Additive manufacturing (AM) is growing as fast as anyone can imagine, and it is now a multi-billion dollar industry. AM has become popular in a variety of sectors, such as automotive, aerospace, biomedical, and pharmaceutical, for producing parts/ components/ subsystems. However, current AM technologies can face vast risks of security issues and privacy loss. For the security of the AM process , many researchers are working on various defense mechanisms to countermeasure such security concerns and find efficient ways to eliminate those risks. Researchers have also been conducting experiments to establish a secure framework for the user's privacy and security components. This systematization of knowledge (SoK) paper consists of four sections. In the first section, we explore the relevant limitations of additive manufacturing in terms of printing capability, security, and possible solutions. The second section presents different kinds of attacks on AM and their effects. The next part analyzes and discusses the mechanisms and frameworks for access control and authentication for AM devices. The final section examines the security issues in various industrial sectors and provides observations on the security of the additive manufacturing process.

A document by Yilang Xu. Click on the document to view its contents.

The purpose of this note is to analyze the work done by Ponalagusamy and Tamilselvi [1]. Ponalagusamy and Tamilselvi [1] have obtained the analytic expression for an axially variable slip velocity at the wall by assuming the flow rate for the case of one-layered model with slip velocity is equal to that of two-layered model with zero slip velocity. This assumption may, in general, not be valid. Keeping this in view, the flow rate for the case of one-layered model with slip velocity is generally considered to be equal to the product of a constant(1 C) and the flow rate of two-layered model without slip velocity, where 0 < 1 C. Slip velocity at the wall has been computed for different values of 1 C for tube diameters 40 m  and 66.6 m . It is observed from the present investigation that a series of experiments on blood flow is to be performed to determine the proper values of 1 C under various values of flow parameters and radius of the arterial stenosis.

Suriyaarachchi S.K.S.H.K

La investigación en la Región Este aborda la carencia de información hidrológica mediante la aplicación de modelos lluvia-escorrentía. Se emplearon registros pluviométricos mejorados con modelos de regresión bivariado para determinar caudales en cuencas, crucial dada la alta demanda del recurso hídrico en la región. Aunque se observó un aumento en las precipitaciones medias, el 99% de las estaciones mantuvo una variación anual inferior al 10%. La generación de datos de caudal con el MPE amplió la disponibilidad de 30-40 años de datos a 80 años, mejorando la precisión de los modelos matemáticos. La variación entre caudales registrados y simulados se mantuvo por debajo del 10% en el 90% de los casos. Este estudio aborda la falta de información hidrológica y respalda evaluaciones de proyectos en la región, siendo vital para el desarrollo sostenible.  

The effect of captopril molecules on the nanozymatic activity of peroxidase-like carbon dots was evaluated. The carbon dots were synthesized and characterized for their enzyme-like activity. Thereafter, the effect of captopril molecules on their nanozymatic activity was evaluated by calculating their activity in the presence and absence of captopril, revealing that the relative activity of nanozymes was inhibited by increasing the inhibitor concentration and reached 23% of its initial activity. Hence, it can be concluded that captopril  has a strong inhibitory effect on the nanozymatic behavior of peroxidase-like carbon dots. 

Minimally-invasive and biocompatible implantable bioelectronic circuits are used for long-term monitoring of physiological processes in the body. However, there is a lack of methods that can cheaply and conveniently image the device within the body while simultaneously extracting sensor information. Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) with zero background signal, high contrast, and high sensitivity with quantitative images is ideal for this challenge because the magnetic signal is not absorbed with increasing tissue depth and incurs no radiation dose. We show how to easily modify common implantable devices to be imaged by MPI by encapsulating and magnetically-coupling magnetic nanoparticles (SPIOs) to the device circuit. These modified implantable devices not only provide spatial information via MPI, but also couple to our handheld MPI reader to transmit sensor information by modulating harmonic signals from magnetic nanoparticles via switching or frequency-shifting with resistive or capacitive sensors. This paper provides proof-of-concept of an optimized MPI imaging technique for implantable devices to extract spatial information as well as other information transmitted by the implanted circuit (such as biosensing) via encoding in the magnetic particle spectrum. The 4D images present 3D position and a changing color tone in response to a variable biometric. Biophysical sensing via bioelectronic circuits that take advantage of the unique imaging properties of MPI may enable a wide range of minimally invasive applications in biomedicine and diagnosis.

This paper reveals the untapped potential of the U-ViT architecture in diffusion models. The study initially explores the contribution of the U-ViT architecture in the visual generation task of multimodal diffusion models and proposes an improvement scheme, â\euro?FreeVâ\euro?, specifically designed for the U-ViT architecture â\euro“ marking the first application of the U-Net-based FreeU enhancement framework within the Transformer architecture. The FreeV framework significantly enhances generation quality without requiring additional training or fine-tuning. The key insight of this study lies in balancing the contributions from the backbone network, skip connections, and fused feature maps within the U-ViT to fully leverage the advantages of both components while circumventing the limitations of feature fusion in U-ViT.Project page: https://github.com/GoldenFishes/FreeVÂ

Decision support systems in the field of supply chain management require novel approaches due to the uncertainties and dynamic environments. This study suggests a fuzzy supply chain model with learning effect that is enhanced by evolutionary algorithms in order to improve decision-making and increase flexibility. Fuzzy logic is integrated to capture uncertainty, while evolutionary algorithms and learning curves are used to handle the supply chain's dynamic character. To maximize the fuzzy model parameters and enable automatic adaptation and evolution over time, the evolutionary algorithm is presented. The model dynamically adapts to changing situations through the optimization process, which helps to promote more effective and flexible decision-making. In the dynamic landscape of supply chain management, the integration of evolutionary algorithms with fuzzy models and learning curves has shown promise in enhancing decision-making processes. This research investigates and compares the performance of three popular evolutionary algorithms-Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), and Genetic Algorithm (GA)-in optimizing a Fuzzy Supply Chain Model with Learning Effect. The objective is to determine which algorithm offers superior adaptability and efficiency for addressing uncertainties and dynamic learning environments.

A document by Noah Day. Click on the document to view its contents.

A document by David Ortega-Paredes. Click on the document to view its contents.

IntroductionInferring generalizable patterns in species dynamics, distributions, and functional variation are central aims of ecology and evolutionary biology (MacArthur, 1972). Trait-based approaches, which quantify phenotypic characteristics that impact organisms’ fitness and/or functional role, provide a tractable comparative framework for understanding communities, ecosystems, and evolutionary processes (Mcgill et al., 2006; Violle et al., 2007). Functional trait studies have proliferated over the past two decades, addressing foundational questions in community ecology (Cadotte et al., 2015; Mcgill et al., 2006; Violle and Jiang, 2009), biogeography (Violle et al., 2014), and conservation biology (Cadotte et al., 2011; Wellnitz and Poff, 2001) across taxonomic groups. These works emphasize the promise of trait-based research for generating novel insights into central ecological concepts and theories.Increasingly, bee researchers are recognizing the utility of trait-based approaches for a wide variety of applications in ecological research. Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) represent more than 20,000 species worldwide and display dramatic interspecific variation in morphology and behavior (Figure 1), including traits that mediate pollination services and responses to global environmental change (Supplementary Table 1). Exploration of functional traits has long been a cornerstone of bee research, yet only recently have these traits been systematically applied in bee ecological studies as a comparative framework for understanding community-level processes. Given their major functional role as the primary animal pollinators of terrestrial ecosystems (Ollerton et al., 2011), the bees represent a group ripe for exploration through a functional ecological lens.Here, we review an emerging body of literature that quantifies functional traits across bee communities to address questions in bee ecology. In doing so, we address the following questions: How have functional traits been used to study bee ecology? What have been the major outcomes and limitations in bee functional trait research? How might this framework be leveraged to address urgent questions in the study of global bee declines? We review the variety of methods used to quantify bee trait variation, highlight common methodological problems and inconsistencies, and recommend best practices. Additionally, we describe geographic, taxonomic, and trait biases across the body of bee functional trait work, and highlight research areas that merit particular attention in future studies. Finally, we emphasize the value of open trait data sharing, and propose a roadmap toward a global bee functional trait database, including an initial aggregated dataset of 3369 morphological measurements from 1209 bee species.

A document by Kamal Acharya. Click on the document to view its contents.

A document by Jeroen Gerhard Steenbeek. Click on the document to view its contents.

This paper provided a comprehensive review of previous research on technologies surrounding gamified Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) and the effects of this amalgamation of Extended Reality (XR) on English language teaching and learning. A total of 138 articles were examined from six perspectives: explore the development of XR technology for use in education, especially English language learning; examine gamification; its theoretical background and the role motivation plays in gamified contexts; investigate if the pedagogical strategies associated with the integration of gamification techniques with XR technologies can improve English language learning; identify the potential benefits and challenges of using AR/VR technologies for teaching English; and detect current research limitations and gaps. It was found that immersing learners into virtual and augmented worlds can improve vocabulary, bridge formal and informal learning, enable interaction and collaborative learning, provide opportunities for situated learning, and reduce anxiety. Overall, gamified AR had a meaningful effect on student learning outcomes. Review implications include the need for: more prepared instructors utilizing XR technology; sufficient theoretical backing, such as frameworks and models; and research that compares traditional approaches and XR technology for teaching English.

This paper provided a comprehensive review of previous research on technologies surrounding gamified Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) and the effects of this amalgamation of Extended Reality (XR) on English language teaching and learning. A total of 138 articles were examined from six perspectives: explore the development of XR technology for use in education, especially English language learning; examine gamification; its theoretical background and the role motivation plays in gamified contexts; investigate if the pedagogical strategies associated with the integration of gamification techniques with XR technologies can improve English language learning; identify the potential benefits and challenges of using AR/VR technologies for teaching English; and detect current research limitations and gaps. It was found that immersing learners into virtual and augmented worlds can improve vocabulary, bridge formal and informal learning, enable interaction and collaborative learning, provide opportunities for situated learning, and reduce anxiety. Overall, gamified AR had a meaningful effect on student learning outcomes. Review implications include the need for: more prepared instructors utilizing XR technology; sufficient theoretical backing, such as frameworks and models; and research that compares traditional approaches and XR technology for teaching English.

The multi-fold theory factually encounters the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture: the AdS(5) space is tangent dual to the multi-fold spacetime. On the other hand, while the derivation of the conventional conjecture involved branes in AdS(5) (+ …), which amounts to physical dual tangency, and key derivations like the Ryu-Takayanagi conjecture, are based on the same model, the conventional AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture can also be understood as a mathematical duality, where the CFT spacetime is not necessarily physically tangent to AdS(5) (+…). It can be justified as a particular case of the holographic principle. Therefore, the paper will revisit, and derive the holographic principle, in a multi-fold universe. As General relativity (GR) encounters multi-folds at Planck scales, the proof applies to GR-based universes. We also debunk the use of Wheeler's bag of gold as a counter example to the holographic principle. Trying to resolve the black hole information paradox, different teams have been able to recover the black hole Page curve, by relying on the replica trick with generalized semi-classical gravitational path integrals, in asymptotic AdS, with arbitrary topologies, including spacetime (Euclidian) wormholes in between replicas, to justifies paths in between the replicas. The approach also relies on the island formula for the von Neuman entropy as fine-grained entropy. One knows that the Page curve had to be recovered one way or another as with the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture, the unitarity of CFTs implies unitarity of gravity. The results, have also been extended to de Sitter asymptotic spacetime. The quantum extremal surface that appears in the process, bounding the island, leads to proposed physical interpretations of a black hole interior, that, in our opinion lead to more confusions than answers. In the multi-fold theory, we have already encountered an equivalent surface, with a much cleaner microscopic interpretation. For this paper, all what matters is that the microscopic interpretation validates the approach of replica tick, wormholes and island. But on the way, the paper discusses the differences between the multi-fold model and the conventional interpretation. A few recent papers reused the approach to study two entangled gravitating universes, with one possibly without gravity. Admittedly, speaking of different universes is a bit of an oxymoron, as a universe embodies everything that is physical. Also, what is between universes, whatever that means, seems even more a red herring, unless if they were to share, or be a (global) embedding or dual tangent space that is physical. Phrased this way, the holographic AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture would be a particular case. The papers also rely on the replica trick, and its wormholes, adding some replica and wormholes swapping entangled universe parts. They recovers sensible, and unitary behaviors as well as the ER = EPR conjecture. This paper provides multi-fold inspired interpretations of the quantum extremal surfaces appearing among the disjoint universes. Interpreting the replica trick, and its wormholes, in both the cases of black holes and entangled disjoint universes, one can see that the role played by the wormholes between different replicas amounts to the multi-fold mechanisms.. This is further reinforced by considerations on global symmetry in the presence of gravity or 1 shmaes.physics@gmail.com Cite as: Stephane H Maes, (2022), "The Replica Trick, Wormholes, Island formula, and Quantum Extremal Surfaces, and How the AdS/CFT Correspondence Conjecture, and Hence the M-theory, Encounters Multi-folds", https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10207057, https:// shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/2022/09/20/the-replica-trick-its-wormholes-islands-and-quantum-extremal-surfaces-and-how-the-ads-cft-correspondence-conjecture-and-hence-them theory encounters -multi-folds/, September 26, 2022, (osf.io/xwf6q/). wormholes. The islands associated to the different entangled universe use cases also imply that, in universes with gravity, entanglement implies gravity effects, which is also known as the E/G conjecture, factual in multi-fold theory. With the (disjoint) AdS/CFT conjecture, this means that it, and therefore the M-theory encounters multi-folds. The multi-fold theory could have predicted such an outcome from the link between the Hilbert Einstein action and superstring action, and the fact that we already had GR encounter multi-folds at Planck scales.

The Arctic is experiencing unprecedented moistening, which is expected to have far-reaching impact on global climate and weather patterns. However, it remains unclear whether this newly-sourced moisture originates locally from ice-free ocean regions or is advected from lower latitudes. In this study, we use water vapour isotope measurements in combination with trajectory-based diagnostics and an isotope-enabled AGCM, to assess seasonal shifts in moisture sources and transport pathways in the Arctic. Continuous measurements of near-surface vapour, δ18O, and δD were performed onboard RV Polarstern during the MOSAiC expedition from October 2019 to September 2020. Combining this isotope dataset with meteorological observations reveals that the spatiotemporal evolution of δ18O mimics changes in local temperature and humidity at synoptic to seasonal time scales, while corresponding d-excess changes suggest a seasonal shift in the origin of moisture. Simulation results from the particle dispersion model FLEXPART support these findings, indicating that summer moisture originates from nearby open ocean, while winter moisture comes from more remote sources with longer residence time over sea-ice. Results from a nudged ECHAM6-wiso simulation also indicate that evaporative processes from the ocean surface reproduce summer sotope values, but are insufficient to explain measured winter isotope values. Our study provides the first isotopic characterization of Central Arctic moisture over the course of an entire year, helping to differentiate the influence of local processes versus large-scale vapour transport on Arctic moistening. Future process-based investigations should focus on assessing the non-equilibrium isotopic fractionation during airmass transformation over sea-ice.

Soils are a major source of nitrogen oxides, which in the atmosphere help govern its oxidative capacity. Thus the response of soil nitric oxide (NO) emissions to forcings such as warming or forest loss has a meaningful impact on global atmospheric chemistry. We find that the soil emission rate of NO in Amazonia from a common inventory is biased low by at least an order of magnitude in comparison to tower-based observations. Accounting for this regional bias decreases the modeled global methane lifetime by 1.4% to 2.6%. In comparison, a fully deforested Amazonia, representing a 37% decrease in global emissions of isoprene, decreases methane lifetime by at most 4.6%, highlighting the sensitive response of oxidation rates to changes in emissions of NO compared to those of terpenes. Our results demonstrate that improving our understanding of soil NO emissions will yield a more accurate representation of atmospheric oxidative capacity.

12 Iceberg ID Footprint (m²) Avg. P w from surface to keel depth (kg m-3) P atm at DEM construction (kg m-3)

Running Title: The Movahed Coronary Bifurcation Classification For LM bifurcationAuthors: Mohammad Reza Movahed, MD 1,2University of Arizona Sarver Heart Center, Tucson, Arizona,1 University of Arizona, Phoenix,2No Conflict of interestCorrespondent:M Reza Movahed, MD, PhD, FACP, FACC, FSCAIClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Arizona Sarver Heart Center1501 North Campbell AvenueTucson, AZ 85724Email: Rmova@aol.comTel: 949 400 0091Key words: Coronary bifurcation lesion; coronary bifurcation classification; Movahed classification; Movahed Bifurcation Classification; Bifurcation Intervention; Coronary Bifurcating lesionsConflict of interest: NoneWith great interest, I read the paper published in the JACC Intervention Journal entitled: “Provisional Strategy for Left Main Stem Bifurcation Disease: A State-of-the-Art Review of Technique and Outcomes “1 The authors used the Medina Bifurcation Classification that unfortunately divides true bifurcation lesions into three unnecessary groups: 111, 101 and 011. The authors should have used the Movahed classification which summarizes all true bifurcation lesions in one simple category called B 2 (B for bifurcation, 2 meaning both bifurcation ostia are diseased). The basic structure of the Movahed classification 2,3 simplifies bifurcation lesions into three categories: If both branches are involved as mentioned above, it is called a B2 lesion, if only the main branch is involved, is called B1m (B for bifurcation, 1m meaning only the main branch has disease) and if only side branch is involved, is called B1s lesion (B for bifurcation and 1s meaning only side branch has the disease). Another important part of this bifurcation classification is the fact that additional suffixes can be added if needed for clinical or research purposes. This comes in very handy, particularly in the left main bifurcation lesions. As the best example, the kissing stenting technique in appropriate bifurcation left main lesions can be performed very safely and quickly but it requires that the proximal segment be large enough to accommodate 2 stents and has to be at least 2/3 sum of distal bifurcation branches. In the Movahed classification, this suffix is called L (L for the large proximal segment) or S (for the small proximal segment). Furthermore, limitless additional suffixes can be added if needed such as calcium or bifurcation angle that is completely absent in the Medina classification.The widely used Medina bifurcation classification is unfortunately too complex in describing given true bifurcation lesions in three clinically irrelevant categories and at the same time lacks important other anatomical features of a given bifurcation lesion. 4-8 Figure 1 compares the basic structure of the Movahed classification to the Medina Classification. Figure 2 summarizes a detailed description of the Movahed classification if additional suffixes are needed.

Authors: Mohammad Reza Movahed, MD 1,2University of Arizona Sarver Heart Center, Tucson, Arizona,1 University of Arizona, Phoenix,2Correspondent:M Reza Movahed, MD, PhD, FACP, FACC, FSCAIClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Arizona Sarver Heart Center1501 North Campbell AvenueTucson, AZ 85724Email: Rmova@aol.comTel: 949 400 0091Key words: Percutaneous coronary intervention; stenting; balloon angioplasty: bifurcation lesion; acute coronary syndrome; acute myocardial infarction; unstable angina;PCIConflict of interest: NoneWith great interest, I read the paper entitled: “OCT or Angiography Guidance for PCI in Complex Bifurcation Lesions” published in the New England Journal of Medicine. (1) The Authors did a great job in randomizing patients to optical coherent tomography (OCT) vs. no OCT-guided bifurcation intervention. However, the most important anatomic features of a given bifurcation lesion were not mentioned and not studied at all. It is important that only true bifurcation lesions called B2 lesions (B for bifurcation, 2 meaning both ostia have significant disease) based on the Movahed bifurcation classification (2-4) needs a complex approach including the use of OCT. Not separating their bifurcation lesions into true vs. not true bifurcation lesions, they are not able to answer the simple questions: Do we really need OCT in non-true bifurcation lesions? Unfortunately, by not having any analysis of this important anatomical feature in this manuscript, the benefit of OCT remains uncertain for true or non-true lesions that could lead to under or overuse of OCT during bifurcation coronary interventions.

Deep Learning (DL) has proved to be a promising methodology for classification, recognition, prediction and end-to-end tasks. Recently it has proved its high potential in healthcare applications demostrating to be a succesful approach for physiological signals analysis. Therefore, in this paper we survey the lastest scientific research on deep learning in physiological signal data. The purpose of this paper is to indentify the lastest contributions on this field and overview lastest deep learning approaches.

The High-latitude Ionosphere Dynamics for Research Applications (HIDRA) model is part of the Multiscale Atmosphere-Geospace Environment (MAGE) model under development by the Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) NASA DRIVE Science Center. This study employs HIDRA to simulate upflows of H+, He+, O+, and N+ ions, with a particular focus on the relative N+ concentrations, production and loss mechanisms, and thermal upflow drivers as functions of season, solar activity, and magnetospheric convection. The simulation results demonstrate that N+ densities typically exceed He+ densities, N+ densities are typically ~10% O+ densities, and N+ concentrations at quiet-time are approximately 50-100% of N+ concentrations during storm-time. Furthermore, the N+ and O+ upflow fluxes show similar trends with variations in magnetospheric driving. The inclusion of ion-neutral chemical reactions involving metastable atoms is shown to have significant effects on N+ production rates. With this metastable chemistry included, the simulated ion density profiles compare favorably with satellite measurements from Atmosphere Explorer C (AE-C) and Orbiting Geophysical Observatory 6 (OGO-6).