A document by Farrokh SeilanianToosi. Click on the document to view its contents.

Running title: COIs in Japanese neurology guidelinesAuthors: Anju Murayama1,2*; Yuki Senoo, MD3

Siblings with neonatal lupus erythematosus

Rationale: Rapid coagulation of reptile blood often hinders its use in studies in remote and difficult-to-access areas, necessitating chemical preservation. Therefore, understanding the potential effects of anticoagulants on the isotopic compositions of blood is essential to avoid issues in interpreting the results of ecological studies. In this study we aimed to verify whether the storage time of the blood tissue in anticoagulants can influence its isotopic compositions of the broad-snouted caiman ( Caiman latirostris), an ectothermic top predator from eastern South America. Methods: Blood samples were obtained from ten adult females of C. latirostris from a commercial breeding facility in 2015. Samples were stored in vials containing EDTA and SH and centrifuged after 2 and 8 hours to separate red blood cells and plasma. Results: No effect of time was found on the δ 13C and δ 15N of whole blood, plasma, and red cells in contact with the two types of anticoagulants, EDTA and SH. Conclusion: The findings have practical implications for researchers in this field, as they suggest that anticoagulants can be used effectively for at least eight hours under refrigeration.

A document by Mingjie Shi. Click on the document to view its contents.

Microchannel reactors are being widely used in the fields such as chemical synthesis, catalytic reactions, high temperature, and high pressure reactions because of their green, accurate, and controllable benefits. In this paper, a model of reaction kinetics was established based on 1-tetradecene and sulfur trioxide solution as raw materials, and the reaction kinetic parameters were calculated based on the experimental data under the microscale conditions using the differential method, and the reaction kinetic model was verified. The results showed that the kinetic equation of 1-tetradecene sulfonation reaction in the microchannel reactor was established, the preexponential factor A, activation energy Ea of the reaction and the 95% confidence interval of them were made sure.

In this article, we study an unified resilient asymmetric bipartite consensus (URABC) problem for nonlinear multi-agent systems with both cooperative and antagonistic interactions under denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. We first prove that the URABC problem is solved by stabilizing the neighborhood asymmetric bipartite consensus error. Then, we develop a distributed compact form dynamic linearization method to linearize the neighborhood asymmetric bipartite consensus error. By using an attack compensation mechanism to eliminate the adverse effects of DoS attacks and an extended discrete state observer to enhance the robustness against unknown dynamics, we finally propose a distributed resilient model-free adaptive control algorithm to solve the URABC problem. A numerical example validates the proposed results.

High quantum yields and energy transfer efficiency are favored by luminescent thermometers. In this work, dehydration process has been applied to remove 12 coordinated and isolated water molecules of 1 dimensional chains [Ln2(mip)3(H2O)84H2O]∞ (abbreviated as Ln2MIP). The overall quantum yields of Tb3+ has been improved to 80% from 47.5% after dehydration. In dehydrated Gd0.2Tb1.08Eu0.72MIP, the energy transfer efficiency between Tb3+ and Eu3+ reaches 96% from 27% that result in improving the overall quantum yields of Eu3+ from 8.4% to 13.1%. Compared with hydrated Gd0.2Tb1.08Eu0.72MIP, the dehydrated phase presents 1.5 times temperature sensing range between IEu/ITb and temperature with improved Sre (0.564 % K-1). At the same time, the intensity of Eu3+ at 618 nm displays excellent temperature sensing ability from 77 K to 300 K after dehydration with improved quantum yields

Thiol/ene free-radical reactions are highly effective when compared with complicated synthesis methods and precise sequence control. Investigation of mercapto-olefins for N-phenylacrylamide (NPA) by thiol/ene free-radical mechanism has not been reported so far. Herein, we report the thiol/ene free-radical reaction of N-phenylacrylamide (NPA)/pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP) by ultraviolet irradiation to give the final product (abbreviation: NPP). The preliminary applications of the NPP were also explored including photoluminescence, adhesive, and thermoresponsive. The adhesion of the NPP has been validated in various substrates. Moreover, it has a strong ability to stick to glass surfaces, even when submerged in water for an extended time. The better adhesion may be attributed to functional groups forming dynamic crosslinks based on hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interactions, and π-π interactions and high hydrophobicity of the phenyl group. This strategy opens an avenue for NPA by thiol-ene click reaction.

This treatment describes the details of three possible methodical procedures for determining the optimal operating conditions for the recrystallization separations of solid mixtures. One of these procedures uses traditional liquid solvents, another employs solid entrainers (i.e., solid solvents), while the third performs thermal stripping predictions that are possible without using any type of solvents. Optimization of each specific procedure is accomplished by always maximizing the calculated recovery yield of the desired solid product. Performing such calculations requires a highly reliable method for accurately determining the mutual saturated liquid phase solubility of all solutes being separated. The accuracy possible for such solubility predictions utilizing two direct methods for doing so were experimentally demonstrated with various combinations of four measured test solids in three representative liquid solvents at two different temperatures. Our procedure was then applied to optimally separate various representative mixtures of these test solids without using any liquid solvents.

A sustainable and green catalytic strategy for C-S coupling reactions is developed by combining micelle and transition metal catalysis. The synergistic AGA8@Cu(I) catalyst forms by spontaneous anchoring of the in-situ generated Cu(I) nanoclusters onto the AGA8 micelles, and has been fully characterized by XPS, FT-IR, and TEM. The catalyst is highly effective and recyclable in mediating the conversion of halides to disulfides in water at room temperature with a broad substrate scope.

Phytochemical studies on the leaves and twigs of Garcinia oligantha led to the isolation of twelve novel depsidone derivatives (oli-ganthdepsidones A-L, 1-12). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis including 1H and 13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY along with HRESIMS. The structure of oliganthdepsidone J was finally determined using DFT-NMR chemical shift calculations and DP4+ methods. Cytotoxicity test in four human cancer cell lines indicated that oliganthdepsidone F (6) had relatively strong cytotoxic effect against A375 (melanoma), A549 (lung cancer), HepG2 (liver cancer), and MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell lines with IC50 of 18.71, 15.44, 10.92, and 15.90 μM, respectively. The dose- and time-dependent antiproliferative effects of oliganthdepsidone F on these cell lines were also observed by CCK-8 test. As determined by fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry in these cell lines, oliganthdepsidone F could promote cell apoptosis, leading to the inhibition of cell proliferation. The results of wound healing assay and transwell assay showed that oliganthdepsidone F could inhibit the migration and invasion of A549 and MCF-7 cell lines in a concentra-tion-dependent manner.

Three-dimensional aerogels utilizing functionalized reduced graphene oxide (SUL/rGO) were synthesized through a hydrothermal approach, employing a sulfonyldibenzene derivative (SUL) and graphene oxide (GO). The aromatic organic molecule SUL, containing sulfonyl and hydroxyl groups, was connected to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by π-π interactions. The resulting composite displayed enhanced hydrophilicity, a porous structure, and good electrochemical performance. This enhancement stemmed from the pseudocapacitance inherent in SUL and the specific structure of rGO, both synergistically contributing to the electrode materials. Furthermore, employing density functional theory, the adsorption energy and density of states of SUL on the rGO surface were calculated to provide additional insights into the charge storage mechanism of SUL on rGO. The SUL/rGO electrode demonstrated a maximum specific capacitance of 388 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. The assembled SUL/rGO-2//SUL/rGO-2 symmetrical supercapacitor achieved an energy density of 14.55 Wh/kg at a power density of 350 W/kg, and satisfactory GCD cycle stability of 91% after 10,000 cycles. This study proposes a novel functional graphene incorporating sulfonyl and hydroxyl groups, a promising material for energy storage devices.

Sexual and gender minority (SGM) people experience higher levels of economic insecurity and poverty compared to non-SGM people. Social safety net programs may reduce this disparity, but the uptake of these programs among SGM adults has rarely been assessed. We conducted a secondary data analysis of the 2018-2020 Well-Being and Basic Needs Survey to compare differences in material hardship and social safety net program utilization between SGM and non-SGM adults in the United States. SGM participants were more likely to report food insecurity, utilities hardship, medical hardship, and multiple material hardships. SGM adults had higher odds compared to non-SGM adults of using SNAP, income- or disability-based insurance, SSI or SSDI, and housing assistance. There were no differences in use of WIC, reduced-price/free school lunch benefits, or charitable food. Future studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of the social safety net programs for reducing material hardship.

The high proportion access of the new energy generator units in the desert and Gobi regions has changed the dynamic characteristics and synchronization stability mechanism of the power system, reducing the transient synchronization stability of the system due to the low inertia characteristics of them. Additionally, the lag in transmitting information in the wide-area measurement system exacerbates the problem of transient stability control strategy failure due to deviations in system state estimation. This paper proposes a data-driven Model-Based Reinforcement Learning (MBRL) framework to address the issue. The framework improves the Recurrent State-Space Model (RSSM) using the Transformer model. The improved RSSM is employed to learn the dynamic system of the AC/DC transmission system with a high proportion of grid-forming PV generator units, creating a world model and avoiding complex mathematical modeling. Based on the system’s historical information and operational records, the world model is used to predict the real-time system state. A Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) clone running on the world model is then employed to generate control strategies. Simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of this approach. The results also indicate a negative correlation between the degree of information lag and the effectiveness of the control strategy.

This paper describes a catalogue of simultaneous observations of the Earth’s magnetosheath by ESA’s Cluster and NASA’s MMS missions. The catalogue is built from a visual inspection of summary plots provided by the two missions complemented by an analysis of high-resolution magnetic field data. The catalogue includes 117 events when Cluster 4 and MMS 4 crossed simultaneously the magnetosheath between January-April, 2017-2021. We also determine the bow shock geometry for each event based on two different approaches: a) a minimum variance analysis of in-situ magnetic field measurements, and b) a geometrical approach which considers a bow shock model parameterized by OMNI data. A description of spacecraft trajectory during each event is also provided. Additional data describe the relative distances between Cluster 4 and MMS 4, a classification of each event as either quasi-parallel or quasi-perpendicular, and the distribution of events per magnetospheric flank. The time intervals for the Cluster - MMS conjunctions included in the catalogue, as well as all associated figures and tables discussed in this paper are made available through an independent online data repository, and can be freely downloaded and used by any interested researcher.

Tropospheric ozone (O3) is an important greenhouse gas that is also hazardous to human health. O3 is formed photochemically from nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (with oxygen and sunlight), which in turn is generated through oxidation of nitric oxide (NO) by peroxy radicals (HO2 or RO2). The formation of O3 can be sensitive to the levels of its precursors NOx (≡ NO + NO2) and peroxy radicals, e.g., generated by the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A better understanding of this sensitivity will show how changes in the levels of these trace gases could affect O3 levels today and in the future, and thus air quality and climate. In this study, we investigate O3 sensitivity in the tropical troposphere based on in situ observations of NO, HO2 and O3 from four research aircraft campaigns between 2015 and 2023, namely, OMO (Oxidation Mechanism Observations), ATom (Atmospheric Tomography Mission), CAFE Africa (Chemistry of the Atmosphere Field Experiment in Africa) and CAFE Brazil, in combination with simulations using the ECHAM5/MESSy2 Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model. We use the metric α(CH3O2) together with NO to show that O3 formation chemistry is generally NOx-sensitive in the lower and middle tropical troposphere and in a transition regime in the upper troposphere. By distinguishing observations, which are either impacted by lightning or not, we show that NO from lightning is the most important driver of O3 sensitivity in the tropics. Areas affected by lightning exhibit strongly VOC-sensitive O3 chemistry, whereas NOx-sensitive chemistry predominates in regions without lightning impact.

Puerto Rico harbors a diverse vertebrate fauna with high levels of endemism. However, while several books for vertebrate diversity and local checklists for birds have been published, checklists of amphibians, reptiles, and bats are lacking or nonexistent at both local and regional scales. In this study, we documented the amphibian, reptile, and bat faunas at Mata de Plátano Field Station and Nature Reserve, in Arecibo, Puerto Rico. We document four species of amphibians, seven lizards, three snakes, and nine bats. Despite prior works using samples from this nature reserve, this represents the first vertebrate checklist for the Mata de Plátano Field Station and Nature Reserve. We provide additional natural history observations based on our survey results and highlight the importance of including local and regional checklists of species for downstream research and conservation.

Title: Successful chemical ablation for intraventricular septal ventricular tachycardia in a case with previous myocardial infarction and stents in the left anterior descending artery stent. Alternative approach to the septal branch.Word count: 1888 (Full manuscript)Authors:Shin Hasegawa M.D. shinhasegawa721@gmail.comAkimitsu Tanaka M.D.　fallhoney9@hotmail.comYukihiro Uehara M.D.　y.uehara0115@gmail.comHiroki Yabuta M.D.　 hi.ro.ro.children@gmail.comKazuo Kato M.D. Ph.D.　kkato@fujita-hu.ac.jpAffiliation:Department of Cardiology, Nagoya Tokushukai General Hospital.Corresponding author:Kazuo Kato M.D. Ph.D.　kkato@fujita-hu.ac.jpAddress:2-52, Kozoji-cho Kita, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan. 487-0016Sources of Funding:This research did not receive any specific grants from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.Disclosures:None.Data Availability Statement:The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.Keywords:ventricular tachycardia; trans-coronary ethanol ablation; previous myocardial infarction; septal perforator; coronary computed tomography angiographyKey clinical MessageTrans-coronary ethanol ablation for ventricular tachycardia originating from the ventricular septum is effective, but there are cases with no septal perforator from left anterior descending artery.CT and angiography can reveal the optimal vessel.IntroductionArrhythmia-substrate-based radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation (RFCA) is an effective treatment for scar-related ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with a previous myocardial infarction.1However, energy delivery to deep myocardial origins, such as the ventricular septum, is challenging.Trans-coronary ethanol ablation (TCEA) is one of an effective treatments option for VT of deep myocardial origin, and its advantage in the treatment of VT of septal origin has been widely reported; however, its safety and efficacy have not yet been established.2,3,4 This method requires the target vessel to be in an appropriate location.5 Therefore, TCEA becomes difficult if a stent has been implanted previously in the culprit vessel. The following case describes a patient who developed VT from the ventricular septum with previous myocardial infarction (MI), which was treated with a stent implantation in the left anterior descending branch (LAD). The VT of this patient seemed to be difficult to treat with not only RFCA but also TCEA through the LAD. However, we could identify the septal branch from the high lateral branch (HL), then we could perform TCEA successfully through the HL.We believe this would be the first case of the septal VT in which chemical ablation of the ventricular septum could be successfully performed even with stenting in the LAD after MI.Case PresentationA 64-year-old man with dyslipidemia experienced an acute myocardial infarction in 2009 and underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at another hospital, where a drug-eluting stent (DES) was implanted in the mid LAD. Subsequently, one DES was placed in the mid right coronary artery, and two DESs were placed in the proximal left coronary artery circumflex. DES was implanted for proximal LAD in our hospital with an overlap with the previous stent because of unstable angina pectoris in 2018.In 2019, the patient visited our institution because he suddenly developed chest pain during cycling. A 12-lead ECG showed sinus rhythm (SR) and ventricular premature contraction (VPC) with a right-bundle-branch-block (RBBB) waveform on the inferior axis. No de novo lesions were observed on multidetector computed tomography and coronary angiography (CAG), however, VT occurred occasionally in the ward with symptoms similar to the chest pain as he felt before admission. During VT, his vital signs were stable at 132/91 mmHg, and a 12-lead ECG showed 187 bpm with RBBB in the inferior axis. RFCA was performed after informed consent was obtained for all procedures, including TCEA that was approved by the review board of this institute.The patient was heparinized at the start of the procedure, and activated coagulation time was maintained for over 300 s. The three-dimensional mapping system used was EnSite Precision (Abbott, St Paul, MN, USA). Left ventricular (LV) potentials during SR were examined with the Advisor HD grid mapping catheter (Abbott, St. Paul, MN, USA), and no local abnormal ventricular activity (LAVA) was observed, however, a low voltage area in the septum was observed. Programed stimulation elicited a VT almost identical to clinical VT with earlier excitation of the ventricular septal base. However, VT was not sustained and entrainment pacing was not possible. The local ventricular potentials during VT from both ventricles preceded 28 ms earlier than the body surface ECG. RF energy was applied from the LV side, which was ineffective. The vessels feeding the earliest VT site were examined using computed tomography (CT) and CAG to find out the possibility of an origin from the intramural ventricular septum. Although there was no septal perforator from the LAD to the target region of the VT, a branch was observed from the HL branch.An angiographic catheter (6F SPB 3.75, ASAHI Intec, Tokyo, Japan) was cannulated into the left coronary artery from the radial artery, and a guidewire (0.014-inch Sionblue for coronary angioplasty, ASAHI Intec) was used to inflate the balloon catheter (15-mm length Emerge over-the-wire with a 1.25-mm nominal diameter for angioplasty, Boston, MA, USA) at the target branch. Immediately after injection of the contrast medium through over-the-wire lumen, the VPC disappeared, and VT was no longer observed. We ensured that the injection of ice-cold saline would not affect AV conduction after confirming the absence of shunting and then injected 3 ml of dehydrated ethanol (98%) twice at 1 ml per minute. The procedure was completed after it was determined that neither VPCs nor VTs were induced. The patient was discharged after implanted defibrillator, which revealed that there was no VT recurrence for the next two years.DiscussionDespite showing the RBBB morphology in this case, the earliest activation sites were located at both of the RV base and the LV base, suggesting that the VT might be originated from the ventricular septal base. TCEA has been one of the alternative approaches for ventricular arrhythmias (VA) originated from deep septal origin that can be hardly treated by endocardial or epicardial RFCA6.7, most of which has been performed in the septal branch diverging from the LAD. However, in our case, two stents were placed in the LAD after PCI, and there might not be an appropriate septal perforator for TCEA, but it branched from the HL. But frequency of septal branching from other than the LAD. Millar et al . reported a VT case associated with nonischemic cardiomyopathy treated with ethanol injection into septal branches from vessels other than the LAD,9 and the frequency is reported as 10.0-14.7%.8 TCEA may be feasible even in cases of deep septal-originated VAs with stents in the LAD after PCI, if the culprit area would be fed by other artery from other vessels as we could experience in this case. We had better search for an optimal vessel using CT or CAG to achieve successful TCEA even in case implanted stent to the culprit site.10Further large clinical trials are needed to assess the success rate and safety of chemical ablation in post-stenting VT cases.However, this report has the following limitations. First, LV and RV potentials were evaluated only in SR, and all of LAVAs in the LV and RV were recorded in SR. Other arrhythmogenic insight may have obtained if the ventricular activation sequence map would be obtained under right or left ventricular pacing. Second, the contrast injection alone could abolish the VPC, suggesting that the perfusion area might be culprit. We chose the coated guidewire for its better lubricity and cross ability, which unfortunately spoiled detecting the local information. If we would use uncoated wire so as to record local potentials, we could obtain further evidence for the culprit site.ConclusionTCEA might be effective in patients with VT originated from deep septal lesions associated with previous MI with a stent implantation in the LAD, if there are other septal feeding arteries to the VT origin than the LAD. Detailed evaluation of the coronary arteries using CT and CAG would be crucial for such patients requiring VT therapy originating from deep septal origin.Acknowledgments:None.Author contributions:Shin Hasegawa performed the conception, design, and data collection.Yukihiro Uehara, Akimitsu Tanaka, and Kazuo Kato　collected the data.References:1. Segal OR, Chow AW, Markides V, et al. Long-term results after ablation of infarct-related ventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2005;2:474-482.2. Sacher F, Sobieszczyk P, Tedrow U, et al. Transcoronary ethanol ventricular tachycardia ablation in the modern electrophysiology era. Heart Rhythm 2008;5:62-68.3. Neira V, Santangeli P, Futyma P, et al. Ablation strategies for intramural ventricular arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm 2020;17:1176-1184.4. Kim SS, Knight BP. Alcohol ablation for ventricular tachycardia: a distillation of modern cases. Heart Rhythm 2008;5:69-70.5. Tavares L, Valderrábano M. Retrograde venous ethanol ablation for ventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2019;16:478-483.6: Sosa E, Scanavacca M, D’Avila A, et al. Endocardial and epicardial ablation guided by nonsurgical transthoracic epicardial mapping to treat recurrent ventricular tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998;9:229–239.7: Sosa E, Scanavacca M, d’Avila A, et al. Nonsurgical transthoracic epicardial catheter ablation to treat recurrent ventricular tachycardia occurring late after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1442–1449.8: Alkhouli M, M, Sajjad W, Lee J, et al. Prevalence of non–left anterior descending septal perforator culprit in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy undergoing alcohol septal ablation. Am J Cardiol, 2016;117:1655-16609: Miller MA, Kini AS, Reddy VY, Dukkipati SR. Transcoronary ethanol ablation of ventricular tachycardia via an anomalous first septal perforating artery. Heart Rhythm 2011;8:1606-1607.10: Mahida S, Berte B, Yamashita S, et al. New ablation technologies and techniques. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2014;3:107-112.Figure legends:Figure 1:(A) Left: 12-lead ECG during sinus rhythm (SR). right: 12-lead ECG during ventricular tachycardia (VT). The patient had sustained monomorphic VT with a right bundle branch block and wide QRS on the inferior axis.(B) Observation of the left ventricular (LV) endocardium with HD grid during VT showed the earliest potentials at the base of the LV septum.(C) During SR, the HD grid showed a low voltage area at the mid of the LV septal endocardium.Figure 2:(A) Irrigation catheter placed in the left ventricle, and HD grid placed in the right ventricle during ventricular tachycardia (VT).(B) The earliest VT potentials were almost the same during the use of the irrigation catheter and HD grid.(C) Pacing stimulation was performed at the earliest VT site from the left and right ventricles, and the morphology was more similar to VT in the left ventricle.(D) The RF energy was delivered in the left ventricular septal endocardium during VT.Figure 3:Coronary computed tomography (CT; volume rendering) showing stents implanted in the left coronary artery, Two stents were implanted in the left anterior descending branch (LAD) in 2009 (a) and 2018 (b), and also two stents were implanted in the left coronary artery circumflex (c,d).(B) No vessels returns to the base of the ventricular septum from LAD (red asterisk).(C) Coronary CT shows the HL branch (yellow star) and LAD. The septal perforator (white arrow) is seen at the base of the ventricular septum.(D) Ethanol injection into the septal perforator. A guiding catheter was canulated into the left coronary artery, and selective contrast was performed on the septal perforator (white arrow) branching from the HL branch (yellow star) with a microcatheter.(E) The contrasts did not shunt (black arrow).(F) Ventricular premature contractions were observed before ethanol administration but were suppressed after ethanol administration.

Title: Pauci-immune necrotizing glomerulonephritis in a 24-year-old female with negative ANCA antibodies: A Rare Case Report.

An efficient electrochemical approach has been developed for the construction of 3-phenylsulfanylquinoline derivatives by treating phenylethynylbenzoxazinanones with aryl disulfide in an undivided cell. The protocol provided a convenient route to functionalized quinolines with good functional group tolerance. Moreover, it does not require any metal catalysts or additives, furnishing a series of biological quinolines in moderate to good yields.

A document by Dedan Okello. Click on the document to view its contents.

TitleSuperfetation and Heterotopic Pregnancy: Case Report of Two Rare Phenomena Coexisting and Implications in the Era of Assisted Reproductive Technologies

This paper solves the robust tracking problem (RTP) for a type of partially unknown nonlinear systems with asymmetric constrained-input by utilizing an improved adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) method based on experience replay (ER) technique and critic-only neural network (NN). Initially, an identifier neural network (INN) is set to identify the unknown parts of the system dynamics. Subsequently, the tracking error and the desired trajectory are used to construct an augmented system, so that the robust tracking problem (RTP) is transformed into a constrained optimal control problem (OCP). It is proved that the designed control policy of OCP can make the tracking error to be uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB). Then, using the framework of ADP and critic-only NN to solve the derived Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation (HJBE). The NN weight regulation law is partially derived by using gradient descent algorithm (GDA) and then is improved by using the ER technique and the Lyapunov stability theory, which no longer need the conditions of persistence of excitation (PE) and initial admissible control. Besides, the total system states and NN weights is proved to be closed stable by utilizing the Lyapunov technique. Finally, through two simulation examples, it is demonstrated that the proposed control scheme is effective.