immediate research community of the study?Can the main conclusion be generalized to other areas of genetics and genomics? Strength of conclusionWhat evidence and methods support the main claim of the study?Are the experimental and analytical approaches aligned with the current community standards?What are the technical issues with key datasets and workflows, what reviewer expertise is needed?Are the authors skeptical, are alternative interpretations ruled out?Is there clear separation of hypothesis generation and testing?Are conclusions replicated or supported by multiple lines of evidence? Reviewer instructions: All reviewer comments are read by the authors and editors, and are open if the article is publishedArticle types with data and analysis:Summarize the main claims in the context of prior publicationsIdentify the strengths and weaknesses in evidence, design and methodsPlease number each of your comments to the author, starting with the most importantAre all data, analysis and methods usefully available as declared in accordance with relevant community standards?Are there any ethical concerns about human or animal research subjects, perceived conflicts or attribution?How should the editor interpret your comments in making a decision?Declare your own conflicts of interest, or no conflict of interestPerspective (literature review) article type:Which of the main concepts and advances in the field has the author fairly represented?Will this Perspective lead a large number of researchers to conduct their research differently?Are the claims, evidence and recommendations presented in a clear and logical order?Declare your own conflicts of interest, or no conflict of interestAre all of the display items compelling or needed? 

This is a preprint review of  Doc2b Ca2+-binding site mutants act as a gain of function at rest and loss of function during neuronal activity by Quentin Bourgeois-Jaarsma, Matthijs Verhage and Alexander J Groffen. The preprint was originally posted on bioRxiv on January 31, 2019 (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/536581). In this manuscript, Bourgeois-Jaarsma and colleagues work on identifying the role of the Ca2+-binding double C2 protein, Doc2b, in neurotransmission. They focus on two Doc2b mutants (Doc2bDN and Doc2b6A) and observe that the two mutant proteins 1) localize at plasma membrane of neurons less activity-independently than wildtype Doc2b, and 2) show different Ca2+-dependent pattern from wildtype Doc2b when binding with phospholipid in vitro. They also show that in cultured neurons (either wild type or Doc-KO), overexpression of the two mutants 3) both increases the frequency of spontaneous neurotransmitter release at rest, 4) introduces different patterns of response overtime when repetitively stimulated, but 5) doesn’t affect the neurons’ morphology. From these, they conclude that the two mutants share similar behaviors both at rest and during neuronal activity: increased spontaneous activity at rest and decreased activity during neuronal activity, and thus showing Doc2b plays an important role in Ca2+-dependent phospholipid association.In general, the logic of this study is clear, and the authors present their work in a way easy to follow. After visualizing subcellular localization of the mutants, the authors then test their Ca2+-dependency in phospholipid binding, effects of overexpression of them in neurons at rest, during activity and on morphology. Also, different models, strategies and experiments are used to address questions and hypothesis at each step. The combination of in vitro Ca2+ binding experiment, in vivo subcellular localization and physiology recording really makes the story coherent and intriguing to think deeply about. Moreover, the authors consider various possibilities and carefully design their controls.However, one of the weaknesses would be the conclusion that overexpression of the mutant Doc2b proteins would lead to an increased short-term depression. The authors somehow tend to over-normalize the data in some cases and make the interpretations not convincing enough.

Interval Sieve Algorithm Creating a Countable Set of Real Numbers from a Closed Interval © 2019 by Ron Ragusa      All rights reserved

Worksheet - ResultsWhich “Dirty Water” source did you select?     ______________________________________What filtration items did you select? (circle your choices)RocksSandCheeseclothTissueCoffee FilterNettingCotton BallsActive Charcoal

Worksheet - Debrief

Fifth Generation (5G) network represents a new generation network able to transmit data with a speed higher than 1 gigabit per second and with much lower latency – the time that it takes to move data back and forth. 5G network will be about 20 times faster than the current 4G networks, and latency could be as low as 1 ms compared to 50 ms for the 4G networks \cite{Liu_2016}.  Accordingly, fifth generation (5G) networks will enhance the productivity of are critical to the infrastructure.    5G Network Market LeadershipHuawei is the major global supplier of effective but low-cost wireless equipment.  It is now the world’s biggest telecommunication equipment maker, with a 28 per cent market share and a pioneer in 5G network market.  Its closest rivals are Ericsson and Nokia, the European companies.  In US, the big four carriers – Verizon, AT&T, Mobile and Sprint – are beginning developing 5G networks.   To maintain its market leadership and to increase its autonomy in 5G market, Huawei has released a series of 5G based chipsets designed to compete with U.S. and Korean competitors. These chipsets cover most of the telecom field: Kirin 980 chipset for smartphones; Balong 5000 chipset for modems; Tiangong 5G base station; and Kunpeng 920 chipset for the Taishan cloud server \cite{2019a}. Of course, Huawei is facing serious impediments in the US.  Setting this aside, we can compute Huawei’s market share in the 5G network market.   Quantifying Market Share AdvantageThere is extensive research that has established the following two empirical facts \cite{Kalyanaram_1995}.  1.      One, the pioneer/first-mover enjoys a sustained market share advantage.  Early entrants to a market enjoy a sustained market share advantage \cite{Kalyanaram_2013} .2.      Two, this advantage can be quantified.  In a two-players market, the market share advantage of the pioneer is 58 percent (vs 42 percent for the second entrant).  In a four-players market, the market shares are 36, 25, 21 and 18 percent respectively for the first, second, third and fourth entrants. In a five-players market, the respective market shares of the entrants are 31, 22, 18, 16, and 13 percent \cite{Robinson_1994} . Applying these well-established facts, Huawei’s market share can be forecast to be about 31 percent, even four other viable competitors – Ericsson, Nokia, Verizon, and AT&T – emerge.  This has serious implications to commerce, economy and society, because the applications of 5G networks are pervasive.  Therefore, Huawei now stands as a potential significant global contributor to increased economic growth and productivity through its enabling technologies. Applications of 5G NetworksIn general, virtual and augmented reality experience and implementation will be richer, personalized and more complete.Reordering monetary worldOne of the important developments that is likely to dramatically alter our society, commerce and economy, and polity is the conceptualization, design and increasing rise of crypto-currencies and block chains in economy and commerce. With a clever application of cryptography, we will be able to secure the transfer of money and payment without needing a trusted third party.  No central banks, no clearing houses.  Per most technology and policy experts , the role of traditional currency will diminish in the next decade or two and even disappear \cite{2018}.  Obviously, this will change the optics and substance of commerce and conduct. Experts are already discussing regulatory mechanisms for the new world order \cite{2018a}.  The crypto-currency and block-chain efficiencies and effectiveness will depend much on the speed of the networks, and the 5G networks will be crucial in this context. Accordingly, Huawei will have a big role to play in the design of new global economic and market ecology and order.Remaking the medical world5G will make an enormous difference in providing health care to millions of people in remote locations, as well as training doctors in surgical specialties \cite{Borgstrom_2011}.  Telecom equipment maker Ericsson is already working with doctors at King's College in London to test 5G-compatible prototypes of touch-sensitive gloves connected to robots. Reimagining mobility and transportation5G will accelerate the adoption of self-driving cars and vehicle-to-vehicle communication — where cars exchange their location, speed, acceleration, and direction.The vehicles will know before their drivers do when a truck five vehicles ahead suddenly brakes or another car turns into your blind spot .  These changes will evidently recast mobility and safety.  As with land vehicles, technology will enable communication between drones, and enhance their precision and safety. The US ConcernsWith such ubiquitous application of 5G technology, and Huawei’s leadership in 5G market place, the US administration must weigh the concerns about security \cite{2019} with the enormous benefits that Huawei participation is likely to bring and the injury that Huawei’s ban is likely to cause. What are the likely adverse consequences of ban on Huawei?  The rural America is likely to suffer in productivity and prosperity.  We may unwittingly create a urban-rural digital and prosperity divide.  The roll-out of 5G networks is likely to be delayed, and the quality may suffer without direct competitive pressure.  Most importantly, continued future innovations will suffer.  The question, therefore, is this: Can US protect its national security interests, and yet permit Huawei’s participation?   The answer is Yes, the US can.  If Europeans can do it , why not the US which is the most innovative society in the world?

Suggested time: 50 minutesGrade: 3-5

If we take the Laurent expansion of the Riemann zeta function about s = 1 $$ \zeta(s) = {s-1} + ^\infty {n!}\gamma_n (s-1)^n $$ which defines γn, the Stieltjes constants, where γ₀ is the Euler-Mascheroni constant. Next perform a series reversion on this to give a series $$ \chi(s) = 1+{s}+^\infty {s^n} $$ which has expansion \chi(s) = 1 + {s} + {s^2} + {s^3} + {2s^4} + \cdots The coefficients κ(n) seem to decrease quite steadily, even up n being a few hundred, where the γn get large. n (n) ---- --------------- -- 0 1.000000000 1 1.000000000 2 0.5772156649 3 0.4059937693 4 0.3135616752 5 0.2556464523 6 0.2159181431 7 0.1869526867 8 0.1648872027 9 0.1475121704 10 0.1334717457 11 0.1218874671 12 0.1121649723 13 0.1038876396 14 0.09675470803 15 0.09054358346 : The first 16 coefficients of the inverse function. Letting $$ R_n=^n i_k $$ and $$ P_n=^n ki_k $$ and {i}n = {i₁, i₂, ⋯|P = n − 1}, I have observed the expression for κ(n) from series reversion to be $$ \kappa(n)=} (-1)^n\left[^{R-1}j-n\right]\left[^n {i_k!}\left({k!}\right)^{i_{k+1}}\right]\gamma_0^{i_1} $$ where we define κ(0)=1. Two examples $$ \kappa(3) = \gamma_0^2 - \gamma_1 = - \left[^{i_1+i_2+i_3-1} (j-n)\right]{1!}\right)^{i_2}\left({2!}\right)^{i_3}}{i_1!i_2!}\gamma_0^{i_1} $$ $$ \kappa(4) = \gamma_0^3 - 3 \gamma_0\gamma_1 + {2} = \left[^{i_1+i_2+i_3+i_4-1} (j-n)\right]{1!}\right)^{i_2}\left({2!}\right)^{i_3}\left({3!}\right)^{i_4}}{i_1!i_2!i_3!}\gamma_0^{i_1} $$ We can conjecture that $$ \kappa(n+1) < \kappa(n), \;\;\; n\in^{>0}? $$ Is this perhaps a more well behaved way to look at the Stieltjes constants?

In this article we explore a new family originating from Brownian motions, the branching brownian motion.

Suggested class time: 50 MinutesOverview:In this lesson, our class will be divided into small groups to learn about the necessities of living things and needs for survival. We will achieve this by demonstrating all 4 categories of STEM learning. First, we will research the needs of a specific creature (Technology) teaching about habitat, diet, shelter & climate. We will then learn how our creature has learned to adapt to his specific climate (Science) we will build a habitat for our little friend with basic crafting supplies (Engineering) Then the final stage of our project, we will compare our life boxes with other groups to learn how different each creature is and compare their differences, discussing opposites, similarities, shapes & temperatures (Math). At the end of our lesson, we will talk about why it's important to take care of our planet to keep our living things happy.Vocabulary:ClimateHabitateTemperatureOppositesSimilaritiesShelterDiet AdaptationPollutionGoals:Students learn about the necessities of living thingsStudents are able to collaborate in order to solve problemsUnderstanding of differencesLearning about other climates Students will show teamworkStudents learn how to use technology for researchMaterials Needed For This Project:Access to computer or library to research different animalsCardstock paper, a shoebox or something suitable for a 'habitat' structureConstruction paper/felt scraps for creating foliage, food, shelter, etcScissorsGlue and/or tapeAssorted small animal figurines of varies species (We used a turtle, a butterfly, an elephant, a tiger & a seahorse)Crayons or colored pencilsPre-Lesson:Explain to the class that different creatures need different things to survive (i.e. a fish cannot live on land, a lion cannot live in a tree, etc) And then explain how different parts of the world have different animals. Explain climate, habitat, diets and how animals learn to adapt to their surroundings.Next, divide the classroom up into small groups and assign different responsibilities for each person. For example, one child might be in charge of diet, while the other is responsible for shelter or habitat. Groups sizes will depend on the size of the class, we used 4 kids per group.The teacher will randomly hand out one creature to each group. This alleviates any disagreements on which one to pick.Explain to the class that they will have 10 minutes to research their creature and that they will need to work together as a team to complete the project. Each group will have to learn about what their specific creature needs. Explain that all creature need food, water, sun, shelter in their habitat to survive and it's their jobs to learn about these things and apply it to their life box. Set a 10 minute timer or keep an eye on the clock, give a 2 minute warning to encourage any last minute stragglers. The Lesson:Part 1: Applying knowledge through construction & teamworkOnce the kids know exactly what their creatures need to survive, they will begin construction of their life box. Using the folded cardstock paper or shoe box, the class will get artistic and draw things like food or plants. Encourage your class to cut our trees with construction or felt paper and glue things to the inside of their boxes. Remind the kids that every creature needs food, water, sun and shelter.The teacher will walk around the room encouraging creativity and ask the class if everyones creatures have all of their needs met to life in their life boxes. Part Two: DiscussionOnce everyone has finished up their life boxes and have fulfilled their creatures needs, we will begin learning about other groups habitats and give students the opportunity to teach others about theirs.Each group will get a chance to explain the needs of their creature with the rest of the classThe groups will then begin to learn about other creatures habitats and realize that living things are similar in ways because we all have basic needs for survival, but also a lot of differences in ways that all living things have special needs to survive.Encourage the class to ask questions and let the students answer them based on the research they've done.Ask questions that make the groups think more about their creatures. Why do armadillos have a shell and why do fish need gills? This will show the science of adaptability. Horse have 4 legs, while spiders have 8. What temperature do penguins need to be happy? The questions should all be STEM relevant so that the class is able to make the cross connections.Overview & End Of Lesson Reflecting:Ask students to iterate what they learned from this lesson. Did they learn any new information? Why is a habitat so important? How can we help make the planet a cleaner place so all of the creatures can live happily? What does pollution do to our environment?  What are ways we can help? What are some of the challenges their creature face?Tell the class to pay attention to the living things all around them. Now that they know how animals survive, they can do research in their own backyards! 

Editors may return to authors and peer reviewers their assessment of improvements in metadata, data access or reporting transparency that might improve the impact of the article by enabling reproducible research. In some cases, these improvements might need to be made as a precondition for peer review.This checklist incorporates community ideas for good research practice:https://www.cos.io/initiatives/top-guidelinesCitation StandardsAll data sets and code are cited in the text as ReferencesPersistent URI or DOI for data sets and codeCitation in Reference section contains author/title/year/URIData, Code, and Materials TransparencyAre the following present and sufficient to independently reproduce all claimed results?For reused public datasets: data URIs, program code, statistics scriptsFor new data and resourcesNew data available at a trusted digital repository OR all available in paperVariables, parameters, treatment conditions, and observation (number)Full procedures for collection, preprocessing, cleaning, or generating the dataCode, scripts, codebooks, algorithms (URI or all in paper)Research materials (description and source) and procedures necessary to conduct an independent replication of the research.Exceptions for ethical or legal restrictions to reproducible researchConditions on the dataset or materials that restrict researcher access and useAccess protocol for data or materialsAccess to software and other documentationIndicate all data and materials without the above constraintsResources available at a community-endorsed public repositoryAuthors request delay of access until publicationDo the editors identify any factors that might delay peer review/ delay acceptance for publication/ require editorial explanation upon publication /need expression of editorial concern / risk author might need to retract because of reproducibility concerns?Design and Analysis TransparencyAuthors declare reporting is in accordance with community standards listed on http://www.equator-network.org/ or https://fairsharing.orgEditors recommend the authors check the following community standards and report their results accordinglyReplicationSince we do not believe that even the best peer reviewed experimental design can overcome sources of variation among studies, the policy of the journal is to encourage submission of experimental designs that contain their own replication. We also encourage studies replicating or powered to replicate work published in this journal.Report contains both hypothesis generation and replication in separate studiesReport contains an unreplicated study

ABSTRACT I find series for constants whose Engel Expansions are equal to the integer sequences known as k-rough numbers. They appear to be expressed as a finite (but large) sum of hypergeometric functions for the general case.

A new representation of polynomials is investigated by defining the concept of summation Σ and product Π inverses. Then by defining an augmented matrix product it is found that two polynomials can be multiplied with their components retained in a resulting matrix. This is then shown to work for compositions of polynomials by using block matrices.

B. R. Ambedkar’s ideas – caste annihilation, securing rights to the depressed class, representation of different oppressed sections in political affairs, egalitarian economic arrangement, education, women rights, and democracy – all have the potentiality to be linked with his ideas of a nation which is inclusive in nature. His idea of social equality and cultural unity was path breaking in his period, even relevant in recent times too. Ambedkar’s endeavour of annihilation of caste was no longer contradictory to his idea of nation-building. His major concern was how India would become a nation without a large number of people who seemed untouchables and thus socially excluded. He was aware of that the social solidarity is the key for struggle against colonialism. The struggle against colonialism would not be rewarding unless realizing social solidarity among different religious groups, castes, and communities. It was undeniably a great challenge to Ambedkar to make a link between his efforts to annihilation of caste and to build India as an inclusive nation which is discussed throughout this paper by integrating apparently diverse thoughts of B. R. Ambedkar.

Relativization is a new approach to unification of general relativity with quantum theory. This involves treating the Einstein equivalence principle as a fundamental axiom of algebraic quantum field theory. Instead of quantization of gravity quantum field theory is recast in a form which makes it compatible with the principles of general relativity. Then using time honored techniques of quantum field theory, a unified model of the four known forces is derived. The model is computationally challenged and compared to well known observations of gravitational waves and the cosmic microwave background. It is found to agree with observation to a high degree. Agreement with observation being the strongest argument possible for any theoretical approach.