Valentí Rull1,2

An unparalleled copper(I)-catalyzed synthesis of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles from tertiary amines in one step has been described. The one-pot reactions involving (N-isocyanimine)triphenylphosphorane , tertiary amines , and carboxylic acids resulted in the formation of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles in moderate to good yields through a consecutive oxidative Ugi/aza-Wittig reaction, enabling direct functionalization of sp3 C-H bonds adjacent to the nitrogen atom. This method offered several notable advantages, including mild reaction conditions, ligands free, exceptional productivity and high functional group tolerance. The preliminary biological evaluation demonstrated that compound 4f inhibited hepatoma cells efficiently, suggesting potentially broad applications of the approach for synthesis and medicinal chemistry.

Background: Limited literature exists regarding equine Immune Mediated Keratitis (IMMK) in Europe. North America-based publications describe minimal blepharospasm, rare corneal ulceration and no uveitis; clinical impression suggests that these signs are common in Europe. Objectives. Assess the prevalence of blepharospasm, corneal ulceration and uveitis and their impact on outcome in horses diagnosed with IMMK in European countries. Study design: Retrospective case series of 95 horses with IMMK in the UK and Finland. Methods. Clinical records of horses with IMMK were retrospectively evaluated. The UK and Finland populations were comparable; therefore, descriptive statistics were performed on combined data on subtypes of IMMK and clinical features. Odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for impact of blepharospasm, ulceration or presence of uveitis on the outcome of enucleation and treatment duration. Results. IMMK subtype was classified as 10/95 (10.5%) epithelial, 50/95 (52.6%) anterior stromal, 15/95 (15.8%) mid-stromal, 4/95 (4.2%) endothelial cases and 16/19 (16.8%) unrecorded. Blepharospasm was documented in 35/95 (36.8%), corneal ulceration in 28/95 (29.5%), and signs of uveitis in 24/95 (25.4%) of horses. Increased odds of enucleation were associated with the presence of blepharospasm (OR 5.9, 95% CI 1.7-20.8), corneal ulceration (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.0-10.5) and signs of uveitis (OR 8.6, 95% CI 2.5-29.6). The presence of blepharospasm, corneal ulceration or uveitis did not significantly alter the odds of ongoing medication. Main limitations: Data were collected over a wide timeframe and the diagnosis was mainly made without histopathology. A broad definition of uveitis was used and there was a bias towards complicated cases being retained for follow up. Conclusions. The clinical features of IMMK were similar between two geographically distinct European countries but different to findings described in the USA. Blepharospasm, corneal ulceration and signs of uveitis can occur with IMMK and increase the odds of enucleation.

In the realm of neurointerventional treatment after ischemic stroke, ineffective reperfusion represents a significant challenge, with the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) serving as a pivotal determinant of outcomes. This review sheds light on the unique characteristics and roles of brain endothelial cells within the context of stroke with ineffective reperfusion. We address the distinctiveness of brain endothelial cells relative to their counterparts in different tissues, outlining their pathophysiological transformations, functional impairments, and inflammatory cascades post-stroke. The differential gene expression between brain endothelial cells and those from other organs provide a deeper understanding of their intrinsic roles in neuroprotective therapy. Looking ahead, exploring analogies between brain endothelial cells and those from organs with similar ischemia-reperfusion injury profiles could lead to innovative therapeutic strategies. This review highlights the paramount importance of understanding the nuanced roles of endothelial cells in mediating BBB dynamics, ultimately influencing reperfusion outcomes.

The structural theory of mind by Sigmund Freud stated of id, ego, and superego. The ‘triune brain theory’ put forward by MacLean simply describes the functional levels of the brain: ‘reptilian brain’, ‘paleomammalian brain’, and ‘neomammalian brain’. The neocortex gave the capacities for higher mental functions. The aim of the study is to formulate a model for the human mind based on the current knowledge of neuroanatomy, physiology, and biochemistry. The anatomic substrates for consciousness, perception, memory, language, emotions, abstraction, social judgement and self-awareness are analysed. The consciousness is mediated by the ascending reticular activating system. The multiple perceptions are analysed by the association cortices. The hippocampal- entorhinal circuitry is the site for memory processing. In the model for language, there is a ventral infratemporal stream for semantic comprehension, and a dorsal stream for phonological processing. The limbic system is the neural substrate for emotions. The abstraction is by the hippocampal-prefrontal circuitry. The prefrontal cortex is essential for social cognition. The association fibres and the commissural fibres connect the areas. The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus is the pacemaker of the biological clock. The neurotransmitters such as glutamate, dopamine, norepinephrine, histamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid are involved in the modulation of all these.The ascending arousal system, limbic system, memory and language circuits, association areas, and the prefrontal cortex constitute the basic structural substrate for the human psyche. The functions are dependent on the balance between the excitatory and inhibitory activities of the neurotransmitters.

The brain is composed of various neurons that play crucial roles in physiological activities by forming neural circuits through complex connections. Despite the evolving research in anesthesia and brain science, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis revealing the current status and trends in the intersection of these fields is yet to be conducted. Our study aims to visualize the literature related to anesthesia and neural circuits using bibliometric analysis, thereby providing a reference and overview for researchers new to this area. We found that research on anesthesia and neural circuits has become a focal point, particularly in China and the United States. A keyword co-polymerization analysis indicated current research interests center around anesthesia, consciousness, propofol, isoflurane, ketamine, and the brain. Key neural circuits associated with anesthesia, including those related to sleep, loss of consciousness, and memory, were highlighted. These insights could guide future research and offer a foundation for newcomers to the field. Furthermore, our review of general anesthesia and neural circuit profiles summarized the neural circuits involved in commonly used anesthetics such as propofol, sevoflurane, isoflurane, dexmedetomidine, highlighting pathways like the cortical-cortical, thalamic-cortical, and basal forebrain-locus coeruleus. In conclusion, we identified a significant gap in research concerning the neural circuits related to the mechanisms of general anesthesia, an area that warrants further exploration.

Tau hyperphosphorylation at Ser396/404 and its adverse neurological effects have been evident in animal models of cerebral malaria (CM). As a counter measure, quest for novel pharmacological therapeutics to ameliorate tau hyperphosphorylation in neurodegeneration and restore behavioural and cognitive functions with high efficacy in CM has been at the forefront of neurobiological studies. In this study, using experimental model of cerebral malaria (ECM), we administered four different polycyclitol derivatives, SR4 (01-04) as an adjunctive to ARM therapy resulting in alleviation of cdk5/p25 based tau signaling cascade and restoration of long-term memory. Limitations of scyllo-inositol and rational to synthesize these polycyclitols efficiently has also been captured in the backdrop. Initially, we studied long-term, short term memory and novelty based learning by conducting Barnes maze, T-maze and novel object recognition task in treated animal groups. The cognitive outcomes of SR4-02 (15) and SR4-04 (18) treated groups exhibited better learning and memory compared to SR4-01 (16) and SR4-03 (17) groups. We further evaluated cdk5/p25 and tau phosphorylation protein expression using western blotting, immunohistochemistry and Golgi-cox staining to study neuronal arborization pattern. Immunohistochemical analysis of hippocampal and cortical tissue regions showed reduced phospho tau expression in SR4-03 (17) and SR4-04 (18) groups compared to CM group. Similarly, Golgi-cox images showed increased neuronal density in Cornus Ammonis (CA1) and CA3 regions of hippocampus and cortex of SR4-02 (15), SR4-03 (17) and SR4-04 (18) treated mice. Overall, based on our findings, polycyclitol derivatives have the potential to alleviate tau levels and restore cognition in ECM.

Quantifying genetic structure and levels of genetic variation are fundamentally important to predicting the ability of populations to persist in human-altered landscapes and adapt to future environmental changes. Genetic structure reflects the dispersal of individuals over generations, which can be mediated by species-level traits or environmental factors. Dispersal distances are commonly positively associated with body size and negatively associated with the amount of degraded habitat between sites, motivating investigation of these potential drivers of dispersal concomitantly. We quantified genetic structure and genetic variability within populations of seven Euglossine bee species in the genus Euglossa across fragmented landscapes. We genotyped bees at thousands of SNP loci and tested the following predictions: (1) deforested areas restrict gene flow; (2) larger species have lower genetic structure; (3) species with greater resource specialization have higher genetic structure; and (4) sites surrounded by more intact habitat have higher genetic diversity. Contrasting with previous work on bees, we found no associations of body size and genetic structure. Genetic structure was higher for species with greater resource specialization, and the amount of intact habitat between or surrounding sites was positively associated with parameters reflecting gene flow and genetic diversity. These results challenge the dominant paradigm that individuals of larger species disperse farther. They suggest that landscape and resource requirements are important factors mediating dispersal, and they motivate further work into ecological drivers of gene flow for bees.

Microwave irradiation (MW) and ionic liquids (ILs) are two of the most promising relatively greener synthetic approaches for preparing the value-added chemicals. The breakthrough of their combination in the generation of 2-acylbenzothiazoles is unprecedented and de-sirable. Herein, a series of 2-acylbenzothiazole derivatives were synthesized for the first time from the commercially available α-bromoacetophenones and disulfanediyldianilines under the cooperation of ionic liquids and microwave irradiation, metal- and ex-tra-additives-free conditions. Significantly, the dialkylated [PMIM]I (PMIM = propyl methyl imidazolium) ILs is utilized as the optimal al-ternatives for the cyclization to furnish the 2-acylbenzothiazole and at least reused four times without losing of the reaction activities. Furthermore, thus-obtained products have been further converted to the desired products via Suzuki and Sonogashira reaction. A plausi-ble mechanism involved the successive ILs-induced enolation, radical addition, intramolecular cyclization and MW-induced oxidative dehydrogenation was also proposed. The simplicity and sustainability of MW-assisted ILs-mediated reaction conditions for accessing functionalized benzothiazoles is remarkable and could lead to many synthetic innovations in biologically active molecules.

ThermoChemical heat Storage (TCS) technology based on salt hydrates offers a viable path in the transition towards more sustainable energy systems. Albeit, the materials explored so far, within the class of inorganic salts, suffer of severe drawbacks due to the deliquescence phenomenon. We aim at progressing here by proposing an organic salt hydrate, namely calcium L-lactate pentahydrate (CaLP), which is able to combine a low water solubility, that is, more resistance to deliquescence, with the coordination to a high number of water molecules and stability under operating conditions. The thermochemical behaviour for thermochemical energy storage applications of this salt has been experimentally assessed for the first time. It was demonstrated that CaLP reversibly dehydrates/hydrates within an operating temperature range suitable for low-temperature thermochemical heat storage. Additionally, the material showed a good thermal and chemical stability. Morphological and structural investigation conducted in-situ were carried out while dehydrating/hydrating. Furthermore, water vapor pressure (pH2O) and temperature boundaries conditions were identified for defining the operating conditions required by this salt for its future use as thermochemical heat storage material. The heat storage and release capacities were estimated to be 1127-900 kJ kg-1 (or 1696-1355 MJ m-3), thus ranking this organic salt among the most competitive inorganic counterparts. As further advantages, calcium L-lactate is inexpensive, non-toxic, largely available and shows no deliquescence related issues, making it suitable for realistic large-scale apparatus.

The capacity of forests to sequester carbon in both above- and belowground compartments is a crucial tool to mitigate rising atmospheric carbon concentrations. Belowground carbon storage in forests is strongly linked to soil microbial communities that are the key drivers of soil heterotrophic respiration, organic matter decomposition, and thus nutrient cycling. However, the relationships between tree diversity and soil microbial properties such as biomass and respiration remain unclear with inconsistent findings among studies. It is unknown so far how the spatial configuration and soil depth affects the relationship of tree richness and microbial properties. Here, we studied the spatial distribution of soil microbial properties in the context of a tree diversity experiment by measuring soil microbial biomass and respiration in subtropical forests (BEF-China experiment). We sampled soil cores at two depths at five locations along a spatial transect between the trees in mono- and heterospecific tree pairs of the native deciduous species Liquidambar formosana and Sapindus saponaria. Our analyses showed decreasing soil microbial biomass and respiration with increasing soil depth and distance from the tree in monospecific tree pairs. We calculated belowground overyielding of soil microbial biomass and respiration - which is a higher microbial biomass or respiration than expected from the monocultures - and analysed the distribution patterns along the transect. We found no general overyielding across all sampling positions and depths. Yet, we encountered a spatial pattern of microbial overyielding with a significant microbial overyielding close to L. formosana trees and microbial underyielding close to S. saponaria trees. We found similar spatial patterns across microbial properties and depths that only differed in their effect size. Our results highlight the importance of small-scale variations of tree-tree interaction effects on soil microbial communities and functions and are calling for better integration of within-plot variability to understand biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and retrochiasmatic area (RCA) innervate the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVH) that projects to the brainstem arousal parabrachial nucleus (PB), which may form a neural circuit regulating arousal, independent from the circadian control circuit of arousal. To test the hypothesis, we used DREADDs (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs) to activate these regions and examine wakefulness. We found that chemo-stimulation of the PVH, the SCN, the RCA, and the PVH-PB pathway all significantly promoted wakefulness, suggesting that a neural circuit consisting of these nodes regulating arousal.

Quantum Machine Learning (QML) is an advanced discipline that emerges from the combined power of machine learning and quantum computing that has the ability to address intricate challenges in several domains. The domain of quantum machine learning investigates the development and execution of quantum software with the potential to facilitate machine learning at a much superior pace compared to traditional computers. This research delves into the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics and their crucial role in quantum computing, emphasizing the potential of various quantum algorithms to surpass classical algorithms in specific computational tasks, and then methodically navigates through the quantum machine learning algorithms, offering profound insights into their application potential in revolutionizing data analysis and complex problem-solving methodologies, including their importance in the Language Learning Models (LLM) and Language Analysis Models (LAM). The study also provides insights into the various quantum platforms, encompassing both hardware and software aspects for the implementation of QML algorithms, and also explores the challenges prevalent in QML, with a particular focus on the limitations imposed by existing quantum hardware and the intricate nuances of data processing within quantum frameworks. This study contributes by presenting the basis for future research work related to the development of algorithms in the field of quantum machine learning and anticipating the far-reaching impact of QML across diverse scientific and technological domains.

This letter proposes an improved method based on multi-column signal eigenvector reconstruction for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of coherent and uncorrelated mixed sources. The equivalent data-covariance matrix of our method is reconstructed by rearranging the elements of all multi-column signal eigenvectors that contain all the information of coherent and uncorrelated signals. The dimension of the reconstructed data matrix can be varied to estimate more signals than traditional eigenvector-reconstruction algorithms and currently existing matrix-reconstruction algorithms with fixed estimated signals. Furthermore, by utilizing complete data matrix information for reconstruction, the algorithm effectively solves the performance degradation problem of the classical matrix-reconstruction estimation of signal parameters via a rotational invariance (ESPRIT)-like algorithm under a specific phase difference and angles, and the estimation performance significantly improves as the matrix degrees of freedom increase. We performed a simulation to evaluate the proposed algorithm, and the results verify its effectiveness.

Nonlinear systems; vector-valued differential equations; higher order equivalent differential equations; semi-analytical solutions

Photovoltaic grid-connected applications pose challenges to the stable and safe operation of power systems. Solar power predicted by random forest based on numerical weather prediction model is proposed to enable grid-connected planning to balance fluctuations. Using downward solar short-wave radiation flux, temperature, wind speed, and other meteorological parameters obtained from the numerical weather forecast model, PV power forecast models with different initial time and durations under various weather conditions by random forest method are established. The correlations between observed and predicted power in daily, monthly and seasonal change are analyzed and both two powers are compared under three different detailed weather types. The results show that the proposed method can accurately simulate the change of solar power under different weather conditions in the middle-lower plain of the Yangtze River. This model has an acceptable amount of data computation and high prediction accuracy, so that it can apply to engineering.

A series of new fused polyhetrocyclic derivatives containing pyrimidopyridopyrazole moiety have been synthesized using ami-no-pyrazolopyridopyrimidine (2), as precursors starting materials. The pyrimidopyridopyrazolopyrimidine derivatives (3a-e) have been synthesized by via nucleophilic and cyclocondensation reaction of amino derivative with diethylmalonates derivatives. Also, dichloro derivatives (5) undergo to nucleophilic cyclocondensation reactions, after its treatment with primary amines such as phenyl hydrazine and/or thiourea, affording the polyherocyclic, trihydropyrimidopyridopyrazolopyrimidopyrrolidine-1,3-dione (6a-d), tetrahydropyrim-idopyridopyrazolopyrimidopyridazine-1,3-dione (7) and trihydropyrimidopyridopyrazolopyrimidothiophene-1,3-dione (8) derivatives respectively. The synthesized compounds were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques such as IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, MS and elemental analysis. All new derivatives (3-8) were assessed for their antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains, including escherchia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, and staphlococcus pyogenes, using sub-minimal inhibitory concen-tration. Among the tested compounds 3a, 3c, 4, 6a-d, and 8 exhibited superior antibacterial potency.

Social support is a key predictor of well-being, but not everyone experiences mental health benefits from receiving it. However, given that a growing number of interventions are based on social support, it is crucial to identify features that make individuals more likely to benefit from social ties. Emerging evidence suggests that neural responses to positive social feedback (i.e., social reward) might relate to individual differences in social functioning, but potential mechanisms linking these neural responses to psychological outcomes are yet unclear. This study examined whether neural correlates of social reward processing, indexed by the reward positivity (RewP), relate to individuals’ affective experience following self-reported real-world positive social support events. To this aim, 193 university students (71 % females) underwent an EEG assessment during the Island Getaway task and completed a 10-day ecological momentary assessment where participants reported their positive and negative affect (PA, NA) nine times a day and the count of daily positive and negative events. Experiencing a higher number of social support positive events was associated with higher PA. The RewP moderated this association, such that individuals with greater neural response to social feedback at baseline had a more positive association between social support positive events count and PA. Individual differences in the RewP to social feedback might be one indicator of the likelihood of experiencing positive affect when receiving social support.

A document by Ping Jiang. Click on the document to view its contents.

Deterioration of lung diffusion capacity during childhood in sickle cell diseaseWord count: 1500To the Editor,The American Society of Hematology guidelines, 2019, recommended obtaining pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) with various respiratory symptoms even if they are at their steady state.1 These guidelines acknowledged that the usefulness of routine PFT is unknown because of the lack of research. However, this society further suggested that if the PFTs are obtained, it should be a comprehensive study including lung volumes and lung-diffusing capacity for carbon monoxyde (DLCO), in addition to spirometry.1 A large study in adult patients (n=310) with SCD showed that pulmonary function is abnormal in 90% of adult patients with Hb-SS.2 Common abnormalities included restrictive physiology and decreased DLCO. In this study, decreased DLCO indicated more severe sickle vasculopathy characterized by impaired hepatic and renal function, and a negative linear correlation existed between DLCO and age, suggesting that in adults with Hb-SS, disruption of alveolar–capillary gas exchange progressively deteriorated with time.2 Two recent cross-sectional studies of children with SCD showed that pulmonary function, including DLCO, worsened with age and showed correlations with biological markers of inflammation (induced sputum IL‐6 levels or blood neutrophilia).3,4Overall, these studies highlight the potential interest of DLCO measurement in SCD. The DLCO is the product of KCO (carbon monoxide coefficient of transfer) and alveolar volume (VA) and these two latter indices need to be interpreted separately since the decrease in DLCO is often mitigated by a preserved KCO or even increased KCO in SCD. It has been demonstrated that when corrected for hemoglobin levels, the children with SCD compared to controls of similar age had elevated KCOcorrected. The determination of alveolar-capillary membrane conductance (Dm) and pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc) from the lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) or for nitric oxide (DLNO) has been done in SCD since the seventies, demonstrating an increase in Vc in SCD. KCO is mathematically linked to both Dm and Vc (1/KCO = VA/Dm + VA/θVc); thus, the increase in KCO is related to Vc increase, but since DLCO has been shown to worsen with age, the changes of DLCO, VA and KCO over time in children with SCD deserve to be studied.The objectives of our study were to describe the evolution of DLCO and its determinants, KCO and VA, and to further assess the initial risk factors of the decrease in DLCO in children/adolescents with SCD. To this end, we retrospectively recorded the routine follow-up PFTs of children with SCD who were included in a prospective cross-sectional study that included the measurement of both DLCO and DLNO with the calculation of Dm and Vc.5

A document by Takeshi Hirai . Click on the document to view its contents.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is widely applied in the food and pharmaceutical industries, and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is the core enzyme for the biosynthesis of GABA. GAD exhibits high activity but poor stability under acidic conditions, and low activity under neutral conditions. In this study, GAD from Priestia flexa ( PfGAD) with high activity was screened out and characterized, and a variant with significantly improved stability was obtained through molecular modification strategies. We constructed an engineered strain that coexpressed PfGAD and a transporter protein for GABA and L-glutamic acid. Furthermore, the consumption of GABA was suppressed by knocking out the pepD gene, confirming a novel downstream metabolic pathway of GABA in Escherichia coli. The continuous accumulation of GABA in the engineered strain led to a yield of 154.7 g·L -1, with a conversation rate of 100%, meanwhile the cell growth was remained normal. The problem of the trade-off between cell growth and GABA accumulation was solved, which was one of the urgent problems according to previous reports. Our study provides important insights into the optimization of GABA production through enzyme engineering and strain modification, which could have significant implications for the industrial application of GABA.

Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare malignancy of invasive epithelium with keratinocyte differentiation, and it is the most common form of eyelid malignant neoplasm, comprising 5-10% of malignancies. While SCC rarely affects the orbit, it may be involved through local invasion from a cutaneous primary site or extension by perineural invasion. Only 11 cases of primary orbital SCC have been reported until now. Here, we present a case of primary carcinoma of the right orbit with coexisting Carney’s syndrome, a rare genetic disorder associated with multiple endocrine neoplasias (MEN) syndromes. Case: A 62-year-old south Asian male presented with a painful swelling in the lateral aspect of the right eyebrow and protrusion of the eyeball in August 2020. He had a history of excision of Right atrial Myxoma in March 2020. Orbital computerized Tomography (CT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET-CT) scans revealed an enhancing soft tissue lesion in the right orbit with involvement of frontal and ethmoid sinuses. Biopsy confirmed HPV related poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, positive for HPV-related markers. The patient received concurrent chemo irradiation with Cisplatin. Follow-up done PET-CT done 3 months later showed a new lesion appeared in the right orbital region and right lobe of thyroid. Later had surgical excision and total thyroidectomy and Histopathological examination (HPE) from orbit was reported as invasive SCC and from the thyroid was reported as synchronous papillary thyroid cancer. The patient’s proptosis resolved, and subsequent PET-CT and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans did not show any residual or recurrent disease. Conclusion: Primary SCC of the orbit is an extremely rare disease, and this case report presents the 12th reported case and the first one associated with Carney’s syndrome. As there is no standard treatment regimen for primary SCC of the orbit, this case highlights the use of multimodality treatment, including surgical excision and chemo irradiation. The findings emphasize the importance of early detection and management of this uncommon and life-threatening condition, providing hope for patients and aiding in the prevention of recurrence.

Background: Nanomedicine, or Phyto nanomedicine, has emerged as a promising solution to enhance therapeutic efficacy by altering the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the phytochemicals. Nanomedicines have been developed for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of the treatments of various diseases. Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. Recent findings: Currently available anticancer therapeutic strategies are not sufficient to improve the survival rate of patients. Even significant promising development over the past few decades have not been observed. Recent studies evidenced that cancer cells develop multidrug resistance (MDR) against chemotherapeutics and this leads to enhanced proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Hence, there is an urgent need for an alternative strategy to treat this silent killer. Recently, phytochemicals have gained immense attention as a promising anticancer agent by targeting multimodal oncogenic pathways, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in preclinical studies. Conclusion: Being multi pathway target oriented Phytochemicals if clubbed with Nanotechnology can prove to be better tool for combating this deadly disease. Therefore, to address these challenges, phytochemical-based nanomedicines (phytonanomedicine) have been developed that not only improve pharmacokinetics profile of drugs but also provide a less toxic multitargeted treatment regimen. In this review, we summarize the current status of nano phytomedicine as anticancer drugs, focusing on the role of phytomedicine in translational cancer research.