Mango (2n = 2x = 40) is an important tropical/subtropical evergreen fruit tree grown worldwide, and its fruits are nutritionally rich and of high value. Here, a high-quality mango genome (396 Mb, contig N50 = 1.03 Mb) was assembled using the cultivar ‘Irwin’ from Florida, USA. A total of 97.19% sequences were anchored to 20 chromosomes, including 36,756 protein-coding genes. We compared the β-carotene content, in two different cultivars and growth periods, and the variation of β-carotene content mainly affected the fruit flesh colour. Also, from their transcriptome analysis, the β-carotene biosynthesis genes were identified. MiPSY1was proved to be an key gene regulating the β-carotene biosynthesis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), dual luciferase and yeast one-hybrid assays confirmed that transcription factors (TFs) MibZIP66 and MibHLH45 activate MiPSY1 transcription by directly binding to the CACGTG motif of MiPSY1 promoter. However, the two TFs showed no significant synergistic effects on promoter activity. Taken together, the current study provides a genomic platform for studying the molecular basis of fruit flesh color in mango.

While there is currently no literature for the use of fondaparinux in patients with mechanical heart valves, this drug may offer an option for bridging of such patients who cannot use heparin due to severe thrombocytopenia induced by chemotherapy and high thrombosis risk concomitantly.

The singularities of serial robotic manipulators are those configurations in which the robot loses the ability to move in at least one direction. Hence, their identification is fundamental to enhance the performance of current control and motion planning strategies. While classical approaches entail the computation of the determinant of either a 6?xn or nxn matrix for an n degrees of freedom serial robot, this work addresses a novel singularity identification method based on the six-dimensional and three-dimensional geometric algebras. It consists of identifying which configurations cause the exterior product of the twists defined by the joint axes of the robot to vanish. In addition, since rotors represent rotations in geometric algebra, once these singularities have been identified, a distance function can be defined in the configuration space C such that its restriction to the set of singular configurations S allows us to compute the distance of any configuration to a given singularity.

Hoping resolve uranium release caused many harmful environmental impacts by genetic engineering bacteria, which is considered desirable and an innovative environmental-friendly water remediation strategy. Here, we report the great U deoxygenation potential of E. coli. DH5α W1 which was introduced the Dsr A gene of sulfate-reducing bacteria to strengthen its deoxygenation performance for deoxygenating U (VI) to U (IV) and reducing it’s toxic. In static adsorption, the bacteria will undergo a release phenomenon immediately after a super-adsorption stage, but the process of U(VI) deoxygenation was not affected. Through TEM, XPS and FTIR, infer feature of U(Ⅵ) how to migration and deoxygenation in the cell. The cells can reach up to 23.65 mmol of U per g of bacterial wet biomass through active biosorption to enrich U, at 90min, the U (IV) content in the bacteria can account for as high as 94% of the bio-immobilized U (VI). Results presented in this work will help to understand bioaccumulation characteristics better of strong deoxygenation bacteria and create an effective material to remove U.

Aim: To evaluate the need for Post obturation analgesia (acetaminophens) requirements in patients vaccinated against Covid-19, as the role of the NASID’s is still controversial, and the most recommended drug is acetaminophens after Covid-19 Vaccination. Material and Methods: 50 patients vaccinated against Covid-19 undergoing root canal treatments for symptomatic pulpits in molar teeth, were divided into two groups of 25 each on the basis of gender (Group M for males and Group F for females.) Each patient was given a prescription for 650 mg of acetaminophen tablets to be taken 8 hourly with instructions to avail the same only if needed for pain. They were instructed to keep a record of the number of tablets consumed as per record sheet 1, and if the pain did not subside then a stronger analgesic Ketorolac DT 10mg twice a day had to be taken and recorded. In case the pain was accompanied by swelling, the patient was given a prescription of amoxicillin 500mg TDS along with analgesics. Results: In Group M and Group F the mean number of analgesic tablets required was 0.44±0.65, 0.80±1.08 respectively, and the difference was statistically insignificant (p=0.360). The statistical analysis was done by student’s t-test using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Version 20.0 statistical Analysis Software. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, this is concluded that acetaminophen is effective in relieving post-obturation pain in patients vaccinated against COVID-19. Keywords: NSAID’s, Acetaminophen, Root Canal Treatment, COVID-19 vaccination, Covisheild

River is one of the most important part of urban ecosystem while the contradiction between the rapid urban growth and river protection is usually inevitable, especially within developing polder areas with the increasingly serious pollution problems. In addition to traditional methods such as land planning or pollution control, the artificial design of river connections is also a possible solution. In current study, a method for designing river connection in polder areas was proposed based on the graph theory, which utilizes the community search as an optimization method. The polder river ‘communities’ was analyzed by applying integrated water head loss as the weight in the network, which enables the optimization and selection of connection plans. A case study was carried out on 133 rivers in Wusong polder in China, where 8 candidate plans were identified. The performance of these plans was hydrologically evaluated under the current water diversion plan. Results indicates that the optimized connection plans could reduce the proportion of dead channels (11.0% → 6.47%) and increase that of activated channels (55% → 57.5%) with negligible impact on the maximum and average velocity in the polder area.

The plant defence syndromes (PDSs) concept predicts host plants should develop diverse resistance profiles against their herbivores. We used Electrical Penetration Graphs (EPG) to investigate complex and genotype-specific penetration-barriers to Chaitophorous tremulae aphid feeding on Aspen (Populus tremula). Leaf condensed tannins were associated with enhanced probing activity and increased ingestion of xylem sap. Aphids probed less on Aspen genotypes low in tannins, suggesting other defence traits might be elicited. Our results support the idea of multi-layered PDS defence traits, and provide evidence of high plasticity in tannin profiles across temporal and spatial scales. We conclude that tannin plasticity may form a dynamically unpredictable aspect of the PDS defence arsenal that protects Aspen against piercing-sucking aphids.

There is mounting evidence that age matters in plant demography, but also indications of that relationships between age and demographic rates may vary significantly among species. Age-based plant demographic data, however, is difficult to collect, and still lacking for most species. We used individual birth and death records for twelve Rhododendron species from botanical gardens and Bayesian survival trajectory analysis to assess how mortality changes with age and whether differences between species are related to ancestral environmental conditions. We found substantial among-species variation in age-trajectories of mortality, no clear relationships between demographic measures and ancestral habitat, but statistically significant differences among taxonomic groups. We conclude that demographic consequences of ageing can differ remarkably, even among species in the same genus, but that causes of this variation are still unclear. Furthermore, we suggest there is untapped potential in using botanic garden records in future studies on plant life history.

The commercial importance of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) has attracted breeders to increase its seed yield using various breeding approach. Adverse soil factors however hampered progress made in crop development, especially micronutrient toxicity. Plant growth stimulators (PGS) have a significant role in enhancing growth parameters in Sorghum. In the present study, seeds were primed in 50, 150, and 250 ppm of each of gibberellic acid, indole acetic acid, and ascorbic acid respectively for 1 hr before sowing in Petri dishes moistened with 10 ml of the iron-rich solution obtained as filtrate from a mix of distilled water and ferruginous soil (1:1 v/w). Results showed that although germination percentage in ferruginous medium was significantly reduced, there was enhancement in germination percentage when the seeds were primed in gibberellic acid (GA). Germinability in the iron-rich medium was 31.2 hrs; this was significantly reduced to 19.6 – 21.1hrs when these seeds were primed with growth stimulators. Although shoot length was significantly reduced in plants exposed to ferruginous solutions, the root parameters were however enhanced. They were no significant changes in the total number of root branches regardless of ferrugenic status or use of growth stimulating agents. The utilization of growth stimulators as priming agents is called for to reduce stress impacts imposed by ferruginous soils during germination.

Abstract Background:The clinical picture of acute acalculous cholecystitis can be observed in a wide range from mild lesions to a degree threatening the patient’s life due to serious complications.In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between patients with acalculous cholecystitis and diabetes mellitus (DM) that has serious complications. Methods:The demographic varibles of patients such as age, gender along with blood tests, were gathered from 110 patients were gathered. The acalculus cholecystitis patients were divided into two groups of DM (DM+) and non DM (DM-) acalculus cholecystitis patients. Descriptive statistics for numerical variables were presented as mean, standard deviation, median, min-max values. Non-parametric test procedures were conducted for on non-normally distributed data. In this context, the non-parametric alternative of the independent sample t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, was used to determine the the difference between means of each group. Perason correlation analysis was used to test the correlation between continuous variables and chi-square analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between categorical data. Results: The overall analyses revealed that there was a positive correlation between CRP and AST, CRP and ALT, CRP and GGT, ALT and GGT in DM+ patients. The results also indicated that gender is not a significant factor for the relationship between DM and acalculous cholecystitis. Conclusions: It can be said that advanced age and the presence of DM increase the risk of acalculous cholecystitis and blood parameters used to show the presence of infection. Furthermore, deterioration in liver function tests increases more in DM patients.

AIM: Some of the patients with COVID-19 disease have persistent symptoms and there is limited information about the long-term health consequences of those who have recovered. The aim of this study is to investigate persistent symptoms of health care workers after COVID-19 disease and the relationship with demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. METHOD: Healthcare workers who had symptomatic COVID-19 disease proven by RT-PCR and were diagnosed at least 12 weeks ago were included in the study. Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, symptoms at time of diagnosis and symptoms that persisted more than 3 weeks were examined in detail with a conducted questionnaire. RESULTS: Of 121 patients included in the study, the mean age was 33.5 (22-59) and the mean time since participants were diagnosed with COVID-19 disease was 30.3 weeks (12.7-56.9). 92% (n=112) of the participants were followed up as outpatients. 63.6% (n=77) of our patients had symptoms lasting more than 3 weeks and the most common symptom were fatigue , loss of smell and attention deficit/concentration disorder. 19 of 77 patients (24.6%) stated that their persistent symptoms lasted longer than 24 weeks, with the most common symptoms being loss of smell. CONCLUSION: All these findings show that even in young patients with mild and moderate COVID-19 infection, post-COVID symptoms are at a rate that will affect their quality of life and health services should be planned for the rehabilitation of these patients. WHAT’S KNOWN? The initial symptoms and clinical course of COVID-19 are well known, but information about the long-term follow-up post-COVİD symptoms, especially in mild and moderate patients, is limited. WHAT’S NEW? Our study contributes to the literature on the frequency of long-term symptoms at 3 months and 6 months in most young patients with mild COVID-19.It also provides data on the situation of post-COVID syndrome in Turkey.

Background: This study assessed the perceptions and attitudes of the Brazilian adult population about COVID-19 vaccines, seeking to identify which factors are associated with vaccine hesitancy and lack of trust in vaccines, in order to support individual or collective strategies for welcoming and guidance. Methods: This is a national survey using a self-report web instrument in a representative sample of the Brazilian adult population (N=1700). The survey included sociodemographic and quality of life (QoL) questions, general information on COVID-19, and a vaccine-specific questionnaire. Results: The vast majority of our sample expressed favourable opinions regarding COVID-19 vaccination, but there was also a small fraction (2.2%) of respondents who are hesitant about COVID-19 vaccination. Most of them were males within age range of 30 to 59 years and reported that their reasons for vaccine hesitation are mainly due to uncertainty about safety (57.9%) and efficacy (36.8%) of vaccines, followed by concern with how they were developed, that is, the issue of timing and the adoption of a new development technology (28.9%). Further, while the impact of groups and peers on those who hesitate to vaccinate was not clear, their perception of a low risk of contracting the disease is evident. Conclusions: The uncertainty about the safety and efficacy of vaccines, the issue of timing and the adoption of a new development technology and the effect of these perceptions on the vaccine COVID-19 acceptance suggests the need to develop targeted strategies to increase effective communication about the risks and benefits of COVID-19 vaccines.

Corticosteroids and COVID-19 vaccine: a challenging issue

Background: Only a limited number of publications had evaluated the Phadiatop application for aeroallergen screen in allergic respiratory diseases (ARD) in the Chinese population. In our retrospective cohort, through studying the Phadiatop versus total IgE use in aeroallergen workups, and local aeroallergen sensitisation profiles by reviewing aeroallergen sIgE, we aimed to derive a cost-effective algorithm for ARD workup. Methods: We have retrospectively identified 694 patients with ARD in 2010-2019, and reviewed their Phadiatop test performed in our tertiary immunology laboratory. Other associated workups including total IgE, and/or allergen specific sIgE (sIgE), if available, were retrieved and analysed. Besides, a further review was performed on 53 consecutive samples collected during January 2021, for aeroallergen screening. Cost effectiveness of the existing protocol (Phadiatop screening followed by individual aeroallergen characterisation) was compared with a new testing algorithm, which started with dust mite ( Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dp) allergy detection. Results: Phadiatop positivity was 67.3%, while total IgE positivity was 66.7% in the 366 patients with the test done. Overall, the agreement of these two tests was 73.5%. Asthmatic patients can be screened positive with total IgE than Phadiatop (34.9%-45.6%). Dp was the most prevalent aeroallergen (> 90%), and its sIgE level correlated best with the Phadiatop sIgE level (R = 0.99, p < 0.001). Comparing to the existing screening using Phadiatop, initial Dp detection is both sensitive and cost effective for ARD in our locality. Conclusions: Screening by Dp sIgE is as sensitive as Phadiatop in aeroallergen screen but of lower running cost. It should be the approach in our locality.

Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line is among the commonly used cell lines for the production of influenza virus vaccine. As cell culture-based manufacturing poses to replace egg-based process, increasing virus production is of paramount importance. To shed light on factors affecting virus productivity, we isolated a subline, H1, which had twice the influenza virus A (IAV) productivity of the parent (P) through cell cloning. Transcriptome analysis revealed that within a few hours after IAV infection, viral mRNAs constituted over one fifth of total mRNA, with several viral genes more highly expressed in H1 than P. Functional analysis of the transcriptome dynamics showed that H1 and P responded to infection similarly, were both subjected to host shutoff and inflammatory responses. Importantly, H1 was more active in translation and RNA processing intrinsically and after infection. Furthermore, H1 had more subdued inflammatory and antiviral response. Taken together we postulate that high productivity of IAV hinges on the balance between suppression of host functions to divert cellular resources and sustain sufficient activities for virus replication. The mechanistic insights on virus productivity can facilitate the process optimization and cell line engineering for advancing influenza vaccine manufacturing.

Background:Echocardiography is a clinical feasible method of choice for the quantitative analysis of left atrial appendage (LAA) mechanics in two dimensions. The study was to assess the potential relationship of left atrial appendage (LAA) mechanics parameters and left atrial appendage (LAA) function in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) by two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography.Methods:This study involved 216 patients with Atrial Fibrillation ( 39.4%，woman) who were referred for a clinical indication for transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).Speckle-tracking was used to measure left atrial appendage mechanics (LAA) myocardial strain analysis. Left atrial appendage mechanical dispersions (LAAMD) were defined as the standard deviation (SD) of time to peak positive strain corrected by the R-R interval.Results:The Persistent atrial fibrillation（per-AF）group were older, higher prevalence of stroke, and more frequently suffered from heart failure than the Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation（par-AF）group. The patients with a lower LAAEF had less LAA mechanical dispersion than those with a higher LAAEF (4.82(2.66~6.82) vs 8.31(5.22~11.85) ,p＜0.05).The LAAMD had a significant positive correlation with the LAAEF (r=0.455).The LAAEF and LAAMD having the diagnostic performance (AUC,0.7397,95% CI 0.6692–0.8102, 0.6458, 95%CI 0.5678–0.7239, respectively). Using a LAAEF cut-off value of ＜64.5% and LAA MD cut-off value of ＜6.288%, patients with LAA dysfunction were identified with a sensitivity of 70.45%, 62.96% and specificity of 68.47%, 60.55%, respectively.Conclusions:The data showed that LAAMD was predictors of dysfunction of LAA, but LAAMD was not superior to LAAEF in patients for predictors LAA dysfunction. However, Left atrial appendage mechanical dispersion may showed decreased LAA function before LAA deformation

Neuropathic pain may develop after neuronal injury and distinguishes itself from other painful conditions due to its unique clinical characteristics and for being refractory to treatment with conventional analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are known for their relation to neuroplasticity and play a role in neuropathic pain and opioid induced hyperalgesia. Ketamine is a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist with strong analgesic and anti-hyperalgesic properties and its addition to the treatment of neuropathic pain may reduce pain intensity in the short and long term and may improve overall quality of life. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to investigate the addition of ketamine to the treatment of patients with neuropathic pain.Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of ketamine on pre-defined outcomes including pain intensity at several time points, multidimensional pain scales, quality of life, mood, impact on interpersonal interaction, quality of sleep, impact on general daily activities, impact on work, and adverse outcomes, such as nausea and vomiting, and psychedelic effects were searched in the following databases: MEDLINE, CENTRAL, LILACS and EMBASE, from inception to April 2021. Reviewers independently screened potentially eligible articles, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias among eligible articles. We used the GRADE approach to rate the overall certainty of the evidence for each outcome.

Fluconazole induced hyponatraemiaAteeba Musaddaq1Fady Zakharious1Amit K J Mandal1Constantinos G Missouris 1, 21Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK2University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus

As a novel and sustainable technology, membrane-aerated biofilm reactors (MABR) performing simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) face the challenge of undesirable nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. Thereby, a comprehensive analysis of N2O turnover pathways and the affecting parameters in MABR are demanded for N2O mitigation strategies. In this work, a mathematical model describing three N2O turnovers pathways was studied to uncover the underlying mechanisms and the impacts of operational conditions on N2O turnovers in MABR system performing SND. The modelling results demonstrate that higher oxygen surface loading, longer hydraulic retention time (HRT) and lower influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) significantly induce higher N2O production factor (0.18%-3.3%). N2O turnovers are mainly regulated by the hydroxylamine (NH2OH) pathway and heterotrophic bacteria (HB) denitrification, accounting for 76%-87% and 10%-21%, respectively. In contrast, the thicker biofilm (i.e., 400-600 μm) causes lower N2O production factor (<0.13%), due to the shift of N2O turnover pathways to the ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) denitrification pathway (7.1%-9.3%) and HB denitrification (90.7%-92.9%). Meanwhile, the result of in-biofilm N2O conversion rates shows that the NH2OH pathway and HB denitrification become the predominant N2O production pathway at the inner zone (0-160 μm) and the outer zone (290-350 μm) of the biofilm in MABR, respectively. The biofilm thickness at 160-280 μm can thus be regarded as an optimal zone to reduce N2O production in MABR performing SND, due to more electrons preferentially used for N2O reduction. The relative low N2O production factor (<0.5%) together with >80% total nitrogen (TN) removal in MABR can be achieved by controlling the oxygen surface loading (1.821-3.641 g/m2/d) and influent COD concentrations (285-500 mg/L) within a certain range.

Subsoil microbiomes play important roles in soil carbon and nutrient cycling, yet our understanding of the controls on microbial communities in the subsoil is limited. Here, we investigate the direct (mean annual temperature and precipitation) and indirect (soil chemistry) effects of climate on microbiome composition and activity throughout the soil profile across two elevation-bioclimatic gradients in central California, USA. We show that microbiome composition changes and activity decreases with depth. Across these sites, the direct influence of climate on microbiome composition and activity was relatively lower at depth. Furthermore, we find that certain microbial taxa change in relative abundance over large temperature and precipitation gradients only in specific soil horizons, highlighting the depth dependence of the climatic controls on microbiome composition. Our finding that the direct impacts of climate are muted at depth suggests that deep soil microbiomes may lag in their acclimation to new temperatures with a changing climate.

Article titled “Using Robson’s Ten-Group Classification System for comparing caesarean section rates in Europe: an analysis of routine data from the Euro-Peristat study” has wonderfully addressed the issues related to a system which has been introduced for almost twenty years.1For RTGC system, to truly become a guide to reduce the caesarean section rate, it’s all ten parameters in all cases should be available. Missing data and misclassification has been rightly highlighted by the authors.I have come across an article the authors of which had been my close colleagues.2 These authors analysed their operation theatre (OT) registers for its adequacy in providing data for RTGC of caesarean sections. Their observations indicate that on many heads the data is missing at both their institutions although with different rates. The authors recommend that the OT registers need to be modified to accommodate columns which would include all ten groups required for Robson’s classification system. Where printing new registers cannot be done immediately a rubber stamp is suggested which would immediately enable OT registers RTGC friendly. Same can be done for labour room (LR) registers for institutions which consider RTGC system as a perinatal classification system than just caesarean section classification3. At institutions which have system of digital data entry the software can be immediately updated to make the system RTGC friendly. The authors belong to developing nation where entry into registers is a more uniform system than digitalized system. Therefore authors advice incorporation of 8 columns (may be in an abbreviated form) under which just a mark or mark will complete the entry. In a rubber stamp impression authors suggest 14 portions. Just striking out which is not applicable will complete the entry required for RTGC.Another issue which needs to be addressed as regards implementation of RTGC system is misclassification due to un-standardized definitions of ten parameters (variables) of RTGC system. In this direction a RTGC system sensitization program needs to be undertaken for hospital staff (obstetricians, residents, nurses, data entry personnel) where definitions of core variables are discussed out as finalized by the hospital research committee and subsequently should become an essential component of orientation program for residents and obstetrics related staff. This would solve the issue of ‘known-knowns and unknown-unknowns’.3References:1. Zeitlin, J, Durox, M, Macfarlane, A, Alexander, S, Heller, G, Loghi, M, Nijhuis, J, Sól Ólafsdóttir, H, Mierzejewska, E, Gissler, M, Blondel, B; the Euro-Peristat Network. Using Robson’s Ten Group Classification System for comparing caesarean section rates in Europe: an analysis of routine data from the Euro-Peristat study. BJOG  2021; 128: 1444– 1453.2. Abdul Aziz, Fasiha T.; Bhoosreddy, Sushma R.. Robson ten groups classification system for caesarean section audit: are our operation theatre registers RTGC enabled? IJRCOG 2019, 8 (9): 3675-3678. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20193796.3. Robson, M.S. (2021), Known knowns, unknown unknowns and everything in-between – the Ten Group Classification System (TGCS). BJOG: Int J Obstet Gy, 128: 1454-1455. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16679.

Various species of freshwater fish regulate the expression of certain proteins in response to environmental contamination. Previous research has shown that CYP1A expression increases in response to contaminant levels, and can result in increased tumor formation. Fish in contaminated environments would thus benefit by downregulating the expression of CYP1A to reduce tumor prevalence as an adaptive strategy. Alternatively, regulation of the CYP1A protein in fish can serve as a bioindicator of the pollution level of an environment. This study evaluated CYP1A expression in twelve different species of freshwater fish from seven bodies of water throughout western NY including Cuba Lake, Genesee River, Hanging Bog, Love Canal, Moss Lake, Rushford Lake and Tifft Nature Preserve. Western blot analysis was used to measure CYP1A expression as a marker of site pollution and potential fish population adaptation. It was hypothesized that low CYP1A expression at a site with known contamination would suggest signs of adaptation to pollution levels present. Furthermore, if at least one sample from a species showed CYP1A expression, then the CYP1A antibody (Caymen Chemical, USA; 173132) had compatibility with that species, eliminating falsely suspected adaptation. The results from this study suggest possible adaptation of fish may be occurring in the polluted Tifft Nature Preserve and Genesee River. In contrast, CYP1A expression in fish from Cuba Lake, Hanging Bog, Love Canal, Moss Lake, and Rushford Lake appear to represent known pollution levels and adaptation is not likely occurring. Results from this study are preliminary and next steps include collection and analysis of sediment to provide a stronger correlation between pollution at sites and CYP1A expression.

Deformable gel particles (DPGs) has been used for performance control in petroleum industry. The filtration behaviors of DPGs including shearing, plugging, deformation, and breakage, which is much different from Deep bed filtration. Although some empirical knowledge or models have been reported in literature, there have been few quantitative investigations or mechanistic interpretations to such behaviors. Therefore, quantification of DPG filtration in porous media is extremely essential. In this paper, we first conducted experiments to directly observe and measure the characteristics of a DPG transport in a variable-diameter capillary. After that, experiments of DPG transport in pores were conducted to study and quantify the plugging, shearing, and breakage behaviors in different scenarios using sand packs. Finally, the above quantitative knowledge were used to optimize DPGs treatment for EOR, and oil displacement experiments of parallel sand packs with interlayer were carried out to apply and validate the novel method.

A document by Emily Hodkinson. Click on the document to view its contents.