Rainfall intensity is a key factor that influences the processes of infiltration and runoff generation on the surface soil. However, the Natural Resources Conservation Service runoff curve number (NRCS-CN) method, which is widely used to simulate direct runoff, does not consider the impact of rainfall intensity on the simulation results. Hence, this study incorporates a rainfall intensity modification factor (γ) into the Ia-S relationship in the NRCS-CN method. The results show that the modified method, the NRCS-CN-γ method, improves the efficiency, reduces the impact of variable rainfall intensity on the simulation results and reduces the relative errors caused by the changes in CN to approximately one-third of the original errors in the NRCS-CN method. Consequently, the NRCS-CN-γ method contributes to a more accurate simulation and prediction of direct runoff in monsoon regions where rainfall intensity greatly varies, especially under climate change.

Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) are recognized for their capacity to maintain high dry-season baseflow, and a host of other, ecosystem services. Despite their importance, they are endangered with a multidirectional array of land use changes, including conversion to pasture and crops such as coffee, while there are places where forest is being recovered. However, little is known about the effects of this complex dynamic on catchment hydrology. We investigated the effect of land use on rainfall-runoff response in five neighboring headwater micro-catchments in central Veracruz, Mexico, by comparing primary TMCF (PF), young (20 yr-old) and intermediate (40 yr-old) naturally regenerating TMCF (YF and IF, respectively), shaded coffee (SC), and an intensively grazed pasture (IP). We used a 4-year record of high-resolution rainfall and streamflow (10 min) data, collected from 2015 to 2019. These data were analyzed via hydrologic metrics and statistical tests. Results showed no statistical difference in the regulation capacity of high flows after 20 years of natural regeneration, compared to the PF. In terms of baseflow sustenance, our results suggested that PF and IF better promote this hydrological service than the other land uses, although all the catchments showed high mean annual low flows. SC exhibited a high capacity to modulate peak flows comparable to that of PF, and an intermediate capacity to sustain baseflow, suggesting that the integrated functioning of this catchment was largely preserved. Finally, we found that 40 years of pasture management can decrease the soil hydraulic properties in the area, causing a fivefold increase in the peak discharge response, and a much lower baseflow maintenance compared to PF.

Set in the downstream riparian zone of Xin’an River Dam, this paper established a two-dimensional coupling flow and solute transport and reaction model, and explored the denitriding methods and principles in the riparian zone from the perspective of hyporheic exchange, which provided a basis for the engineering techniques for river ecological restoration. Our studies have shown that under the condition of water level fluctuation, biological method such as adding denitrifying bacteria biomass could greatly increase the denitriding rate in the riparian zone; chemical methods such as adding organic carbon into the surface water or groundwater could increase the total riparian nitrogen removal and its efficiency to a certain extent; hydrogeological methods such as silt cleaning of the aquifer surface or local pumping around the contaminated area could increase the total riparian nitrogen removal to some extent, but correspondingly reduce the denitriding efficiency; physical methods such as designing the bank form into gentle slope or concave shape could slightly increase the total riparian nitrogen removal and correspondingly improve the denitriding efficiency. At the application level of river ecological restoration, integratedly adopting the above methods can make the riparian denitriding effect “fast and good”.

Rainfall derived infiltration and inflow (RDII) are extraneous water in a sanitary sewer system that are originated from rainfall in a surface runoff form. Most RDII enters sanitary sewer systems through illegal connections or mechanical faults especially in aged sewer systems. In this study, the physical process of three major RDII sources: roof downspout, sump pump, and leaky lateral, are investigated using physics-based models. These three sources represent three different flow paths: direct connection of impervious catchments, mixed flow through course porous media followed by a direct connection, and percolated flow through compacted soil, respectively. Due to the differences in medium and the flow paths, flow responses of these three RDII sources differ in time and magnitude and they can be distinctly identified from each other. The typical flow response of each RDII source is represented as an Impulse Response Function (IRF) that is a flow response to a pre-specified representative rainfall computed using physics-based models. The total RDII flow hydrograph is presented as a combination of these three IRFs and the weighting factors of each IRF is calibrated using a genetic algorithm (GA) technique in a test sewer catchment. The results may shed light on identifying the contributions of different RDII sources in a sewershed and help public water managers to better understand the local RDII issues which in turn facilitates a more effective management of a sewer system.

Developments such as the Internet of Things and how it integrates with cloud computing statistics show that latency is one of the issues that is inconsistent. Having more devices connect to the internet every year brought about a newer technology called Edge computing. This study aims to prove that Edge computing that brings computing resources closer to the edge of the network, improves latency. The method used for this research was that of an experiment. Analyzing the latency figures between Edge and Cloud computing is the purpose of this study, by making use of 2 hosted services, hosting a web site that will be load tested to provide the latency figures. Edge computing proved through the statistics to be more beneficial in improving latency. Due to time constraints, virtual users and hosted services were used.

Inflow hydrograph to a reservoir plays a significant role in reservoir filling schedule as well as subsequent operational management. Inflow hydrograph with its parameters peak discharge, volume, duration and time to peak are considered for tetravariate frequency analysis by Gumbel-Hougaard (GH) four dimensional copula approaches. The main advantage of using this GH approach is that, it relaxes the restriction of using a similar type of marginal distributions for all the four basic variables and the combined tetravariate computed CDFs are generated accordingly. These results are validated using tetravariate observed CDF. The requirements of the proposed model consist of, the best fit marginal CDFs, which are determined for all the four inflow hydrograph variables, whose outcomes were Gamma CDF for peak discharge (Q), Gamma CDF for volume (V), Extreme value 1 CDF for duration (D) and Extreme value 1 CDF for time to peak (Tp) along with a dependence parameter (θ) whose value is estimated to be 1.7. After a successful tetravariate copula modelling, now this model is utilized further to determine the conditional CDF and its conditional return period for a given peak, volume and duration by conditioning the time to peak. Unlike other study, time to peak is taken in the study as a significant parameter with other three regular parameters as Q, V and D. The three hourly inflow data of Hirakud reservoir has been taken here to fit the proposed model.

The local and non-local topological treatment of electronic distributions is applied to a simple out of equilibrium case of a three-atom cluster. The bending movement of evolution is described in detail through the onset and disappearance of critical points defining two kinds of molecular structures, each of them containing an equilibrium geometry and also describing a transition state (TS). A structural change is also found and analyzed through the behavior of population magnitudes from the paired and unpaired electron densities. All points in this rich evolution are featured and distinguished by the mentioned local and non-local magnitudes. Furthermore, the multi-center bonding interactions are discussed in this context to give a complete description of the changes undergone. Consideration of the electron correlation effects constitutes the basement of the results gathered, thus showing their main influence in breaking and making boron bonding interactions.

The FrLi molecule has not yet been well reported. In this paper, potential energy curves, as well as relevant permanent and transition dipole moments, for X1Σ+-101Σ+, 13Σ+-103Σ+, 11,3Π - 61,3Π and 11,3∆-21,3∆ of FrLi are obtained using a standard quantum chemistry approach based on pseudopotential for Fr+ and Li+ cores, Gaussian basis sets, effective core polarization potentials and full configuration interaction calculations. We present extensive predictions for the electronic structure of FrLi for which numerical data have been listed in a data base available as supplementary data. Based on the Effective Hamiltonian Theory and an effective metric, a diabatisation procedure was used to produce the quasi-diabatic potential energy. We have determined the adiabatic and quasi-diabatic potential energy curves. Spectroscopic constants (Re, De, Te, ωe, ωeχe and Be) are also determined. In addition, we have localized and analyzed numerous avoided crossings between electronic states of 1,3Σ+, 1,3Π and 1,3Δ symmetries. For the FrLi molecule, these avoided crossings can be explained by the ionic interaction between Fr+ and Li-, and Fr- and Li+. The permanent dipole moment of FrLi has revealed both ionic characters relating to electron transfer and yielding Fr+Li- and Fr-Li+ arrangements. These transition dipole moments is used to evaluate the radiative lifetimes of the vibrational levels trapped in the two excited states. In addition to the bound–bound contribution, the bound-free term calculated using two different methods the Franck–Condon (FC) approximation, the sum role approximation and added to the total radiative lifetime. On the other hand we have presented the absorption spectrum.

Sedimentation is a great concern for designers and managers of reservoirs, as it is responsible for reduction of reservoir’s operational life. This inevitable but unfortunate phenomenon reduces storage capacity of reservoirs and diminishes utility of infrastructure. Therefore, a hitherto unexplored and unreported area of sedimentation in reservoirs – spatial distribution of deposited sediment in a shallow reservoir – is investigated, employing numerical simulation model (TELEMAC-SISYPHE). Present study considers the Hirakud Dam on the River Mahanadi in eastern India as a test case. The study established generic trends between reservoir geometry variables and sediment distribution patterns in a reservoir through a heuristic set of numerical experiments for several configurations of reservoirs. The research work comprises of the following steps: Defining significant geometric parameters defining any typical water storage reservoir; Setting up and running numerical model for simulating flow and sediment movement for a range of possible geometries; Expressing characteristic parameters defining extent of sedimentation (height of sediment mound, spatial width, longitudinal extent) in terms of reservoir geometric parameters; Validating proposed generic relations with field observations of sedimentation of the Hirakud Reservoir within its two branches of Mahanadi and Ib. The study shows that the reservoir geometry and bathymetry significantly influence the flow velocity which, in turn, dictates the conditions of sediment transport and deposition within the reservoir. Lateral spread of sediment increases with an increase of expansion angle resulting in lower peaks of sediment dunes. Increase in cross slope increases the flow velocity, causing higher movement of sediments. Further, cross slope has direct influence in increasing transverse movement of sediment towards central dip resulting in a narrower sediment footprint across the reservoir section. Maximum height of evolution moves upstream, while minimum isoline moves downstream with an increase of longitudinal slope. The developed relations would be helpful to the reservoir managers in understanding the nature of bed elevation rise in respective reservoirs and for arranging proper desiltation of sediments for conserving reservoir capacity.

Theoretical investigations of cathode materials LiCoO2, LiMnO2, LiNiO2, LiFeO2, and LiMn1/3Co1/3Ni1/3O2 are performed by density functional theory (DFT), using GGA(+U). Structural properties and stability are evaluated by considering the c axis of unit-cell as a naïve indicator. Calculated force on the transition metal atoms is used as a simple indicator for cycling stability (cycle-ability). Requirement of stability in conditions of relevant atoms is proposed here as a new approach for ab-initio evaluation of cycle-ability. Comparison among the oxide cathodes show the best structural properties, stability and conductivity belong to LiMn1/3Co1/3Ni1/3O2. In terms of energy density, cycle-ability and rate-capability, LiCoO2 is the best. In contrast, relatively, LiMnO2 is not an appropriate cathode. Calculated atomic forces show that LiFeO2 suffers from low cycle-ability. LiNiO2 may suffer from ion diffusion difficulty due to its low highness of the c axis. The conclusions justify reputation of the cathodes and their relevant experimental observations.

During the Science Day set up by the school where I'm working at, an event linked to the wider Erasmus+ project and involving other European countries - Poland, Cyprus, Portugal, Bulgaria - I thought of designing a didactic-playful activity that included a challenge between two teams, which had to guess the largest number of binary/decimal conversions by subjecting them to 8-bit sequences, that is, a different byte every time.

Jocimara Maciel Correia, graduada  em História pela Universidade Estadual do Paraná, UNESPAR, (2016), especialista em História das Revoluções e Movimentos Sociais pela Universidade Estadual de Maringá, UEM (2018) e, Geografia, Meio Ambiente e Ensino pela UNESPAR,  (2018).  Mestranda no Programa de História Pública pela UNESPAR, membro do Grupo de Pesquisa História Pública, linha de pesquisa Memória e espaços de formação, jocimaramacielcorreia92@gmail.comRESUMO: Este projeto tem como objetivo investigar o imaginário coletivo envolvendo a fantasiosa passagem do médico Josef Kanat no município de Mamborê, estado do Paraná, e sua vinculação à identidade do médico alemão Josef Mengele, bem como os respectivos desdobramentos de traumas psíquicos, pessoal e familiar, decorrentes de imperícia, imprudência ou negligência médica. Para muitas pessoas Josef Kanat, que trabalhou no município no ano de 1956, seria Josef Mengele disfarçado. Uma hipótese da pesquisa é a de que esse imaginário foi alimentado pela comunicação maciça de reportagens na década de 1980, as quais discutiam a presença de refugiados alemães e de falsas identidades, onde Mengele supostamente teria se disfarçado com o nome de Josef Kanat no interior do estado do Paraná. Em contrapartida, a modernização e a política de estado voltada à saúde pública e à educação sanitária, que contou com a criação do Ministério da Saúde (1953), isentam-se de problemas da assistência médica plena aos brasileiros e a avaliação e acompanhamento das condutas médicas neste período. As vítimas de erros médicos de Josef Kanat e seus familiares relembram os traumas e as consequências do atendimento médico, que além de desfiguração corporal de algumas pessoas, causou a morte de outra. Em termos acadêmicos, os quais darão suporte às demais ações, desenvolver-se-á reflexão teórica e conceitual sobre identidade, memória, imaginação e evolução do sistema de saúde pública, desde a década de 1950. Deste modo, elaborar-se-á um plano de ação com atividades nas quais o conhecimento, devidamente adaptado ao público em geral, poderá ser compartilhado publicamente. Igualmente a pesquisa e o registro das memórias de traumas de familiares serão registrados, analisados, armazenados e difundidos a partir da metodologia em História Oral e História Pública. No tocante à aplicação de projeto em História Pública, pretendem-se realizar debate, exposição, atividades com as audiências para tratar de temas como identidade, saúde pública e direito à saúde e produzir um website em que serão armazenados os dados e resultados da pesquisa. Palavras chave: História Pública. Imaginário. Saúde Pública. História Oral. Mamborê-PR.

Referee ReportThe paper describes a computational framework that can automate the simulations of adsorbates on a given surface. The script, starting from an initial cell containing a few layers of a substrate and an adsorbate, can detect the latter and then create a new simulation cell where the adsorbate is onto a different metal slab. Various methods are employed to determine the correct adsorbate position by automating many of the required steps.The authors mention other relevant databases and tools existing in the field and actually use some of them. Interestingly, they show how results can be deposited in the ioChem-BD online database, facilitating access to the computational results.The general concept is interesting, and the use of the interactive features of the Authorea platform can facilitate understanding (e.g. with Fig. 1, where one can click on the boxes describing intuitively the steps of the workflow and see the crystal structure at that specific stage, or the nice animated visualization of normal frequencies in Fig. 2). However, I think that the manuscript has a few weaknesses that should be addressed by the authors.At the beginning of Sec. 3.4, authors define the results of the workflows as "solid". However, e.g. in the case of MER, 88% of the VASP relaxations just work without any need of error management, and the workflow only deals with 0.1% more. In many cases (the remaining ~23%) still there is the need of manual preparation. Therefore, this strikes me as suprising, since one of the focuses of the paper is to describe how the described platform can remove human intervention. In this case, human intervention is still needed, and it is not even significantly reduced from when VASP itself would require it (only 0.1% of the total cases, with 23% of cases where manual preparation is anyway needed). I'd like to stress that I understand that humans are helped in creating the input cells; still, the results don't strike me as "solid", and also the authors acknowledge in the abstract that performance is only "good" or even just "decent". Therefore, I don't believe that, for instance, the sentence in the conclusion "Our framework has proven to successfully automate two different ..." is accurately describing the advantage of the framework over VASP itself.In addition to the point above, one way they mention they used to achieve convergence is to replace the metal slab with another one. But isn't this a different system? What if I really want to simulate that specific material?Authors mention that putting data on ioChem-BD makes their research FAIR. However, I could only find less than 10 systems in the database, while in Fig. 3 they report over 300 runs. Do they intend to make this data public to make the paper really FAIR? Otherwise, this is just a proof-of-concept demonstration but not really a FAIR paper.It is not clear to me what amount of reproducibility the ioChem-BD guarantees. Can the authors describe advantages and limitations of the database? For instance:what is available to allow an external researcher to reproduce the simulation, and what is not? Are input files of VASP available (I think some of them are available, but some only in parsed form like the initial coordinates?);Are output files of VASP available (only a parsed .cml is provided? are raw outputs available? Is it possible to add a link to the CML specifications/schema? Is it possible to provide information on the code and version that performed the parsing?)Is it possible to get inputs and outputs also for the other computational steps (I think only the final ones of VASP are provided?)Is it possible to retrieve information on how the inputs of the simulations were obtained? (e.g. if the input of VASP was obtained by a relaxation, or the simulation was the restart of another one, is this specified somewhere?)Also, at the end of Sec. 3.4 they speak about NEB calculations - is is possible to inspect them and see the results? I believe that the paper requires an overall revision for what concerns the use of the English language.There are quite a few grammar mistakes (e.g. "Our framework show" instead of "Our framework shows" in the abstract, "that can be search" instead of "that can be searched" at the end of Sec. 1, "a Gamma-centered mesh have" instead of "a Gamma-centered mesh has" in Sec. 2, "Niquel" instead of "Nickel" in one of the captions of Fig. 1, etc. (there are quite a few more occurrences later). Also, the reference of "FAIR" as "functional, accessible, interoperable, recyclable" is incorrect (F is findable, R is reusable).Moreover, I never found (or could find) the use of the term "avoidhuman", that also sounds to be as having a negative connotation, and I would suggest therefore to replace with some other term ("automation"?).In addition, sometimes the use of wording is unusual or incorrect, and in some cases I feel that it make it hard to understand the actual meaning of some sentences. I report here some examples: "infinite xyz coordinate listing" in Sec. 1 (I guess they mean "very long" rather than infinite); the mention in the abstract that the framework performs an "experimental" procedure is very confusing (I understood much later that it is instead a computational paper, and it is not describing an experimental protocol); some sentences are long and not clear, like in Sec. 1 "As the applications grow and the access to massive computers and robust codes extends worldwide structural data, spectroscopic fingerprints, general properties can be generated as databases for molecules, nanostructures and materials." or in Sec. 2 "All the intermediates belong to the same reaction network, being the transition states all the possible elemental steps involving the intermediates.". At the end of Sec. 3.1, authors say "After a few tests, further improvements were integrated to the transfer algorithm." but it is not clear in detail which improvements were integrated, and the technical details of these (i.e., it is not possible with the information provided to try to reproduce their results).Is the code described in the paper available somewhere? In order to have a really "FAIR" and reusable dataset, it would be important to be able to rerun the same simulations/workflow.

In this paper, I set out to illustrate that international intellectual property rights laws are immoral because they allow pharmaceutical corporations to steal and patent plants native to developing countries. I also aim to show how the patenting of drugs creates monopolies that make it difficult for the world’s poorest to access certain drugs, and how these laws promote the destruction of the environment. Disappointingly, the organizations in which the majority of society trusts with conservation efforts help multinational corporations to gain access to plants native to the global South. In return, they get funds from corporations that are currently using biotechnology and want to be viewed as a force for good.  Additionally, I give solutions to these problems throughout this paper, but stress that these solutions are within the global capitalist framework and not able to create structural change.  The world is currently in crisis mode due to the blatant exploitation of the environment by powerful multinationals, and if capitalism is not changed in drastic ways, it is likely that humanity will be changed in irreparable ways, due to the devastating effects of climate change.

Mehrsa Bakhtiyari 1*1 Department of Management, Tehran Markaz Azad University, Tehran, Iran.* Correspondence: mehrsa.bakhtiari@yahoo.com

Abstract: AIEC-LF82 is a strain of bacteria that is surmised to have a role in causing IBD and Crohn’s disease by activating pro-inflammatory gene expression in organisms. Using antibiotics via combination therapy has been a technique used in clinical settings in an attempt to treat the strains, however, the attempts have not been that effective nor efficient in terms of completely halting the growth and colonization of AIEC to treat IBD and Crohn’s disease patients. Research has shown that regarding hindering or preventing the colonization bacterial colonies, sequential therapy tends to be more effective and time-efficient than combination therapy, with fewer adverse effects. To test if this is also the case with the AIEC-LF82 strain of bacteria, I first tested AIEC’s response to combination therapy using the Penicillin-Streptomycin, Kanamycin-Chloramphenicol, antimicrobial peptide (AMP), Kanamycin, SPE phase and LB agar plates, all of which were experimental plates other than the LB agar plate that acted as the negative control. I then tested AIEC-LF82’s response to sequential therapy using the LB+ Kan + Spe, LB + AMP + Spe, LB+ Kan/Cam + Spe, LB + P/S + Spe, LB + P/S + Kan and LB + P/S + AMP and one LB agar plate acting as the negative control. The only differences between sets a and b were the order in which the antibiotics were administered in the six aforementioned treatment sets. Ultimately, I found that set b of sequential therapy, strong-weak antibiotic treatments, was the most effective treatment but that set a regarding sequential therapy was actually the least effective of all of the treatments. In conclusion, using strong-weak sequential antibiotic therapy treatments appears to be a potentially promising option to treat patients suffering from Crohn’s disease and IBD.Introduction:  AIEC is an Adherent-Invasive strain of E. Coli bacteria that is highly linked to patients with chronic Crohn’s disease and IBD.  It is suspected to instigate chronic inflammation in susceptible hosts by altering gut microbiota composition, which would allow it to have a greater chance of activating pro-inflammatory gene expression.  AIEC strains tend to colonize the intestinal mucosa by adhering to intestinal epithelial cells, so the important role that is played by the AIEC strain, in Crohn’s disease and IBD pathogenicity, is due to their ability to invade both intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages (4, 12).  This in turn results in very high levels of secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which ultimately contributes to chronic inflammation.  Adherent-Invasive E.coli bacteria are also true invasive pathogens because they are able to invade intestinal epithelial cells via a macropinocytosis-like process, allowing them to be able to survive and replicate intracellularly after lysis of the endocytic vacuole (11). Inside macrophages themselves, AIEC strains survive and replicate without inducing host cell death and induce the release of high amounts of TNFα, making them a very dangerous strain of E.coli (11). These virulence properties designate AIEC as a pathogen that can potentially induce persistent intestinal inflammation by crossing and breaching the intestinal barrier, moving into deep tissues, and continuously activating macrophages to infect host cells.  This led me to take the stance that the antibiotic treatments would be able to potentially prevent the AIEC bacteria from being able to colonize and thrive.  This is since the infection cycle of adherent-invasive E. Coli appears to depend heavily on the ability of these bacteria to first be able to colonize in the gastrointestinal tract of genetically predisposed Crohn's disease and IBD patients (12). Another pressing issue is the emergence of mutant strains of bacteria being resistant to one or many antibiotics (9).    Even though in the past multidrug treatments often reduce the prevalence of severe infections, research has shown that excessive use of antibiotics has resulted in the evolution of multidrug resistance in many species of bacteria (5). Multidrug resistance is also extremely frequent in many healthcare-associated bacterial infections, such as Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which can tend to make the optimal use of multidrug therapy more difficult regarding medical treatment.  Using antibiotics simultaneously for combination therapy or sequentially for sequential therapy are techniques commonly used in the healthcare industry, in which two or more different antibiotics are used one after the other. Combination therapy can be used to successfully treat Helicobacter pylori (1), which is an agent of peptic ulcers or in this case the AIEC variants of E.Coli.  However, one of the flaws is that combination therapy can often be associated with uncomfortable side effects if the drugs used in combination create an adverse reaction in the organism’s body.   However, unlike the previously mentioned therapy sequential therapy within a single host exposes bacterial infections to a rapid change in antibiotics. The cycling process of antibiotics via combination therapy  within a hospital system can take months to years to implement, but with sequential therapy, it is possible to switch antibiotics within a single host over a matter of days (10). It is also important to note that assuming that the antibiotics chosen for sequential therapy don’t elicit no cross-resistance, the mutants that are resistant against one antibiotic are unlikely to reach high frequencies within the host before a second antibiotic is applied. Though combination therapy can prove to be very effective if the correct antibiotics are used, sequential therapy is generally a more reliable technique overall.  This is because a rapid switch in antibiotic use has the potential to minimize multidrug resistance while greatly minimizing any potential negative clinical consequences of combination therapy.

This is a set of basic guidelines to follow when assessing a manuscript for peer review in STEM fields. Information was compiled from several sources including The American Chemical Society (ACS) Reviewer Lab, the Public Library of Science (PLoS) Reviewer center and PREreview guidelines and code of conduct. \cite{lab,center,review}Before you pick an article to review:Is the research in your field of research or expertise?It is important to have some experience or working knowledge of the field in order to write substantive feedback that authors can include in their manuscripts.Do you have any conflicts of interest?Conflicts of interest influence your ability to give impartial feedback. If you answer yes to any of these questions you should not review the manuscript.Are you close friends with the authors?Are you from the same institution?Do you directly compete with the authors?Do you have a contentious relationship with the authors.Have you collaborated with the authors in the last 5 years?Would you benefit financially from the publication of this work?Understand your biasesOur biases emerge when our environment shapes the way we think about certain people, places or things. Everyone has some level of bias however, is important to not let our biases influence our ability to give reasonable and impartial feedback for scientific work. Here we list a few biases discussed in the ACS Reviewer Lab. \cite{lab}Ethnic and Gender Biases – the assumption that certain genders or ethnic backgrounds produce research that requires additional scrutiny.Geographic bias – the assumption that research that comes from certain countries is of higher or lower quality.Model Bias – The assumption that certain models are better than others for studying or understanding natural phenomena.Positive Bias – The assumption that research with a positive result better in quality than negative results which are scrutinized more carefully.Prestige bias – the assumption that research from known universities is better than research from institutions that are not well recognized.

A document by Selden Crary. Click on the document to view its contents.

ArticleTitle: Left ventricular myocardial dysfunction secondary to adverse ventricular-ventricular interactions in previously healthy infants with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis…Moises Rodriguez-Gonzalez 1,4*, Alvaro Antonio Perez-Reviriego1,4, Ana Castellano-Martinez2,4, Simon Lubian-Lopez3,4 and Isabel Benavente-Fernandez3,41 Pediatric Cardiology Division, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cadiz, Spain;doctormoisesrodriguez@gmail.com;alvaro.apr@hotmail.com2 Pediatric Nephrology Division, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cadiz, Spain;anacastellanomart@gmail.com3 Neonatology Division, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cadiz, Spain;isabenavente@gmail.com;slubian@yahoo.es4 Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital* Correspondence: doctromoisesrodriguez@gmail.com.Received: date; Accepted: date; Published: dateAbstract: Aim: To investigate if the presence of left ventricular myocardial dysfunction (LVMD) assessed by Tei index (LVTX) may have a direct impact on the outcomes in Respiratory Syncytial Virus bronchiolitis (RSVB), and if NT-proBNP will increase the accuracy of traditional clinical and laboratory markers in predicting the severity of the disease. Methods: A single-centre, prospective, cohort study including healthy infants aged 1-12 month-old admitted due to RSVB between October 1, 2016 and April 1, 2017. All patients underwent clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic evaluation within 24 hours of admission. PICU admission was defined as severe disease. Results: We enrolled 50 cases of RSVB (median age of 2 (1-6.5) months; 40% female) and 50 age-matched controls. We observed higher values of LVTX in infants with RSVB than in controls (0.42 vs 0.36; p=0.008). A total of 9 (18%) cases presented LVMD (LVTX>0.5), with higher incidence of PICU admission (89% vs 5%; p<0.001). The diagnostic performance of NTproBNP to predict LVMD in infants with RSVB resulted high (AUC 0.91 (CI95% 0.79-0.98). The diagnostic yield of the predictive model for PICU admission that included NTproBNP was excellent (AUC 0.945, CI95% 0.880-1), and significantly higher than the yields for models without NTproBNP. Conclusions: LVMD could be present in healthy infants with RSVB, negatively impacting the outcome. NTproBNP seems to be an adequate biomarker for LVMD and subsequently outcome.Keywords: Respiratory Syncytial Virus; NT-proBNP; Echocardiography; Pulmonary hypertension; Myocardial dysfunction; Tissue Doppler Imaging; Tei Index; Biomarkers; Infants.1. IntroductionRespiratory Syncytial Virus bronchiolitis (RSVB) is the leading cause of lower respiratory infection and hospital admission among children up to 2 years of age worldwide [1]. Approximately 2-6% cases of RSVB will develop a severe form of disease, requiring ad mission at the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and mechanical ventilation (MV) [1,2]. RSVB constitutes approximately 13% of all PICU admissions [2]. Current guidelines recognise identification of specific risk factors (congenital heart disease (CHD), chronic lung disease (CLD), prematurity, etc.) and clinical evaluation as the best tools to asses severity, predict evolution and tailor management [3].Cardiovascular involvement seems to be a relevant prognostic factor in RSVB. Cardiovascular complications, are present in up to 9% of cases of RSVB, and constitute the second most common extra pulmonary manifestations after infectious complications [4]. These events present usually in an abrupt and unexpected manner in those children with severe RSVB, and infants with CHD are particularly susceptible to have these complications and adverse outcomes [5]. Interestingly, nearly half of children admitted to PICU with RSVB are healthy prior to the clinical event [2]. In these patients the presence of acute lung injury secondary to RSVB can also lead to important cardiovascular effects, especially raising pulmonary vascular resistance and overloading the right ventricle (RV) [6-8]. Moreover, previous studies assessing plasmatic levels of cardiac troponin in RSVB suggest an underrecognized but yet clinically significant incidence of myocardial damage in this population [9-11]. Furthermore, RV global dysfunction in ventilated healthy infants has been reported [12]. Recently, we found that mild to moderate forms of PH could impact the outcome of healthy infants with RSVB [13].Adverse RV-LV interactions and left ventricle (LV) myocardial dysfunction (LVMD) are emerging as important determinants of PH outcomes. PH can induce complex changes in LV geometry and causes an abnormal relaxation and a non-uniform contraction pattern in the LV wall, leading to LVMD [14-16]. However, most studies in healthy infants with RSVB found no abnormalities when assessing LVMD through conventional echocardiographic parameters [12,13,17-19]. Remarkably, there are no studies to date assessing LVMD in RSVB by more sensitive methods such as tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) echocardiography.N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a hormone synthesized and released into the circulation by ventricular myocytes in response to pressure/volume overload and an increase in myocardial wall stress [20]. Elevated serum NT-proBNP levels have been defined as a powerful biomarker in the diagnosis of PH, and both LVMD and RV myocardial dysfunction (RVMD) secondary to pulmonary diseases [21-25]. Of note, we recently showed how NTproBNP could be considered an adequate biomarker for PH in previously healthy infants with RSVB [13].In this study we aimed to investigate the adverse RV-LV interactions and LVMD through TDI-echocardiography in previously healthy infants with RSVB. We hypothesized that acute PH with RV pressure overload may indeed have a direct impact on LV performance. We also hypothesized that those infants with LVMD are prone to develop a more severe form of disease. Finally, we sought to test NT-proBNP as a biomarker for LVMD, and to explore if NT-proBNP will increase the accuracy of traditional clinical and laboratory markers in predicting the severity of the disease.2. Materials and Methods2.1. Design, settings and study population: This was a single-centre, prospective, cohort study including infants aged 1-12 month-old admitted to the Pediatric Department of our institution (a tertiary university-affiliated hospital in Spain) due to RSVB (determined by a confirmed RSV antigen testing) between October 1, 2016 and April 1, 2017. All patients underwent clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic evaluation within 24 hours of admission. We excluded patients with co-existing CHD or CLD, prematurity, those that received MV or intravenous fluid before assessment, and those with poor quality echocardiographic images or incomplete medical records. Severe cases were screened for coinfection and if existed they were also excluded. The control group consisted of age-matched healthy infants who underwent evaluation for heart murmur at our Pediatric cardiology outpatient clinic during the study period. These controls followed the same echocardiographic protocol as study patients. Our Institutional Review Board approved the study. Informed consent was obtained for all patients.2.2. Clinical and laboratory assessment and outcomes: The bronchiolitis score of Sant Joan de Déu (BROSJOD) [26]was used to assess severity at admission clinically. A BROSJOD score greater than 10 points is indicative of severe clinical state. Venous pH and pCO2 were determined, and respiratory acidosis (RA) was considered when pH<7.35 and pCO2>45 mmHg coexisted in the same patient. Plasma NT-proBNP levels at admission were determined using a commercially available electrochemiluminescent immunoassay kit (ElecSys 2010, Roche Diagnostics). The primary outcome was PICU admission during the hospitalization. PICU admission criteria for RSVB at our institution rely on the presence of: apnea, extreme bradycardia, need of respiratory support greater than high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy, or inotropic support.

Supplementary Figures

Data availability statements can provide useful information about how researchers actually share research data. We used unsupervised machine learning to analyse 124,000 data availability statements submitted by research authors to 176 Wiley journals between 2013 and 2019. We categorised the data availability statements, and looked at trends over time. We found expected increases in the number of data availability statements submitted over time, and marked increases that correlate with policy changes made by journals. Our open data challenge becomes to use what we have learned to present researchers with relevant and easy options that help them to share and make an impact with new research data. 

Background : Previous research have established – in the problem solving of diagnosis and treatment of hard tissues defects, a significant role belongs to the choice of tactics treatment tooth destruction. This work aims to study the diagnosis problems and cavity classification, what will facilitate objectification of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the dental treatment of patients with this disease.Methods : For differential estimation of defects in teeth and for a precise assessment of the strength of the composition ”tooth-restoration”, we conducted a mechanic-mathematical modeling of contact interaction of restoration with tooth tissues. We also conducted anthropometric studies cavities all kinds and different groups of teeth.Results: The first division of the cavities we have conducted in depth lesions: depth of destruction (DD). The next division we conducted on several parameters: Location of defects, Occlusion load, Volume of defects (LOV).  As a result of the study, was proposed the cavity classification LOV/DD, is offered the method choice algorithm of treatment hard tissues defects, which is based on classification LOV/DD, and can serve as a selection criterion in the treatment of such pathologies.Conclusion: The proposed classification fills the obvious gap in academic representations of hard tissue defects, suggests the prospect of reaching a consensus on differentiated diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the treatment of patients with this disease.Keywords: cavity classification, diagnostics, restoration, algorithm of treatment.

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Mehrsa Bakhtiyari 1*1 Department of Management, Tehran Markaz Azad University, Tehran, Iran.* Correspondence: mehrsa.bakhtiari@yahoo.com