Rationale Na v1.1, 1.2 and 1.6 are transmembrane proteins acting as voltage gated sodium channels implicated in various forms of epilepsy. There is a need for knowing their actual concentration in target tissues during drug development. Methods Unique peptides for Na v1.1, Na v1.2 and Na v1.6 were selected as quantotropic peptides for each protein and used for their quantification in plasma membranes from stably transfected HEK293 cells and rodent and human brain samples using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Results Na v 1.1, 1.2 and 1.6 protein expressions in three stably individually transfected HEK293 cell lines were found to be 2.1±0.2, 6.4±1.2 and 4.0±0.6 fmole/µg membrane protein respectively. Na v1.2 showed the highest expression, with approximately 3 times higher (p<0.003) in rodents than in human at 3.05±0.57, 3.35±0.56 in mouse and rat brains and 1.09±0.27 fmole/µg in human, respectively. Both Na v1.1 and 1.6 expressions were much lower than Na v1.2, with approximately 40% less expression in human Na v1.1 when compared with rodents Na v1.1 at 0.49±0.1 (mouse), 0.43±0.3 (rat), and 0.28±0.04 (human); while Na v1.6 was approximately 60% less expression in human when compared to rodents at 0.27±0.09 (mouse), 0.26±0.06 (rat) and 0.11±0.02 (human) fmole/µg membrane proteins. Conclusions MRM was used to quantify sodium channels Na v1.1, 1.2 and 1.6 expressed in stably transfected HEK293 cells and brain tissues from mouse, rat, and human. We found significant differences in the expression of these channels in mouse, rat, and human brains. Na v expression ranking among the three species was Na v1.2 >> Na v1.1> Na v1.6, with the human brain expressing much lower concentrations overall in comparison to rodents.

A document by jagannathan Sundarababu. Click on the document to view its contents.

To overcome the overheating phenomena of electronic devices and energy components, developing advanced energy-free cooling coatings with promising radiative property seem an effective and energy-saving way. However, the further application of these coatings is greatly limited by their sustainability because of their fragile and easy contamination. Herein, we report that a bioinspired radiative cooling coating (BRCC) displayed sustainably efficient heat dissipation by the combination of high emittance and robust self-cleaning property. With hierarchical porous structure constructed by multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), modified SiO2 and FSi resin, the involvement of the BRCC improves the cooling performance by increasing ca. 25% total heat transfer coefficient. During the abrasion and soiling tests, the robust self-cleaning capability endows BRCC-coated Al alloy heat sink with stable radiative cooling performance. Moreover, the simulation and experimental results both revealed that reducing surface coverage of BRCC (ca. 80.9 %) can still keep highly cooling efficiency, leading to a cost-effective avenue. Therefore, this study may guide the design and fabrication of advanced radiative cooling coating.

Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine) nuts induced anaphylaxis: a case seriesGabrielle Doré-Brabant1, Joëlle Bouchard2, Louis Marois2 and Aubert Lavoie21 Department of Pediatrics, CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Canada.2 Department of Allergy and Immunology, CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Canada.

Predictions of plant migration under climate warming come mostly from models including only climate variables, neglecting the influence of non-climatic factors, such as soil properties and dispersal limitation. Soil properties might have a stronger effect on plant distributions in colder environments, where plant nutrient absorption capacity is inhibited, but this has rarely been tested. Macroecological studies of range dynamics rely on soil data at much coarser spatial resolution than that experienced by plants. In contrast, field studies along elevational gradients permit detailed soil data, while still covering a wide climatic gradient. Here, we first report an intensive field survey of four spring forest herbs and soil properties along an elevational gradient in southern Québec, Canada, testing the hypothesis that soil properties contribute to defining upper elevational range limits. We then report a seven-year transplant experiment with one species, Trillium erectum, testing the hypothesis that climate warming has already created suitable sites at high elevation, with its near-absence explained by dispersal limitation. In our field survey, soil properties had substantial impacts on the occurrence or abundance of all four species, and soil effects were more pronounced at higher elevations. For two species, T. erectum and Claytonia caroliniana, very infrequent occurrences at high elevation (>950m) were strongly associated with rare microsites with high pH or nutrients. After transplantation to high-elevation sites, T. erectum individuals grew to much smaller size and with very low probability of flowering (<10%) compared to individuals at low or mid-elevations (>60% flowering), suggesting that environmental factors rather than dispersal limitation constrain the species’ upper elevational range limit. Our study highlights that soil factors interact strongly with climate to determine plant range limits along climatic gradients. Unsuitable soils for plants at high elevations or latitudes may represent an important constraint on future plant migration.

Research optimises in renewable energy areas like solar energy to overcome the universal energy crisis. FPSC are extensively used for the collection of low-temperature solar thermal energy. Research reveals porous material is the most affordable and decisive technique in improvising FPSC. A 3-D model depicts the problem more precisely. This work uses nanofluid to numerically simulate the solar radiation effect on the 3-D Darcy-Forchheimer model of FPSC. Nanofluid flow is considered along the power law of a stretching surface inside the solar collector with the impact of thermal source/sink, solar diffusion and magnetic induction. Mathematical equations are reformulated according to flow problems under different constraints. The resultant highly nonlinear coupled homogeneous PDEs are explicated using MAPLE software. Investigations are carried out on heat transfer characteristics using various non-dimensional parameters. A comparative analysis of linear and nonlinear stretching is done to analyse the problem more efficiently. This research is obliging in increasing the efficiency of solar collectors. Also, outcomes of this research can be used in many areas like preheating fluids in industries, space heating, household solar water system etc.

A document by mahboobeh sheikh. Click on the document to view its contents.

Children’s Oncology Group’s 2023 Blueprint For ResearchDouglas S. Hawkins,1 Lia Gore2Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WADepartment of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children’s Hospital Colorado,, Aurora, CO

Title:

Bug localization, which is used to help programmers identify the location of bugs in source code, is an essential task in software development. Researchers have already made efforts to harness the powerful deep learning (DL) techniques to automate it. However, training bug localization model is usually challenging because it requires a large quantity of data labeled with the bug’s exact location, which is difficult and time-consuming to collect. By contrast, obtaining bug detection data with binary labels of whether there is a bug in the source code is much simpler. This paper proposes a WEakly supervised bug LocaLization (WELL) method, which only uses the bug detection data with binary labels to train a bug localization model. With CodeBERT finetuned on the buggy-or-not binary labeled data, WELL can address bug localization in a weakly supervised manner. The evaluations on three method-level synthetic datasets and one file-level real-world dataset show that WELL is significantly better than the existing SOTA model in typical bug localization tasks such as variable misuse and other programming bugs.

An integral regularization method was applied to the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) damage model to address the plastic deformation localization at the crack tip. The parameters for the constitutive model were calibrated with an evolutionary algorithm. The model was applied to predict ductile fracture of a tensile specimen, allowing mesh convergence and geometry independence. Fatigue crack growth was predicted through a node release strategy, obtaining a very good approximation to the experimental results in the upper part of the Paris Regime. Mesh independence was verified for medium/high Δ K  levels, but near the threshold regime no mesh independence was obtained and da/dN was overestimated. The characteristic length for the non-local model was defined as the reverse plastic zone size, which indicates that this should be the fatigue process zone. Finally, at the accelerated regime, final fracture loci predictions agree with the experimental results, but mesh independence was barely achieved.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offer many advantages over ground vehicles, including quadruped robots, based on high maneuverability when performing exploration in complex and unknown environments. However, due to their limited computational capability, UAVs require light-weight but accurate state estimation algorithms for reliable exploration. In this paper, we propose an segmented map based exploration system based on LiDAR-based state estimation for UAVs. The proposed system includes capabilities such as exploration, obstacle avoidance, and object detection with localization using 3D dense maps generated by tightly coupled LiDAR Inertial Odometry (LIO). Our proposed system is a hybrid system that can switch between guided and exploration modes, making it practical for search and rescue missions in disaster scenarios. The proposed LIO algorithm adapts to its surroundings, allowing for fast and accurate state estimation in complex environments. The proposed exploration algorithm is designed to cover specific regions in the 3D dense map generated by proposed LIO, with the UAV determining if map points are included within the coverage area. We tested the proposed system in both simulation and real-world environments and validated that proposed system outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms in various aspects such as localization accuracy and exploration efficiency in complex environments.

Enabling multiband systems with per-band in-band full duplexing (IBFD) opens avenues for multiband instantaneous feedback sensing and streaming. This letter adopts fractal antenna arrays to achieve multiband-IBFD (MIBFD) antenna subsystems using hexagonal star array (HSA) geometry as a generating subarray. Characterised by concentric recurring frequency-independent multiband self-interference cancellation (MB-SIC), the HSA enables a frontier MIBFD stage at the antenna domain. Simulation results confirm this hypothesis using three separately fed 4.9, 5.0 and 5.1 GHz signals as test pilots, which achieved -35.5, -42 and -37 dB SIC respectively and simultaneously. The integrated SIC bandwidth within the band is extended to 4.45 <-> 5.85 GHz below −35.5 dB.

The rapid evolution of protein structure prediction tools has significantly broadened access to protein structural data. Although predicted structure models have the potential to accelerate and impact fundamental and translational research significantly, it is essential to note that they are not validated and cannot be considered the ground truth. Thus, challenges persist, particularly in capturing protein dynamics, predicting multi-chain structures, interpreting protein function, and assessing model quality. Interdisciplinary collaborations are crucial to overcoming these obstacles. Databases like the AlphaFold Protein Structure Database, the ESM Metagenomic Atlas, and initiatives like the 3D-Beacons Network provide FAIR access to these data, enabling their interpretation and application across a broader scientific community. Whilst substantial advancements have been made in protein structure prediction, further progress is required to address the remaining challenges. Developing training materials, nurturing collaborations, and ensuring open data sharing will be paramount in this pursuit. The continued evolution of these tools and methodologies will deepen our understanding of protein function and accelerate disease pathogenesis and drug development discoveries.

Clinical drug trials have traditionally focused on younger, healthier participants with less comorbidities and excluded frail older adults due to concerns regarding their ability to tolerate and respond to treatments. However, with population ageing, drug trials are increasingly turning their attention to older, frailer people. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of how frailty was assessed in published studies related to clinical pharmacological trials, and on the interaction of frailty on the safety and efficacy of the treatments. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane for studies published in English that focused on clinical drug trials in older people. The review showed that frailty has been increasingly and successfully applied into clinical drug trials, especially trials in patients with cardiovascular disease and cancer. In most of the studies in the review, frailty was assessed retrospectively. How frailty was treated in statistical regression models was not consistent among the studies. Frailty was treated as an ordinal variable (with different levels of frailty) or binary variable (frail/non-frail) using cut-offs in some studies, and as a continuous in some other studies. There was heterogeneity in the effect of frailty, depending on the disease and treatment type. The results of this review suggest that frailty should not be assumed to always attenuate treatment effects, and routine measurement of frailty in participants in clinical drug trials would improve our knowledge of the effect of treatment in the frail and identify those who have more or least to gain from treatment.

Background: There is a lack of research that has focused on ADHD in people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF). Given ADHD is associated with executive functioning impairments, exploring ADHD in the context of living with CF is of great importance. The purpose of the current systematic review was to examine ADHD in pwCF across the lifespan in terms of its prevalence, its impact on various health outcomes, and treatments for managing ADHD. Methods: This systematic review followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Articles reporting studies of any design that focused on ADHD in pwCF were included. Studies were excluded if they did not meet this criterion and if they were written in languages other than English. PsycINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases were searched. Search items were based on three concepts: 1) terms related to CF, 2) terms related to ADHD, and 3) terms related to age. Results: Ten studies were included in this systematic review. Reported prevalence rates of ADHD in people with CF ranged from 5.26% to 21.9%. The reported relationships between ADHD in pwCF and other health outcomes is also inconsistent. In terms of treatment considerations, pharmacological interventions and behavioural strategies for managing ADHD in the context of living with CF have been reported as being successful. Conclusions: The presence of ADHD in pwCF should be evaluated when symptoms are impacting treatment adherence and health outcomes. Additional research is needed to further explore ADHD in the CF population and health variables that may be associated with CF prognosis.

Lung transplant list withdrawal in a liver transplant patient with cystic fibrosis thanks to elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftorTo the Editor,Elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor (ETI) is a transmembrane conductance regulator modulator that has superior efficacy in patients affected by cystic fibrosis (CF) compared to previously approved modulators. This triple drug combination causes considerable increases in CFTR-channel function, and it is currently recommended for patients \(\geq\) 2 years with at least one copy of F508del mutation or with other rarer mutations ETI-responsive based on in vitro data. ETI is associated with improved lung function, with a significant increase of the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and reduced respiratory symptoms and lung exacerbations. Furthermore, this therapy provides several extrapulmonary effects, such as an improvement of body weight and body mass index (BMI), and some evidence suggests that it is also effective at delaying/reversing pancreatic insufficiency, reducing gastrointestinal symptoms, and improving glycemic control.ETI is generally well tolerated without substantial adverse effects. However, due to possible increases in liver function tests and drug-to-drug interactions with several immunosuppressant medications, the triple modulator has not been approved for patients who have previously received a liver transplant. This contraindication represents a considerable limitation, as severe hepatic disease regards 4.5% to 10% of individuals affected by CF, and liver transplant represents a valid option in case of complications such as portal hypertension or cirrhosis 1.We report on a 17-year-old girl affected by CF (homozygous for F508del mutation) with severe pulmonary and hepatic impairment. She presented chronic colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . She received a liver transplant at 11; however, her pulmonary function progressively deteriorated in the following 5 years. She underwent many hospitalizations for pulmonary exacerbations (10 episodes between 2020 and 2022), requiring intravenous multiple and prolonged antimicrobial therapy. In this period, her lung function showed fluctuating values of FEV1, between 40% and 50% of the predicted, with short-living recoveries after repeated intravenous antibiotic cycles. The combination of ivacaftor and tezacaftor has been tested for 12 months with no significant benefits. Due to the ongoing respiratory status, characterized by deteriorating functional tests and progressive radiological images worsening, chest-CT scans showing multiple giant apical bronchiectasis and a middle lobe syndrome (figure 1 ), lung transplantation had been considered. However, the patient could not get on the pulmonary transplant waiting list because of severe social and phycological problems leading her to poor treatment adherence. Regarding the hepatic function, the girl presented severe steatosis with normal levels of transaminases, compatible with a mild chronic liver rejection controlled by mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus.In July 2022, she was admitted to ETI treatment at the recommended adult dose in an off-label regimen. Since starting this therapy, she has never needed hospitalizations for lung exacerbations or pulmonary complications, and her FEV1 has increased by 12-15% within two months. This significant recovery has persisted over time, with a mean steady FEV1 of 62% after a year of treatment. She also significantly improved her nutritional status, achieving an ideal BMI (from 16 to 22 kg/m2). Remarkably, during ETI therapy, her liver function tests remained normal, and serum immunosuppressant concentrations remained stable without requiring dose adjustments.In CF-related advanced pulmonary disease, defined by an FEV1 lower than 40% of the predicted, ETI treatment, if indicated, is associated with rapid clinical improvement, often leading to suspension or withdrawal of the patient from the lung transplantation list. In an observational study, ETI administration for one to three months in 245 patients with advanced lung disease was associated with a mean increase in predicted FEV1 by 15.1%, which is consistent with our case2. Furthermore, this improvement is long-lasting, as demonstrated by another study, where among 65 patients eligible for a lung transplant, the improvement in FEV1 after ETI initiation remained stable after a mean follow-up of one year, allowing most individuals to be removed and remain off the transplant list3.ETI treatment is currently contraindicated in case of moderate or severe hepatic impairment due to the possible risk of liver failure and, more frequently, an increase of transaminase and bilirubin. Moreover, ivacaftor weakly inhibits P-glycoprotein, an enzyme that metabolizes several drugs, including immunosuppressants such as cyclosporine, everolimus, sirolimus and tacrolimus, thus elevating their serum concentrations. Therefore, ETI is not indicated in liver transplant patients as it may cause further hepatotoxicity.Our patient’s respiratory impairment was so severe that lung transplantation was considered the only reasonable option. However, she was not eligible for this treatment for psycho-social reasons due to poor compliance with treatments and therapies. On the other hand, she did not meet the criteria to start the triple modulator because she had previously received a hepatic transplant. We tried administering the triple modulator to improve her poor prognosis based on previous reports exploring the ETI regimen’s safety and tolerability in liver transplant patients with CF. Remarkably, two retrospective case series involving 12 liver transplant individuals with an immunosuppressive regimen of drug therapy metabolized by P-glycoprotein showed that the ETI regimen is safe and leads to clinical benefits in lung function, quality of life and BMI. In these patients, a transient elevation in transaminase and bilirubin resolved in most cases after ETI dose reduction and elevations in serum concentration of tacrolimus were managed with dose adjustments of the immunosuppressive regimen4,5.During the one year of follow-up, our young patient maintained regular hepatic markers, with stable serum concentration of the immunosuppressants, and no dose modulation was required. Considering the clinical outcomes, she has experienced a significant improvement in respiratory function (with a stable increase of FEV1 of more than 12%), BMI and quality of life, with a remarkable change in her life perspective.Our case further proves that ETI can be well tolerated in patients with previous liver transplantation. It represents a lifesaving drug for patients without alternatives, dramatically improving their quality of life. This report adds to the evidence suggesting that the clinical benefits of ETI in liver transplant patients overcome risks, which may be limited with a close drug monitoring of immunosuppressants serum levels and functional liver tests.

Foundation design for offshore wind turbines (OWTs) is an iterative process due to load iterations. Foundation stiffness is required for aero-servo-hydro simulations that generate the turbine loads to be experienced by the foundation. Furthermore, foundation stiffness is dependent on its size and needs to be estimated prior to the simulations where simplified methods are often used for load estimations. This paper compares the foundation loads calculated for OWTs at mudline level using a simplified approach and OpenFAST simulations. Three OWTs, NREL 5MW, DTU 10MW and IEA 15MW are used as reference models. Extreme Turbulence Model wind load at rated wind speed combined with the 50-year Extreme Wave Height (EWH) and Extreme Operating Gust (EOG) wind load combined with the 1-year maximum wave height are used as the load combinations in this study. OpenFAST simulations are performed as an approach with higher fidelity, where the results are then compared with a simplified load estimation approach previously proposed. It is shown that the simplified method provides conservative results for the estimated loads compared to the OpenFAST results, where the extent of conservativism is studied. Further, the pile penetration lengths calculated using the mudline loads using two methods are compared. The results show that the simplified approach can be effectively used during initial phases of the monopile foundation design by using factor as 1.5 and 2 for shear force and bending moment, respectively.

A scanning lidar measures a projection of the actual wind speed to the line-of-sight. Reconstruction of the original field is possible via various retrieval algorithms, especially if several lidars are deployed in the area. However, this may not be the case due to financial constraints. Additionally, conventional algorithms like Volume Velocity Processing (VVP) do not perform well for non-homogeneous flow fields, e.g., smooth wind turbine wakes in a retrieved field. A 2D-VAR algorithm using VVP as an intermediate step was suggested allowing the retrieval for consecutive scans at a low elevation angle. We validate this algorithm for scans containing prominent wakes under elevation angles within 5° using FINO1 mast and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data. We show that prominent wakes scanned at the hub height introduce substantial disturbances in the VVP retrieval output and affect the retrieved field. The unwanted disturbance may be overcome by masking the wakes. In point measurements, the wind speed magnitude is retrieved with an acceptable accuracy, but the wind direction appears to be sensitive to the weights and initial guess chosen. According to our sensitivity analysis, the weight assigned to the radial velocity residuals affects the outcome most, while other weights act as corrections.

Background: In high income countries, retinoblastoma is curable in more than 95% of cases, whereas in low-income countries, mortality remains high, especially when the diagnosis is made late or the treatment is discontinued. The aim of this work was to determine the factors associated with adherence to the treatment of retinoblastoma in the Ivory Coast and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Procedure: A retroprospective cohort study was carried out. Data were collected from patient folders and follow-up records of parents. Results: A total of 175 children with retinoblastoma were registered from January 2013 to December 2015. Seventy-six children (43%) were 5 years old and above. Care costs were covered by families in 86.9% of cases. Chemotherapy refusal was recorded in 39 cases (22.3%), and enucleation refusal was recorded in 79 cases (45.1%). After 36 months of follow-up, we recorded 16.6% deaths, 27.4% treatment dropouts, and 18.3% loss to follow-up after treatment. The commonest cause for enucleation refusal was fear of infirmity, while chemotherapy refusal and absconding treatment were due to financial constraints. Conclusion: Poor adherence to retinoblastoma management was due to financial constraints, and a lack of knowledge of the disease and its treatment. Family psychosocial support is needed to improve this condition.

Background: Pleural effusion and empyema are frequent complications of acute bacterial pneumonia in children. To date, evidence regarding the optimal treatment of this condition is limited in the literature. Methods: Patients with pleural effusion and empyema admitted at our Pediatric Surgery Department over the last ten years were enrolled in this retrospective study, and successively compared with the clinical charts of patients treated before the introduction of a new diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm. Results: After the introduction of the new algorithm there were a decrease in the use of chest radiography for re-evaluation (100% vs. 79%, p = 0.003), a more focused use of CT (68% vs. 15%, p = 0.001), and a decrease in the use of a second CT (18% vs. 3%, p = 0.07); in favor of an increase in the use of the US scan (40%vs 100%, p=0.001). There was also a shift from the use of chest tube drainage alone to the use of drainage for Urokinase administration (50% vs. 92.3%, p = 0.001), and a statistically significant decrease in the need for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (25% vs. 7.7%, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The introduction of a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for the management of pediatric pleural effusion and empyema has notably resulted in a decrease in the utilization of radiography and computed tomography and an increase in the use of ultrasonography, reducing unnecessary radiation exposure in children and overall costs.

To compare the clinical outcomes and endocrinological characteristics of progestin-primed ovarian stimulation (PPOS) protocol using medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) 8mg versus 4-6mg daily in POSEIDON group 3 and 4. This was a retrospective cohort study. Low-prognosis women from POSEIDON group 3 and 4 using MPA high-dose(8mg/d) or low-dose(4-6mg/d) in PPOS protocol who underwent IVF/ICSI at the Reproductive Medicine Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University from February 2019 to February 2022 were recruited. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of premature LH surge. The secondary outcome measures included the embryo results and clinical pregnancy outcomes. Baseline characteristics of patients were similar in the MPA high-dose(8mg/d) group and MPA low-dose(4-6mg/d) group both in POSEIDON group 3 and group 4. In POSEIDON group 3, there was no significant difference in the incidences of LH surge between the high-dose group and the low-dose group (11.1% vs. 6.8%). No significant differences were observed in the number of oocytes retrieved (4(3,6.25) vs. 5(3,7)), viable embryos (2(1,3) vs. 1(1,3)), clinical pregnancy rate (52.3% vs. 52.5%) and live birth rate (43.2% vs 42.5%) per transfer cycle between the groups. In POSEIDON group 4, the incidence of LH surge was similar between the high-dose group and the low-dose group (6.9% vs. 6.3%). No significant differences were found in the number of oocytes retrieved (3(2,5) vs. 3(2,5)), viable embryos (2(1,2) vs. 1(0,2)), clinical pregnancy rate(34.6% vs 31.9%) and live birth rate(17.3% vs 21.3%) per transfer cycle between two groups. MPA started at 4mg daily and then increased to 6mg daily was as effective as MPA 8mg daily in preventing an untimely LH rise in low-prognosis women from POSEIDON group 3 and 4. PPOS using MPA 8mg or 4-6mg daily was comparable in terms of the number of oocytes retrieved and pregnancy outcomes after FET.

Analysing the electrical power systems’ behaviour is significantly based on power flow analysis. This paper uses a geometric algebra (GA) mathematical framework to solve the power flow problem. It can combine and extend algebraic and geometric concepts in a unified and powerful way. While complex numbers are an extension of the real number field, geometric algebra builds on the ideas of linear algebra and geometry to provide a more complete and versatile mathematical framework. Additionally, GA enables handling multivectors through geometric functions, including wedge and geometric products. Thus, it allows a straightforward interpretation because of its ability to abstract the formulation. Therefore, by utilising GA, power flow analysis may be performed efficiently and precisely, resulting in improved design and operation of power systems. This paper presents the GA-based formulation and shows the comparative results between the conventional and the proposed technique.

Turn to turn short circuit is a common fault of the Magnetic Valve Controllable Reactor(MVCR), but the current research on the characteristics of turn to turn faults is not clear. What’s more, the corresponding protection also has certain limitations. In this paper, a novel type of MVCR that has been put into operation in engineering is studied. Firstly, the topology structure of the novel MVCR is introduced, and the electrical characteristics of its steady-state operation are analyzed. Based on this, the fault characteristics of the excitation winding and working winding of the novel MVCR when turn to turn faults occur are studied. The study shows that when turn to turn faults occur, the amplitude of DC and AC component in the thyristor current both increase significantly, resulting in large current distortion. Due to the fault characteristics, this paper introduces the current distortion coefficient to quantitatively analyze the different characteristics of the two components before and after the faults. Furthermore, a protection scheme against turn to turn fault based on the thyristor current distortion is proposed. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed turn to turn protection scheme are verified by Matlab/Simulink simulation experiments.