Background: Obesity is an important, worldwide public health problem. Obesity affects all body systems, but mainly cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Aim: We aimed to investigate the change in respiratory functions due to both the decrease in body-mass index (BMI) and laparoscopic obesity surgery that is used in obesity treatment. Methods: Patients were selected who applied to Ondokuz Mayıs University General Surgery Clinics and were referred to pulmonary medicine clinics for preoperative evaluation. The mean age of patients was 35.3±9.3. 32 patients who applied for laparoscopic obesity surgery with BMI>40 kg/m2 were monitored. Pulmonary symptoms of patients were evaluated pre-operatively and post-operatively; their BMIs were calculated and pulmonary function tests, lung diffusion testing and 6 minutes walking test (6 MWT) were applied. The data obtained at the end of the study were assessed under computer setting by SPSS 15.0 program. Chi-Square, Mann Whitney U, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks, Paired T and Student T tests were used in statistical analysis of data. Results: Average age of patients was 35.3±9.3 and 28.1% of the patients (n=9) were men, 71.9% (n=23) of them were women. The fact that majority of patients who participated the study were women was related with more frequent morbid obesity in women in general; we also saw that women patients applied to the hospital for obesity surgery at a higher ratio. When data of preoperative and post-operative were compared, BMI of patients decreased by 28%; FEV₁ value, FEV₁ percentage, FVC value and FVC percentages increased by 11.9%, 14.8%, 14.8% and 17.3% respectively, and these results were accepted as statistically significant. Conclusion: Recovery in respiratory functions due to decrease in BMI was observed after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in obesity. More effective routes must be followed in fighting against obesity which affect all the body systems mainly including cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Objective: To evaluate the relations between Fear of COVID-19 and postpartum depression (PPD) symptoms. Design: A multicenter prospective observational study. Setting and Population: A cohort of women who delivered during COVID-19 pandemic between 03-05/2020. Methods: Participants were virtually approached after delivery and asked to complete an online questionnaire. Data was verified with each center’s perinatal database. The validated Fear of COVID-19 Scale was in use. PPD was evaluated using the EPDS questionnaire as a categorical (≥10) and as a continuous scale. Pre-existing maternal disability was defined as any prior physiological/psychological chronic health condition. Stress-contributing complications during pregnancy or at birth included pregnancy and labor related complications. Regression analysis and ROC statistics were utilized to evaluate associations and control for confounders. Main Outcome Measure: PPD symptoms. Results: Overall, 421 women completed the questionnaires. Of them, 99(23.5%) had a high EPDS score. Fear of COVID-19 was positively correlated with PPD symptoms (r=0.35,p=0.000),ROC-AUC 0.67, 95%CI 0.61-0.74. Following adjustment to confounders (maternal age, nulliparity, ethnicity, marital status, financial difficulties, maternal disability, accessibility to medical services, and stress-contributing complications during pregnancy (, the most important factor that correlated with depression was maternal disability (aOR3,95%CI 1.3-6.9) followed by Fear of COVID-19 (aOR1.1,95%CI 1.05-1.15). High accessibility to medical services (aOR0.59,95% CI 0.45-0.77) and stress-contributing complications during pregnancy (aOR0.2, 95% CI 0.11-0.82) were both protective for PPD symptoms. Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, maternal disability and Fear of COVID-19 are positively associated with a high EPDS score. High medical accessibility was found as a protective factor for PPD.

In this paper, a new (3+1)-dimensional integrable Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation is developed. Its integrability is verified by the Painlev\’e analysis. The bilinear form, multiple-soliton, breather and lump solutions are obtained via using the Hirota bilinear method. Furthermore, the abundant dynamical behaviors for these solutions are discovered. It is interesting that there are splitting and fusing phenomena when the lumps interact.

The transient flow of a magnetohydrodynamic binary mixture passing through a porous annular duct has been proposed semi-analytically. Particularly, the role of velocity of applied magnetic field and relative motion of the bounding wall has been investigated theoretically. Here, our treatment of the governing momentum equations accountable for the flow is done using the classical Laplace transform technique and Riemann-Sum Approximation (RSA). The effects of the flow parameters on the fluid phase velocity, dust phase velocity and skin frictions has been illustrated pictorially. Findings suggests that a growing time is necessary for an increasing velocity and decreasing drag on the outer wall of the cylinder for both components of flow. Hartmann number is seen to accelerate velocity and skin frictions for both cases of boundary movement with an overwhelming presence of velocity of applied magnetic field over the local Lorentz force for the fluid phase and dust phase. Moreover, higher profiles for velocity and skin frictions are seen with fluid phase and impulsive movement of cylinder.

Assuring viral safety of bioreactors in upstream bioprocessing is an important issue in manufacturing biologicals. Nanofiltration of cell culture media components is a robust yet expensive method of assuring biosafety. The present article investigates the performance of mAb-producing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using 20 nm-filtered chemically defined medium in WAVE Cellbag™ bioreactor in a 10L pilot scale. For 20-nm virus retentive filtration nanocellulose-based non-woven filter paper developed at Uppsala University was used. The cell performance in WAVE Cellbag™ bioreactor was quantified with respect to cell viability, metabolic activity, and protein yield and compared to internal reference data from stirred tank-type bioreactor. The results revealed that 20-nm filtered supplemented chemically-defined media supported the growth of mAb-producing CHO cells, with desirable cell metabolic activity and mAb yield. The observed differences between the reference data from unfiltered media in the stirred tank bioreactor and nanofiltered media in WAVE Cellbag™ bioreactor were mainly due to the configuration of the equipment rather than due to nanofiltraion. The results represent an important step forward for scaling up bioprocesses using cost-efficient nanocellulose-based nanofilters in upstream bioprocessing.

We can not list the applications or the fields that use the anomalous sub-diffusion equations due to their wide area, one of these important applications are in the chemical reactions when a single substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across space. The mathematical model that describes these physical-chemical phenomena is called the reaction subdiffusion equation. In our study, we try to solve the 2D variable order version of these equations (2DVORSE) (linear and nonlinear) using an accurate numerical technique which is the weighted average finite difference method (WAFDM). We will study the stability of the resulting scheme using the fractional version of the John von Neumann stability analysis procedure. An accurate specific stability condition that is valid for some parameters in the resulting schemes is derived and checked. At the end of the study, we present some numerical examples to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed technique.

Background Pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) has been treated successfully with risk- and response-adapted therapy. While all these risk factors are measured objectively, B symptoms are subjective tools. We evaluated whether the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and inflammatory marker levels correlated with B symptoms and disease burden. Methods The medical charts of all children ≤14 years old with HL were retrospectively reviewed. Data included, clinical and pathological features, pretreatment ESR, ferritin levels; monocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts; and NLR. Optimum cutoffs of variables significantly associated with B symptoms were determined based on receiver operating characteristic curves. Results Sixty-four patients were included in the analysis. Sixteen patients (25%) had B symptoms. Patients with B symptoms had higher ferritin levels (p<0.0001), monocyte counts (p=0.0060), neutrophil counts (p=0.0003) and NLR (p <0.0001) and lower lymphocyte counts (p=0.0017). Multiple ROC curves were generated to identify the optimum cut-off. The sensitivities and specificities of NLR (cut-off, 3.5) and ferritin (cut-off, 173 ng/ml) were highest [81.25% and 81.25% (p<0.0001) and 89.36% and 75% (p<0.0001), respectively]. Patients with NLR >3.5 and ferritin>173 (ng/ml) had significantly higher stage, bulky disease, and B symptoms. There was no association between NLR and ferritin with disease outcome. Conclusions NLR and ferritin levels were associated with high disease burden and B symptoms. Therefore, these variables can be used as measurable tools for B symptoms that can help stratify patients with HL. Larger and prospective studies are needed to validate these findings.

Striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus), belonging to the Pangasiidae family, has become an economically important fish with wide cultivation in Southeast Asia. Owing to the high-fat trait, it is always considered as an oily fish. In our present study, a high-quality genome assembly of the striped catfish was generated by integration of short reads from an Illumina Hiseq Xten platform, long reads from a Nanopore platform, and Hi-C sequencing data. This assembled genome is 731.7 Mb in length, with a scaffold N50 of 29.5 Mb and anchoring on 30 chromosomes. A total 18,895 protein-coding genes were predicted, among them 98.46% were functionally annotated. Interestingly, we identified a tandem triplication of fatty acid binding protein 1 gene (fabp1; thereby named as fabp1-1, fabp1-2 and fabp1-3 respectively), which may be critical for molecular regulation of the high-fat trait in the striped catfish. Compared with Fabp1-1 (similar to the conserved Fabp1 in various vertebrate species), the R126T mutation may potentially affect the fatty acid binding capacity of the Fabp1 isotypes 2 and 3. In summary, we report a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of the striped catfish, which provides a valuable genetic resource for biomedical studies on the high-fat trait, and laying a foundation for practical aquaculture and molecular breeding of this international teleost species.

The number of extinct or urgently threatened species rapidly accelerates and almost one-third of freshwater biodiversity face extinction. Consequently, the need to identify means to help protect and conserve species is paramount. Here, we explore mechanistic links between eutrophication and species declines. Specifically, we hypothesised that declining species within the plant genus Potamogetonaceae exhibit a low degree of ecophysiological trait plasticity and a suboptimal trait expression under enhanced levels of nutrients rendering these species prone to extinction under eutrophication. Individuals of five species including common species (S. pectinatus, P. perfoliatus and P. crispus) and declining species (P. compressus and P. gramineus) were transplanted into three replicate lakes along a gradient in nutrient availability. After four weeks, ecophysiological traits were measured and the phenotypic plasticity was assessed. We found that declining species were unable to convert increased nutrients availability into enhanced rates of growth. Additionally, we found that the ecophysiological plasticity was lower both regarding nutrient acquisition and the ability to adjust physiologically to maximise growth under the prevailing nutrient regime. We conclude that the mechanisms behind species declines link to inappropriate ecophysiological adjustments under nutrient enrichment that have severe consequences for their competitive capabilities, eventually leading to local extinction.

Weeds have continually interrupted crop plants since their domestication, leading to a greater yield loss compared to diseases and pests that necessitated to practice weed control measures. The control of weeds is crucial to ensure the availability of sufficient food for rapidly increasing human population. Currently, the chemical (herbicides) weed control is the most effective, reliable, and widely used method of weed management programs. The application of herbicides for weed control practices called for the urgency to develop herbicide resistant (HR) crops. Recently, the genome editing tools, especially CRISPR-Cas9 has brought innovation in genome editing technology that opens up new possibilities to provide sustainable farming in modern agricultural industry. To date, several non-GM (genetically modified) HR crops have been developed through genome editing that can present a leading role to combat weed problem along with increased crop productivity to meet increasing food demand around the world. Here, we present various techniques of weed control, approaches for herbicide resistance development, and possible advantages and limitations of genome editing in herbicide resistance. We also discuss how genome editing would be effective in combating intensive weed problem and what would be the impact of genome-edited HR crops in agriculture.

Forest composition is critical for its functioning. While global environmental changes have modified forest composition, it remains unclear how temporal shifts in functional composition differ across regions and biomes. Using extensive spatial and long-term forest inventory data (17,107 plots monitored 1951–2016) across Canada, we found that functional composition shifted toward fast-growing deciduous broadleaved trees and higher drought tolerance over time; notably, this functional shift was more rapid in colder regions (boreal biome). Further, the functional composition of colder plots shifted toward drought tolerance more rapidly with rising CO2 than warmer plots (temperate biome), suggesting the vulnerability of boreal forests against global environmental changes. Future ecosystem management practices should consider spatial differences in functional responses to global environmental change, with attention to boreal forests experiencing higher rates of warming and compositional changes.

Extensive in vivo and vitro studies showed that the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist resiquimod(R848) had potent Th1 adjuvant activity. The role of R848 in Th1 induction is dependent on R848 induction of dendritic cell (DC)maturation and the promotion of IL-12 production. Here We demonstrated that R848 produced stronger Th1 induction than two common TLR agonists and revealed that the stronger Th1 response induced by R848 was attributed to DC-NK interaction. R848 induced IFN-γ+CD8+ T cell and CD8+T cell accumulation in lymph nodes to a greater degree in vivo than LPS(Lipopolysaccharide) and CPG-C(Class C CPG ODN).Increased natural killer(NK) cell migration to lymph nodes occurred in R848-immunized mice. R848 more potently activated DC and NK cells in vitro. R848-activated DCs enhancedCD8+ T cell proliferation and increased IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells with the assistance of NK cells. Further study demonstrated that R848-activated DCs increased chemokine-CXCL9 production and induced more NK cell migration than DCs activated with the other two TLR agonists. Taken together, our results show that R848 is a new potent Th1 immune adjuvant that may not merely depend on DC activation, and NK cells must also be considered. With the growing immunological understanding of the effects of R848, these findings provide a new perspective for R848 application in clinical investigations.

Background: Asthma is a complex pulmonary inflammatory disease which is common among older adults.Aging-related alterations have also been found in structural cells and immune cells of asthma patients. Of note, DNA methylation have been proven to be play a critical mechanism for age-related gene expression changes However, the methylation changes of aging-related genes in asthma patients is still obscure. Methods: First, changes in DNAm and gene expression were detected with multiple targeted bisulfite enrichment sequencing and qPCR in peripheral blood of 51 healthy controls and 55 asthmatic patients. Secondly, the correlation between the DNAm levels of specific altered CpG sites and the pulmonary function indicators of asthma patients was evaluated. Lastly, ROC curve and PCA were used to identify the feasibility of the candidate CpG sites as biomarkers for asthma. Results: Compared with HCs, there was a differential mRNA expression for 9 aging-related gene in peripheral blood of asthma patients. Besides, the methylation level of the 9 aging-related genes were also altered, and a total of 68 CpG sites were associated with the severity of asthma. Moreover, ROC curve and PCA analysis showed that the candidate differential methylation sites can be used as potential biomarkers for asthma. Conclusions: In summary, this study confirmed the differentially expressed mRNA and aberrant DNAm level of aging-related genes in asthma patients. The differential DMSs are associated with the clinical evaluation indicators of asthma, which indicate the involvement of aging-related genes in the pathogenesis of asthma and provide some new possible biomarker for asthma.

Introduction Recent advances in immunologic techniques have lead to increase recognition of primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID). Objective We sought to analyze and describe the spectrum of PID at a tertiary care center in Morocco. Methods A retrospective study from 2011 to 2017 was conducted on 27 children diagnosed with PID. Result Over the study period, combined immunodeficiencies with associated or syndromic features were the most common category (48.15%) followed by immunodeficiencies affecting cellular and humoral immunity (25.9%), congenital defects of phagocyte number or function (14.81%), predominantly anti-body deficiencies (7.4%), and diseases of immune dysregulation (3.7%). The most frequent disorder was Ataxia-telangiectasia (44.4%). The mean age at diagnosis was 4.62 years. The consanguinity rate was 74.1%. The principal clinical signs were lower respiratory tract infections (59.2%), neurological manifes-tations (44.4%), failure to thrive (51.8%) and skin infections (33.3%). Two patients who have immunodeficiencies affecting cellular and humoral immunity died. Conclusion This study indicates that PIDs are not rare in Morocco and that combined immunodeficiencies with associated or syndromic features are the most common category. Future research should focus on identifying gene defect for PID patients.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a serious disease with different and various clinical presentations. We may define it as a “game changer” syndrome. Individual clinical entity is seen in each patient and challenge clinicians. We have seen that patients with perforated appendicitis findings on physical examinations who may require urgent surgery recover with steroids or immunomodulators. Treatment must be tailored to each patient individually. Here, we will present three children with a diagnosis of MIS-C who have hemophagocytosis in bone marrow aspiration, which are clinically suggestive of secondary hemophagocytic lympho-histiocytosis (HLH).

A document by Bhavana B K. Click on the document to view its contents.

ABSTRACT Background: The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome health related Questionnaire (PCOSQ) is a reliable instrument for measuring the health related quality of life (HRQoL) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS). The study is aimed to develop a Malay version of PCOSQ (Mal-PCOSQ) to evaluate the HRQoL of Malaysian women with PCOS and to test its reliability and validity. Methods: Participants were women who were diagnosed with PCOS attending the gynaecology clinic. Reliability was determined by internal consistency using Cronbach’s coefficient alpha and test-retest reliability using intra-class correlation coefficient. Validity was assessed through convergent and discriminant validity. Examining the correlation between similar content on the Mal-PCOSQ and the Short Form 36 version 2 (SF 36v2) assessed convergent validity. Whereas the discriminant validity was assessed using the known groups comparison. Results: Cronbach’s coefficient alpha was over 0.70 for total scale and over 0.60 for each subscale. Known groups comparison support its discriminant validity whereby the Mal-PCOSQ differentiated well between sub-groups of women who differ in PCOS specific symptoms. Convergent validity was consistent with a good positive correlation between related subscales of the two instruments. Women with PCOS in Malaysia scored lowest for weight (3.74) and infertility (3.41) domains indicating worse health in these domains. Body hair (5.42) was the least troublesome for the local population. Conclusion: The Mal-PCOSQ is reliable and valid tool in assessing the health related quality of life and can be used to objectively assess the HQoL of Malaysian women with PCOS and evaluate their responsiveness to treatment.

Background: The present study aimed to assess the efficacy of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) on the clinical course, oxygenation, need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and outcomes for children with pulmonary edema after drowning. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review. Children who were referred to the pediatric emergency department due to drowning-related pulmonary edema and underwent NIV between May 2014 and October 2020 were included. Demographics, vital signs, clinical findings, and results of laboratory and radiologic investigations were recorded. Patients were divided into 6 groups using the Szpilman classification system. The need for IMV, the need for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission, and the length of NIV treatment and stay in the PICU were recorded for each patient. Results: Twenty-five patients were enrolled. According to the Szpilman classification, 13 (52.0%) patients were evaluated as grade 3 and 12 (48.0%) as grade 4. All patients were treated with bi-level positive airway pressure in the spontaneous/timed mode. A significant increase in oxygen saturation (SpO₂) and SpO₂/fraction of inspired oxygen ratios was observed from the beginning of NIV treatment and this increase was also observed for the 2nd and 4th hours. There was a decrease in respiratory rate at the 4th hour of NIV treatment. No patient subsequently deteriorated to IMV. Conclusion: We have reported a favorable clinical course of drowning patients who underwent early use of NIV in the pediatric emergency department. Management of drowning patients with pulmonary edema by NIV with close follow-up can be successfully applied in selected cases.

Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging acute infectious disease around the world. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the risk factors of in-hospital mortality and disease severity for COVID-19 patients. We firstly proposed a biomarker ratio, lactate dehydrogenase to albumin ratio (LAR) may be more reliable to assess the predictive value of LAR for in-hospital mortality and early identification of critical COVID-19 patients. A retrospective study was conducted including patients (≥18 years old) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection who had been discharged or had died from 1 February to 29 February, 2020. The study included 321 patients and the median age of the 321 patients was 63.0 (IQR 51.0-70.0), ranging from 19 to 95 years old and 180 (56.1%) patients were male. 142 (44.2%) patients had 1 or more coexisting comorbidity. The most common symptoms on admission were fever(289[90%]) and cough(258[80.4%]). In multivariable logistic regression, only older age (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.05-1.16), WBC count (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.11-1.44), lymphocyte count (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.62-0.99) and LAR (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.18-1.40) were found to be significantly associated with in-hospital death. ROC analysis showed that LAR had a higher AUC (0.917) and the highest specificity(84.0%) and sensitivity(84.6%). Furthermore, the results showed that LAR had a higher AUC (0.931) to differentiate critical from mild patients and had a sensitivity of 87.7% and a specificity of 82.1%. Besides, LAR had an AUC (0.861) to differentiate critical from severe patients and had a sensitivity of 86.0% and a specificity of 73.8% and the role of LAR to distinguish severe from mild patients was the worst. To the best of our knowledge, a high LAR appears to predict higher odds of mortality and differentiate critical patients from mild or severe COVID-19 patients.

Selexipag is an oral selective prostacyclin receptor agonist, that was approved for use in patients with NYHA functional class II-III pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In the GRIPHON study, selexipag demonstrated consistent efficacy for individualised doses in low, medium and high dose stratums. In order to better understand the real world approach to selexipag titration and to establish the individualised maintenance regimens used in our centre, we performed this retrospective study of the first 20 patients prescribed selexipag. Baseline characteristics differed from the GRIPHON study, with more combination therapy and comorbidities at baseline; however. Maintenance doses were stratified as low-dose in 10% (n=2), medium-dose in 70% (n=14) and high-dose in 20% (n=4). Furthermore, two of these patients were successfully transitioned from inhaled iloprost. This study demonstrates that selexipag can be safely initiated, titrated and transitioned in an outpatient setting to achieve an individualised dosing regimen.

Abstract Introduction:LAmbre device was rarely reported to get dislocated during the procedure and it can be deliberately recaptured, completely retrieved and re-deployed.A LAmbre device trapped in the mitral valve is infrequent and which can hardly be recaptured by percutaneous retrieval. Methods：We reported a planted LAmbre device(Lifetech Scientific Corp.) that was dislocated during the procedure of Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion.The patient’s hemodynamic parameters suddenly changed while we withdrew the delivery sheath.The fluoroscopy and TEE showed that the device was detached from the landing zone and closed to the mitral valve. Result:We attempted percutaneous retrieval but failed and the device was subsequently recapatured by a cardiovascular surgery. Conclusion:We should make sure the occluder in the optimal position and operate prudently to avoid device migration or detachment.If the device locates in the mitral valve or LV and causes hemodynamic changes,a surgery should be performed as quickly as possible to retrieve the implant.

New type of cytotoxicity descriptors based on Cu(II) coordination ability of p-substituted phenols and subsequent O → Cu electron density transfer is introduced. Geometries of phenols and of their Cu(II) complexes are optimized at the DFT level of theory. The amount of electron density transfer is evaluated using the copper charge or the electron density Laplacian at the Cu-O bond critical point. The Cu-phenol interaction energy is a measure of the phenol reactivity. Statistical parameters for the linear dependence of the published cytotoxicity data on the above predictors are much better than the classical ones.

In this paper, using the generalized difference operator Δ_{m}ⁿ, we introduce the concept of Δ_{m}ⁿ-deferred statistical convergence of order α and give some inclusion relations between Δ_{m}ⁿ-deferred statistical convergence of order α and Δ_{m}ⁿ-statistical convergence of order α.

Background: TDI-induced asthma is characterized by neutrophil-dominated airway inflammation and often associated with poor responsiveness to steroid treatment. Both PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ have been demonstrated to play important proinflammatory roles in ovalbumin-induced asthma. We’ve already reported that blocking pan PI3K effectively attenuated TDI-induced allergic airway inflammation. Yet the specific functions of PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ in TDI-induced asthma are still unclear. Methods: Male BALB/c mice were first dermally sensitized and then challenged with TDI to generate an asthma model. Sellective inhibitors of PI3Kδ (IC-87114, AMG319) and PI3Kγ (AS252424, AS605240) as well as prednisone were respectively given to the mice after each airway challenge. Results: Treatment with IC-87114 or AMG319 after TDI exposure led to significantly decreased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), less neutrophil and eosinophil accumulation, attenuated airway smooth muscle (ASM) thickening, less M1 and M2 macrophages in lung, as well as lower levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-18 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and recovered IL-10 production. While mice treated with AS252424 or AS605240 had increased AHR, more severe ASM thickening, larger numbers of neutrophils and eosinophils, more M1 but less M2 macrophages, and higher BALF levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18 when compared with those treated with vehicle. Conclusion: These data revealed that pharmacological inhibition of PI3Kδ attenuates TDI-induced steroid insensitive airway inflammation while PI3Kγ inhibition exacerbates TDI-induced asthma, indicating distinct biological functions of PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ in TDI-induced asthma.