Rationale:Pesticide isomers are widely available in agricultural production and may vary widely in biological activity, potency, and toxicity. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis of pesticide isomers is challenging due to structural similarities. Methods:Based on liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF/MS), identification of cis-trans isomeric pesticides was achieved through retention time, characteristic fragment ions, and relative abundance ratio. The cleavage pathways of six cis-trans isomers were elucidated through collision-induced dissociation (CID) to explain the origins of different fragment ions. The energy-resolved mass spectrometry combined with computational chemical density functional theory in terms of kinetics, thermodynamics, and bond lengths, the specific process of fragments were simulated to explain the reasons for the differences in characteristic fragment ions and abundance ratios. Results:Based on the above study, a high-resolution mass spectrometry method was developed for the separation and analysis of cis-trans isomers of pesticides in traditional Chinese medicine Radix Codonopsis, and six pesticide isomers were distinguished by retention time, product ions, and relative abundance ratios. The limits of quantification of the six pesticides were up to 10 μg/kg, and the linear ranges of them were 10-200 μg/kg, with the coefficients of determination (R 2)＞0.99, which demonstrated the good linearity of the six pesticides. The recoveries of the pesticides at the spiked concentrations of 10 μg/kg, 20 μg/kg, and 100 μg/kg reached 70-120% with the RSDs ≤20%. Conclusions:It was demonstrated that the application of the method was well-suited for accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis for each isomers with different structures which could avoid false negative results caused by ignoring another isomers effectively.

We present the computation of the infinitesimal generators of Vasicek PDE and Cox-Ingersoll-Ross PDE obtained using Mathematica and comparing the results to Sinkala’s computation after reviewing an article. We confirm our results in Lie brackets and compare them to Sinkala’s.

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is a promising technique for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-empowered 6G networks. In this letter, we propose a novel adaptable ISAC mechanism. Firstly, we investigate both the communication and sensing channel model under Doppler and beam-squint effect for the UAV ISAC with the wideband massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration. Then, we propose an adaptive sensing method by the joint designing the signal echo sensing and beam-squint sensing under practical environment. Specifically, when the echo power is larger than the minimum detectable power, the proposed method could realize the effective sensing by utilizing the system model without feedback. Otherwise, the proposed method could exploit the beam-squint for sensing with the feedback of the sub-carrier index. Finally, various simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

A document by Marié Grobbelaar. Click on the document to view its contents.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is characterized by inflammatory lesions featuring clonal infiltration. The BRAF mutation stands out as the most prevalent. Vemurafenib has emerged as a therapeutic option. The off-label use of VMF persists in Brazil. We will delineate the cases of two Brazilian children suffering from LCH with a positive response to VMF. Case Report I: The patient underwent standard therapy, but bone marrow infiltration persisted. After confirming a BRAF V600E mutation through testing, VMF was initiated, resulting in significant improvements. Case Report II: The patient initiated VMF and showed a positive response. After several months, maintenance therapy was introduced. However, skin lesions recurred upon discontinuation of VMF. She has been on VMF for a total of 31 months, maintaining remission. The cases presented represent the first reported instances of off-label VMF use in Brazil for the treatment of LCH, and both patients have demonstrated excellent responses to the medication.

Introduction Healthcare is responsible for 5.4% of greenhouse gas emissions in the UK. Emissions in surgery is a relatively unexplored area; in particular, this hasn’t yet been looked at as a whole in ENT in the UK. Aims Quantify the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from a tonsillectomy and assess the proportion of each source’s contribution. Method Operational data from tonsillectomies performed at a large university teaching hospital in the UK were gathered and converted to global warming potential using established conversion factors and data from existing healthcare-focused carbon footprint studies. The domains considered were waste, pharmaceuticals, surgical instrument decontamination, transportation, consumables use and utilities. This study used a process-based carbon footprint approach based on the “Greenhouse Gas Protocol: Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard”. Results The carbon footprint of a typical case was 41 kgCO2e which is equivalent to driving a car for approximately 150 miles. Consumables were responsible for 17% of this; 14% came from transport, 5.4% from decontamination, 4.8% from pharmaceuticals and 4% from waste. However, the largest GHG was from utilities, of which heating, ventilation and air conditioning was the overwhelming contributor. Conclusion While the largest sources of GHG emissions require hospital-wide initiatives, there are aspects of consumables and waste streams we can improve on in ENT surgery. These include the use of disposable vs reusable instruments as well as increased availability and use of recycling waste streams in theatres. Additionally, this study provides a template that can be applied to other ENT procedures.

Purpose: Thus, this overview aimed to answer the focused question: “What is the evidence from systematic reviews on the treatment of patients with DDwoR of the TMJ?”. Methods: This overview was register on the Open Science Framework under osf.io/74cej. This study was performed according to The Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers’ Manual 2014: Methodology for JBI Umbrella Reviews and Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.2, using the following electronic databases: MEDLINE|PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus and LILACS|VHL, and other sources. Eligible articles were systematically reviewed and assessed for bias using preset criteria. The quality of evidence and the possibility of biased results from the included studies were independently assessed by two researchers using AMSTAR 2, OQAQ, CASP and ROBIS tools. Results: Five systematic reviews with meta-analyses and one qualitative review were included in this overview. Differences in pain control and improvement in mandibular function were observed between the treatments studied, especially for open surgery. However, the comparative effectiveness of conservative and invasive treatments for DDwoR remains uncertain due to the low methodological quality of the secondary studies analyzed in this overview and the risk of bias of the primary studies reported by the authors. Conclusions: Currently, it is not possible to guarantee the superiority of different DDwoR treatments to guide professionals and patients. This overview clarified the reason for the lack of consensus on which treatment is most effective for DDwoR and identified the low quality of evidence on the subject.

There is a gap between healthcare workforce research and decision-making in policy and practice. This matters more than ever given the urgent staffing crisis, with shortfalls of key workers and increasing service pressures. As a national research network, we held the first ever UK forum on health and care workforce research and evidence in March 2023 which aimed to bridge this gap. We brought together clinical and system leaders, policymakers and regulators with workforce researchers. Fifteen sessions convened by leading experts combined knowledge exchange with deliberative dialogue over two days. Topics ranged from workforce analytics, forecasting, international migration to interprofessional working. In these small groups, important knowledge gaps were identified, where existing research had not reached decision-makers. Managers were not aware of accepted high quality evidence in areas like the relationship between registered nurse staffing levels and patient outcomes. Participants also identified important gaps in research, both topic area and study design. More work is needed to engage new disciplines, from labour economics and occupational health to academic human resources. Mobilising knowledge across disciplines will strengthen the quality and range of research as well as identifying relevant and novel interventions. Discussion at the forum highlighted a number of national and local workforce initiatives which had been implemented at pace, from virtual wards to e-rostering and apprentice levies, without a good evidence base or concurrent evaluation. The pandemic had accelerated many changes, including important shifts in skill mix and new roles with little learning from other countries and systems. Existing evaluations were often small-scale or focused on individual, rather than organisational, solutions in areas such as staff wellbeing. The paper provides a summary of an emerging UK workforce research agenda developed at the forum meeting, together with actions to build workforce research capacity and increase reach of findings into policy and practice.

The outcome of plant interactions is strongly dependent on the set of physiological, morphological, and reproductive traits harboured by the interacting species. Two trait-based mechanisms are behind these plant interactions: a) trait dissimilarities, when species with similar traits compete more due to niche overlap, and b) trait hierarchies, when species with more efficient traits outcompete species with inefficient traits. Trait dissimilarities present a negative relationship between plant functional distance and interaction strength, and a positive relationship for trait hierarchies. We hypothesised that functional distance between species affect the outcome of plant interactions through both mechanisms. We established a manipulative experiment with ten species growing in hetero- and conspecific pairwise combinations and evaluated thirteen above- and belowground traits. We estimated neighbour effect by measuring the relative change (RC) in trait values of a focal species (RCfocal) caused by the presence of a heterospecific neighbour (RCneighbour), contrasted with the changes induced by a conspecific neighbour. We explored i) which traits were more affected by neighbours, ii) which species were more affected as focal or neighbour, and iii) how the neighbour effect varied with the functional distance between pairs. Neighbour effects on focal traits showed a variable intensity, contingent upon the specific identities of both plant species within the pair. Despite the high variability in neighbour effects, species that grew with a functionally similar neighbour exhibited larger traits than those growing with a dissimilar one due to the prevalence of trait hierarchies over trait dissimilarities. The heterogeneity found on the neighbour effects responded mainly to differences between above- and belowground traits, reinforcing the need to consider them both for a mechanistic comprehension of community dynamics. Trait hierarchies prevailed but trait dissimilarities were also detected on specific root traits, indicating that both mechanisms simultaneously determine the outcome of plant interactions.

Emerging forecasting-aided state estimation (FASE) frequently encounters complicated parameter analysis and observation calculation tasks, especially when confronted with intricate and uncertain scenarios. To this end, a concise FASE estimator is developed by combining the precise depiction of dynamic state change and linear power flow approximation. Designing the dynamic system state as a voltage perturbation vector around the nominal value, the forecasted state is firstly derived from the linear approximation of power injection equation solutions. The state forecasting model relies solely on nodal impedance information as the state transition matrix, eliminating the onerous parameter tuning effort. After that, the optimal filtered state is efficiently obtained utilizing line power flow measurements, with branch admittance information to construct the approximate observation matrix. Numerical simulation comparisons on a symmetric balanced 56-node distribution system verify the performance of the proposed estimator in terms of accuracy and robustness.

Electricity thieves show new characteristics such as stealing only part of electricity and intermittent occurrence, becoming harder to detect. This paper proposes a remote detection method for electricity theft based on dynamic correlation factor and optimized shift-splitting iteration method. Firstly, through mathematical analysis and verification of the electricity theft mechanism, we found an intermittent and nonlinear positive correlation between the line loss rate and electricity thieves’ electricity consumption proportion. Based on this characteristic, the dynamic correlation factor is used to identify suspected electricity thieves. Secondly, a low-dimensional model is established according to the generalized conservation of electricity, and the optimized shift-splitting iteration method is used to solve the ill-conditioned model, realizing accurate identification of electricity thieves. Through two-step identification and calculation, the algorithm addresses the problem that the intermittency of electricity theft, disturbance under complex scenes and the error of parameters estimation can lead to decrease of accuracy and increase of missed detection rate. Case studies in distribution areas of a province in China show that the proposed method is reliable, and has higher accuracy (over 90%) and lower missed detection rate (below 10%) than previous algorithms, especially in large distribution areas with complex scenes.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to describe our experience and outcome of ablation therapy of arrhythmias in children at a tertiary care center. Methods: Data was collected retrospectively from the hospital medical records. All children presenting to AUBMC between 2000 and 2020 who underwent cardiac ablation were included. The data collected included type of arrhythmia, ablation technique, age and weight at ablation, procedure complications, medications used, and outcome assessment. Results: We had 67 patients who underwent cardiac ablation. Of those, 60% were males with a mean age of 15 years. Structural heart disease was present in 6% of patients. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) was most prevalent at 31%, followed by atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) at 24%, atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) at 19%, ventricular tachycardia (VT) at 10%, atrial fibrillation (AF) at 2%, and atrial tachycardia (AT) at 1%. The remaining 13% of patients presented with less common types of arrhythmias, including narrow complex tachycardia, retrograde dual atrioventricular nodal reentry, premature ventricular contractions (PVC), and orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia. Antiarrhythmic medications were started prior to the procedure in 59% of our population. Medication regimens post-ablation included beta blockers (68%), type 1c antiarrhythmics (25%), calcium channel blockers (3%), ivabradine (2%), and amiodarone (2%). The completed procedures showed a success rate of 93%. Conclusion: Ablation of arrhythmias in children is an effective procedure in the treatment of childhood arrhythmias. More studies are needed on cardiac ablation in children with structural heart disease in the Middle East region.

Introduction: Doppler-derived pulmonary pulse transit time (pPTT) is an auspicious hemodynamic marker in chronic pulmonary diseases. The aim is to compare four distinct pPTT measurements and its relation to right cardiac and pulmonary function. Methods: Prospectively, 22 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients (one patient excluded) and 32 healthy subjects underwent repeated distinct pPTT measurements, one standard echocardiography and pulmonary function testing on the same day. pPTT was defined as the interval from the R or Q-wave in the ECG to the corresponding pulse wave Doppler peak late systolic (S2) or diastolic (D) pulmonary vein flow velocity (pPTT R-S , Q-S, R-D, Q-D). Reproducibility was evaluated using Bland-Altman analysis, coefficient of variation (COV), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and power calculations. Coherence to right ventricle RV tissue und pulse wave Doppler velocities (RV E´, RV S´, RV A’, RV E, RV A, RV E/E‘, RV E/A (cm/s)), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), vital capacity (FVC) predicted (%) and in (l) were analyzed. Results: There was no significant difference and no bias between pPTT measures (p range: 0.1 - 0.9). COV was in COPD 1.2 - 2.3%, in healthy subjects 1.0 % - 3.1 %. ICC ranged from 0.92 (COPD) to 0.96 (healthy subjects). In COPD significant correlations were found for pPTT R-S , Q-S and R-D with RV E‘, (all >ρ: 0.49, ρ: 0.49, ρ: -0.39, Conclusions: All pPTT measures were highly reproducible and affected by diastolic RV performance. Defining Q as starting point seems clinically advantageous considering electromechanical desynchrony in patients with conduction disorders.

Purpose: To study left atrial stiffness index (LASI) and left atrial activation time (LA-AT) changes in an older population with silent paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) compared to age-matched control. Methods: Individuals with newly diagnosed PAF and a randomly selected age-matched control group without AF were enrolled from STROKESTOP2-study. All participants had NT-proBNP levels 125-900 ng/L. TTE examinations were analyzed retrospectively offline using dedicated software. Besides conventional echocardiographic measurements, LA-AT was obtained by measuring the time delay between the onset of the P-wave on ECG and tissue Doppler Á peak wave in lateral LA wall. LASI was calculated as the ratio of left ventricular filling (E/é) to peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS) Results: Mean age was 76±0.3. The PAF group (n=67) presented significant increase of LASI (0.41 (0.29 – 0.60) vs. 0.32 (0.29 – 0.43), P=0.001) and prolonged LA-AT (170 (140 – 180) ms vs. 140 (120 – 144) ms, P<0.001) compared to controls (n=94). Subgroup analysis with normal LA volume index (LAVI) ≤34 ml/m 2, LASI and LA-AT remained significantly increased/prolonged in PAF (N=27) compared to controls (N=72). NT-proBNP-levels did not differ between PAF (228 (181–348) ng/L) and controls (216 (156–317) ng/L) (P=0.18). ROC curve analysis identified thresholds LASI>0.33 and LA-AT>139 msec for predicting silent PAF. Conclusions: Indices reflecting LA stiffness and fibrosis were significantly elevated in recently diagnosed PAF patients and elevated in the absence of LA dilatation. LASI and LA-AT thresholds might non-invasively provide additional information in patients with high risk of PAF in general elderly population.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare hematologic neoplasm characterized by the clonal proliferation of Langerhans-like cells. Colony-stimulating Factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is a membrane-bound receptor that is highly expressed in LCH cells and tumor-associated macrophages. In this study, a soluble form of CSF1R protein (sCSF1R) was identified by plasma proteome profiling, and its role in evaluating LCH prognosis was explored. We prospectively measured plasma sCSF1R levels in 104 LCH patients and 10 healthy children using ELISA. Plasma sCSF1R levels were greater in LCH patients than in healthy controls ( P < 0.001) and significantly differed among the three disease extents, with the highest level in MS RO+ LCH patients ( P < 0.001). Accordingly, immunofluorescence showed the highest level of membrane-bound CSF1R in MS RO+ patients. Furthermore, the plasma sCSF1R concentration at diagnosis could efficiently predict the prognosis of LCH patients treated with standard first-line treatment (AUC =0.782, P < 0.001). Notably, dynamic monitoring of sCSF1R levels could predict relapse early in patients receiving BRAF inhibitor treatment. In vitro drug sensitivity data showed that sCSF1R increased resistance to Ara-C in THP-1 cells expressing ectopic BRAF-V600E. Overall, the plasma sCSF1R level at diagnosis and during follow-up is of great clinical importance in pediatric LCH patients.

Long-term studies are subject to stochastic forces as well as deterministic, ecological differences. We illustrate this by means of Polya’s urn scheme and two examples based on our long-term study of the behavioral ecology of the acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus). In both cases, the years during which the study was conducted had a large, apparently stochastic influence on population dynamics. Despite such variability, long-term studies offer several notable benefits, including the opportunity to gain a more nuanced understanding of a particular system and the ability to incorporate technological and theoretical advances. Ultimately, it is with long-term data that we can hope to disentangle and understand the stochastic and deterministic factors that drive ecological systems.

Patent foramen oval and ESUS in cryptogenic stroke: still a complex puzzleDiana-Elena Iov1,2, MD, Mariana Floria1,3*, MD, PhD, Daniela Maria Tanase1,3, MD, PhD1Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ”Grigore T. Popa”, 700111 Iasi, Romania.2Emergency Clinical Hospital ”Saint Spiridon”, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 700111 Iasi, Romania.3Emergency Clinical Hospital ”Saint Spiridon”, Internal Medicine Clinic, 700111 Iasi, Romania.Running title: Patent foramen oval related stroke

The direct growth of two-dimensional (2D) materials on the surface of insulating substrate holds significant promise for the construction of electronic and optoelectronic devices, facilitating the adaption to semiconductor manufacturing lines, but remains challenging. Herein, we present a facile and effective method for the direct synthesis of novel 2D SiO2 domains and as-orientated graphene arrays with assist of copper vapor by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The morphology engineering of SiO2 domains has been realized by modulating the growth temperature and time with high reproducibility and outstanding uniformity. Moreover, our method results in the formation of hexagonal graphene arrays featuring a highly aligned orientation on the as-grown SiO2 flakes. These spontaneously formed vertical heterostructures provide an opportunity to directly construct devices without chemical etching transfer. As a result, the field-effect transistor (FET) based on the spontaneously formed graphene/2D SiO2 heterostructure performed an ultrahigh charge mobility of 3,800 cm2 V-1 s-1. The controllable synthesis of a 2D SiO2 array and SiO2/graphene heterostructures opens up broad prospects for tailoring customized 2D materials, enabling a significant step towards realizing the full potential of 2D materials in electronic and optoelectronic device fabrication.

Indoor navigation networks serve as the foundation for indoor pedestrian navigation services. However, current graph-based topological network models cannot easily represent complex indoor structures in a manner consistent with user behaviour and cognitive patterns, and thus cannot support fine-grained indoor navigation analysis services. To enhance the rationality of the model, we considered the influences of morphological and functional characteristics of indoor spaces on pedestrian movement and proposed a method for classifying navigation spaces. This method, based on convex space segmentation, defines morphological and functional characteristic functions, classifying indoor navigation spaces as either corridors or open spaces, which suitable for representing as median axis models or visual graphs, respectively. These categories supported the creation of topological network models for route planning analysis. Indoor map experiments confirmed the effectiveness of our method in identifying various types of corridors and open spaces, that addressing the limitations of width-based parameters，even in complex indoor settings.

Right heart failure after pericardiectomy: a case report

In this paper, we consider the matrix-weighted consensus problems with disturbances. To this end, we firstly propose a new disturbance observer design for systems with unknown matched or mismatched disturbances representable as a linear combination of time-varying basis functions. Under some assumptions on the boundedness and persistent excitation of the regression matrix, the disturbances can be precisely estimated at an exponential rate and thus, can be compensated by a suitable compensation input. Next, disturbance-observer based consensus algorithms are proposed for matrix-weighted networks of single- and double-integrators with matched or mismatched disturbances. We show that both matched and mismatched disturbances can be estimated and actively compensated, and the system globally asymptotically converges to a fixed point in the kernel of the matrix-weighted Laplacian. Depending on the network connectivity, the system can asymptotically achieve a consensus or a cluster configuration. The disturbance-observer based consensus design is further extended for higher-order integrators with disturbances. Finally, simulation results are provided to support the mathematical analysis.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of smart homes, the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies has become pivotal for enhancing efficiency and user experience. This review paper delves into the development and implementation of an advanced system designed to provide precise control and optimize energy consumption in smart appliances through the use of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). The paper explores the significance of GPRS as a communication protocol, enabling seamless connectivity and real-time data exchange between smart appliances and centralized control systems. The comprehensive review encompasses various aspects, including the integration of sensors and actuators in smart appliances, the utilization of GPRS for bidirectional communication, and the implementation of intelligent algorithms for accurate control and energy optimization. We examine notable advancements in the field, highlighting key studies and innovative approaches that contribute to the enhancement of energy efficiency in smart homes. Furthermore, the paper addresses challenges and potential solutions related to security, interoperability, and scalability within the context of GPRS-enabled smart appliance control systems. Insights from real-world implementations and case studies are presented to underscore the practical implications and benefits of adopting such advanced systems. As smart homes continue to gain prominence, the findings presented in this review contribute to the understanding of how GPRS-based systems can play a pivotal role in achieving precise control and energy optimization in smart appliances. The review not only provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art but also identifies promising avenues for future research and development in this burgeoning field.

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of different soil acidity levels, determined by base-cation saturation (BCS) levels, on the anatomical, and morphological analyses of the roots, the nutritional status of the plants, as well as the root and shoot biomass production. A 107-days greenhouse experiment was carried out, employing a randomized block design with a 2x4 factorial arrangement. The factors included two propagation methods (seeds and stem cuttings) and four BCS levels (19%, 39%, 52%, and 63%). There was no observed interaction between propagation methods and BCS levels regarding root and shoot biomass production. This indicates that T. diversifolia’s tolerance to acidic soils is not affected by the propagation method. However, stem-propagated plants exhibited significantly greater root (31% increase) and shoot (26% increase) biomass production compared to seed-propagated plants. Regardless of the propagation method, T. diversifolia plants grown in soil with a 19% BCS level showed a substantial reduction in root (45% decrease) and shoot (31% decrease) biomass compared to the 63% BCS level treatment. The root anatomy and morphology of T. diversifolia are affected when cultivated in acidic soils with a 19% BCS level. Nevertheless, the PAS test detected some mucilage in T. diversifolia roots, suggesting a potential defense mechanism for Al 3+. The shoot biomass of T. diversifolia plants cultivated in soil with a 19% BCS level exhibited greater nutritional values compared to the 63% BCS level. In conclusion, propagation methods have a limited impact on the tolerance of T. diversifolia to acidic soils. Despite the negative effects on root and shoot biomass production, T. diversifolia effectively maintains nutrient uptake even under acidic soil conditions with Al 3+ availability of 5 mmol c dm -3.

Commentary on: Activation of Nrf2 signalling pathway by tectoridin protects against ferroptosis in particulate matter-induced lung injuryWenfu Cao1, Xinrui Guo1, Xinyu Li, Dapeng Chen1*1Compartive medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian city, 116044, Liaoning province, China.*Corresponding author: Dapeng Chen, Comparative Medicine Department of Researching and Teaching, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, P. R. China, Tel/Fax: +86 411 86110862; Email: cdp.9527@163.com.KEYWORDS: lung injury, cell death, PM2.5, drug discovery, ferroptosisWe read with great interest the article entitled ”Activation of Nrf2 signalling pathway by tectoridin protects against ferroptosis in particulate matter-induced lung injury ” by Dong et al. in the British Journal of Pharmacology (Donget al. , 2023).The authors demonstrate that tectoridin has a therapeutic effect on particulate matter-induced lung injury (PM2.5-induced lung injury), and they believe that, this treatment mechanism is related to the inhibition of ferroptosis through targeting Nrf2. There are varying opinions regarding the future of targeted ferroptosis inhibition in the treatment of PM2.5-induced lung injury, and its clarity remains uncertain.With the rapid economic development, air pollution has emerged as the fifth most significant risk factor for all-cause mortality on a global scale, imposing a substantial economic burden. The animal model of lung injury, commonly employed in fundamental studies, involves the inhalation of PM2.5. In the case of lung injury induced by PM2.5, oxidative stress and inflammation, which are well-recognized indicators of lung injury, closely mirror the clinical symptoms of such injury. To induce severe and easily measurable markers of lung injury, mice were exposed to highly concentrated levels of PM2.5. Prolonged exposure to PM2.5 instigates the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), precipitating oxidative stress that results in apoptosis, and in more severe cases, necrosis (Zhao et al. , 2022).The signaling pathways involved in PM2.5-induced lung injury encompass cell death (apoptosis, necrosis and pyroptosis), inflammation, and increased oxidative stress(He et al. , 2021). Extensive research has factually demonstrated that compounds exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics are beneficial in alleviating PM2.5-induced lung injury. It is well known that Nrf2 activation can provide relief for lung injury through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects. Based on the current findings presented in the article by Dong et al , it is challenging to prove that tectoridin-induced treatment is directly associated with ferroptosis inhibition in PM2.5-induced lung injury. In my opinion, the conclusion should state that tectoridin administration alleviated ferroptosis in PM2.5-induced lung injury, as it remains unclear whether ferroptosis is the cause or result of PM2.5-induced lung injury. I apologize if my previous wording was not entirely accurate; it was not intended as a mere play on words, but rather an attempt at precision.Targeted inhibition of cell death, without affecting inflammation and oxidative stress, has never proven to be a satisfactory option for alleviating tissue injury. In PM2.5-induced lung injury, apoptosis is the primary form of cell death and is typically a direct consequence of excessive oxidative stress following PM2.5 exposure . However, the direct inhibition of apoptosis using caspase inhibitors has some palliative effects and is not an ideal treatment (Liu et al. , 2016).Ferroptosis, on the other hand, is a form of regulated cell death triggered by lipid peroxidation. Unlike apoptosis, it does not follow the typical apoptotic pathway and possesses immunogenic properties. The classic biochemical marker of ferroptosis is GPX4, SLC7A11, ATP5G3, and NOCA4. Metabolic disruptions in lipids, iron, and amino acids are closely associated with the activation of ferroptosis. Therefore, in this discussion, we will carefully explore the effectiveness of targeted ferroptosis inhibition in alleviating PM2.5-induced lung injury.Firstly, there is still a lack of large-scale clinical research to provide evidence for the causal relationship between ferroptosis and PM2.5-induced lung injury. Many current conclusions are obtained from animal or cell studies. While apoptosis and necrosis are the predominant cell death types in PM2.5-induced lung injury, recent studies have also reported other types of cell death, including necroptosis and ferroptosis. The association between ferroptosis and PM2.5-induced lung injury has only recently been observed, and further investigation is needed to establish the definitive causality. There are suggestions that PM2.5 may play a role in inducing death of lung epithelial cells through its influence on the balance of iron overload, lipid peroxidation, and redox reactions. However, whether ferroptosis is the main cause and promise target of PM2.5 induced lung injury requires further study. A search conducted on PubMed using the keywords ”PM2.5; acute lung injury; ferroptosis” yielded approximately 13 publications between 2021 and 2024. Unfortunately, none of these studies provide conclusive evidence supporting ferroptosis as the primary pathological mechanism or promise target of PM2.5-induced lung injury. The lack of precise and convincing experimental designs and results undermines the conclusion that inhibiting ferroptosis contributes to the alleviation of PM2.5-induced lung injury.Secondly, the utilization of solely biochemical markers of ferroptosis to ascertain the presence or participation of ferroptosis is subject to debate, as autophagy, apoptosis, and oxidative stress exhibit overlapping characteristics with ferroptosis, potentially leading to a pseudo-manifestation of ferroptosis caused by other factors. Given these considerations, conducting a comprehensive study on the essence of ferroptosis in PM2.5 induced lung injury without the involvement of additional factors becomes a challenging endeavor.Lastly, caution must be exercised when utilizing ferroptosis inhibitors due to the potential interference with the pharmacological properties of other drugs, thereby compromising the treatment objective. Studies have shown that combining anti-cancer drugs with a ferroptosis inducer enhances its anticancer efficacy. This discovery introduces a promising approach involving the combination of anti-cancer drugs with a ferroptosis inducer for tumor treatment. However, further comprehensive investigation is necessary to evaluate the application of ferroptosis inhibitors in the treatment of tumor patients with tissue injury syndrome, such as cisplatin-induced kidney injury (CP-AKI).Hu et al also reported the treatment effects of leonurine on cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by inhibiting ferroptosis in BJP journal (Hu et al., 2022). It is likely that ferroptosis is not only a concomitant phenomenon but also a secondary event triggered by cisplatin exposure. Upon acute kidney occurrence, neutrophils are the first type of accumulated white blood cells in the kidneys. In comparison to apoptotic cells, ferroptotic cells exhibit higher immunogenicity and are capable of recruiting macrophages, which subsequently induce neutrophil recruitment. However, the results have shown that in CP-AKI, both parenchymal cells and immune cells, particularly macrophages and neutrophils, display significantly upregulated activity in the ferroptosis pathway(Chen et al., 2023). This non-specific activation poses challenges to develop targeted therapeutic strategies to alleviate CP-AKI through inhibiting ferroptosis.In conclusion, the potential for the development of ferroptosis inducers in cancer therapy holds promise. However, the effectiveness of ferroptosis inhibitors in treating PM2.5 induced lung injury or other forms of acute tissue injury remains uncertain. This correspondence should not be interpreted as a negative critique of the article by Dong et al., who have astutely observed the mitigating effects of tectoridin on ferroptosis in PM2.5-induced lung injury and have provided a probable connection between Nrf2 activation and ferroptosis inhibition. Conversely, our aim in writing this correspondence is to draw greater attention from researchers towards exploring the causal relationship between ferroptosis and acute tissue injury.AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONSDapeng Chen: Conceptualization; Wenfu CAO, Xinrui Guo, and Xinyu Li: writing original draft; Dapeng Chen and Wenfu Cao: writing, review, and editing.CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENTThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.ORCIDDapeng Chen: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9838-1646REFERENCESChen Z, Li Y, Yuan Y, Lai K, Ye K, Lin Y, et al. (2023). Single-cell sequencing reveals homogeneity and heterogeneity of the cytopathological mechanisms in different etiology-induced AKI. Cell Death Dis 14 (5):318.Dong T, Fan X, Zheng N, Yan K, Hou T, Peng L, et al. (2023). Activation of Nrf2 signalling pathway by tectoridin protects against ferroptosis in particulate matter-induced lung injury. Br J Pharmacol 180 (19): 2532-2549.Hu J, Gu W, Ma N, Fan X, Ci X (2022). Leonurine alleviates ferroptosis in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by activating the Nrf2 signalling pathway. Br J Pharmacol179 (15): 3991-4009.Liu M, Shi L, Zou X, Zheng X, Zhang F, Ding X, et al. (2016). Caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk protects against acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury via inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis. Pancreatology16 (5): 733-738.Zhao C, Pu W, Wazir J, Jin X, Wei L, Song S, et al. (2022). Long-term exposure to PM2.5 aggravates pulmonary fibrosis and acute lung injury by disrupting Nrf2-mediated antioxidant function. Environ Pollut 313: 120017.