Soil microbiota can colonise plant roots via a two-step selection process, which involves the recruitment of microbiota first from bulk soil into plant rhizospheres, then into root endospheres. This process is poorly understood in all but a few model species, which is surprising given its fundamental role in plant and soil ecology. Here we examined the microbial assembly processes across the rhizospheres and root endospheres in eight natural populations of the pan-palaeotropical C4 grass, Themeda triandra, in southern Australia. We assessed whether root endosphere colonisation patterns aligned with the two step-selection process. We also assessed the degree to which the assembly patterns of these rhizospheres and endospheres were influenced by deterministic processes. We show that two-step selection was the dominant recruitment dynamic across these natural T. triandra populations, and present clear evidence the host plants influenced microbial assembly via deterministic pressures that produced strong convergence of endospheres. Both endospheres and rhizospheres were influenced by local environmental filtering, including aridity. Our study improves our understanding of assembly processes for root endospheres, central to plant-soil interactions yet poorly understood in non-model species. We show that endospheres of native populations of a widely distributed, keystone grass (T. triandra) were strongly shaped by the plant host and displayed patterns consistent with the two-step selection process. These findings raise intriguing questions about the functions of this ‘core’ microbial endosphere, but our limited understanding of their ecology hinders our ability to harness these important relationships to, for example, improve plant propagation and revegetation practices.

Plants are foundational to terrestrial ecosystems and because they are sessile, are particularly reliant on physiological plasticity to respond to weather extremes. However, diversity in molecular or transcriptomic responses to temperature extremes is not well described across plants from contrasting environments. Beyond molecular responses, photosystem II (PSII) thermal tolerance traits are widely used to assay plant thermal tolerance. To explore options for improving the prediction of thermal tolerance capacity we investigated variation in the transcriptomic stress responses of 20 native Australian plants species from varied environments, using de novo transcriptome assemblies and 188 RNA-seq libraries. We documented gene expression responses for biological processes, to both hot and cold temperature treatments, that were consistent with transcriptomic stress responses seen in model species. The magnitude of some responses showed differentiation between the species from contrasting arid, alpine and temperate biomes. This variation among biomes indicated that post heat exposure, alpine and temperate species had greater shifts in expression than arid species. Changes in the median expression of biological processes were also compared to plasticity in PSII heat and cold tolerance traits. Gene expression responses showed some expected relationships with PSII thermal tolerance plasticity, but these two response types appeared to be mostly independent. Our findings demonstrate the potential for using conserved gene expression plasticity to characterize the sensitivity or capacity of plants from diverse taxa to respond to temperature extremes. The varied combinations of molecular and physiological responses of plants to temperature stimuli could help define successful strategies under future climates.

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) stands as a debilitating tropical ailment, impacting a considerable global populace. Existing drug therapies for LF exhibit limited effectiveness across all parasite stages, thereby accentuating the imperative for novel anti-filarial medications characterized by enhanced prognostic attributes and minimized adverse reactions. A promising avenue involves targeting the microbial enzyme WBmDapE, pivotal in worm survival and intricately linked to the lysine biosynthetic pathway and peptidoglycan cell wall construction. This investigation employs in silico methodologies encompassing molecular docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation (MDS), conformational analysis, Shape-Based Virtual Screening (SBVS), ADMETox, MMGBSA, and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to discern potential inhibitors of WBmDapE. Through discerning the conformational shifts of the WBmDapE-bound substrate and product, key amino acids implicated in substrate binding (Arg182 and Asp248) are unveiled. While the apo and substrate-bound structures exhibit an open conformation, the product-bound structure displays marked conformational alterations, including shifts within the catalytic domain and the cofactor in the dimerization domain, suggestive of an active and closed conformation. From the prism of shape-based virtual screening, two preeminent compounds (ZINC42784280 and ZINC84308049) have surfaced as potential hits. These compounds evince heightened binding affinity, optimal binding free energy, pivotal hydrogen bond interactions, and akin attributes to the product-bound complex. Subsequently, these compounds emerge as prospective candidates for filariasis treatment. In summation, our study furnishes invaluable insights into the fabrication of innovative WBmDapE inhibitors, potentially serving as anti-filarial agents. Rigorous experimental substantiation and fine-tuning of these compounds are requisite for prospective therapeutic interventions against LF.

Understanding the role of structural variants such as chromosomal inversions in local adaptation among small, isolated populations is an important addition to robust conservation strategies, as most studies investigating inversions to date have been conducted on high gene flow systems. Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), an economically important top sportfish, is extremely vulnerable to thermal stress. Local adaptation with respect to this trait warrants investigation as climate change accelerates the loss of cold-stream ecosystems. We performed low-coverage whole genome sequencing (lcWGS) on N=192 Brook Trout from nine small, isolated streams in Nova Scotia, Canada. Using the indirect structural variant detection framework, we detected four potential chromosomal inversions in the three westernmost populations which differ from all other streams in water temperature, streamflow, and surficial geology. These genomic regions exhibited high linkage disequilibrium (LD) and principal component analyses (PCA) revealed the presence of three karyotypes (inverted and non-inverted homokaryotype, and heterokaryotype). Heterozygosity was lowest among inverted homokaryotypes, providing further support of the presence of inversions. Mitogenome analyses suggest that a single glacial lineage recolonized the region. The mtDNA haplotypes of individuals carrying potential inversions were shared among individuals with two copies of non-inverted chromosomal regions, suggesting these inversions were derived post-recolonization. These novel inversions comprised genes involved in different biological processes including thermal adaptations.

The development of cascade reservoirs significantly alters the water temperature of a river basin. However, our understanding of the distribution of water temperature in river basins under high-intensity hydropower development conditions remains limited. In this study, we analyzed historical data and monitored the present water temperature of the Wujiang River to assess the effects of cascade reservoir construction on water temperature and fish populations. The results revealed that the construction of cascade reservoirs weakened the continuity of water temperature in the basin. Various hydrological and meteorological factors influenced the water temperature of downstream dams. Among these factors, the upstream water temperature significantly impacted the downstream channel. There was no obvious pattern in the time needed to reach the thresholds of critical temperature and accumulated temperature for typical fish species ( Coreius heterodon) in the study area. However, the water temperature downstream of the Pingzhai Reservoir did not reach the threshold by the end of the monitoring period, while the water temperature downstream of other reservoirs allowed for normal Coreius Heterodon development prior to spawning. Furthermore, the construction of cascade reservoirs resulted in a significant reduction in the amplitude of water temperature at the downstream Wulong hydrological station, intensifying the water temperature delay in the Wujiang River. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the cumulative effects on water temperature in the context of high-intensity hydropower development.

With the rapidly growing demand for medicinal plants globally, a sharp decline in the wild medicinal plant population. For rare, endangered, or overexploited species, cultivation is the only way to provide material without further endangering the survival of the valuable species. It is therefore essential to understand, ‘how’ and ‘where’ cultivation can be effectively implemented for dealing with conservation-related issues. Not only climate but also habitat loss stressors and, their synergistic effects matter in species redistribution and vulnerability. Climate change impact assessment without risks of land use change should mischaracterize the vulnerability and the spatiotemporal distribution of species. These imbalances place substantial limitations upon the ability to guide anticipative conservation actions and weigh the future outcomes of different policy or management options. Cibotium barometz is a highly demanded medicinal plant listed as a national key protected wild plant in China. For adaptive management, we assessed the suitable habitat change of C. barometz in Guangxi under the synergistic impact of climate and land use change by Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) and Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) models between the current and 2040 under three Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSP) and proposed adaptive management countermeasure. Results indicate that altitude and BIO_18 are key environmental variables; suitable distribution area (SDA) shows a southwest-northeast and upload trend; the areas of cropland, forest, shrub, grassland, and barren are decreasing, water and impervious increasing; climate change accelerates the loss of C. barometz’s habitat, SDA and suitable habitat for C. barometz is decreasing; the total area of suitable habitat is decreasing but the suitability degree is increasing. We propose an adaptive response to wild resource conservation based on the protected area system in southwestern in parallel with artificial cultivation in northeastern Guangxi. The study aims to provide insights into the sustainable utilization of endangered medicinal plants.

Predicting how ecological communities will respond to disturbances is notoriously challenging, especially given the variability in species' responses within the same community. Focusing solely on aggregate responses may obscure extinction risks for certain species due to compensatory effects, emphasizing the need to understand the drivers of the response variability at the species-level. Yet, these drivers remain poorly understood. Here, we reveal that despite the typical complexity of biotic interaction networks, species' responses follow a discernible pattern. Specifically, we demonstrate that the species whose population abundances are most reduced by biotic interactions-which are not always the rarest species-are those that exhibit the strongest responses to disturbances. This insight enables us to pinpoint sensitive species within communities without requiring precise information about biotic interactions. Our novel approach introduces avenues for future research aimed at identifying sensitive species and elucidating their impacts on entire communities.

Aim Identifying drivers that shape biodiversity across biogeographical regions is important to predict ecosystem responses to environmental changes. While beta diversity has been widely used to describe biodiversity patterns across space, the dynamic assembly of species over time has been comparatively overlooked. Insights from terrestrial and marine studies on temporal beta diversity has mostly considered environmental drivers, while the role of biotic mechanisms has been largely ignored. Here, we investigated patterns of temporal variation in beta diversity of seagrass-associated animals (amphipods, as model organisms). Location We conducted a study in three biogeographical regions across a temperate to subtropical latitudinal gradient (approximately 2,000 km, 13º of latitude). In each region, we randomly selected three C. nodosa meadows, totalling nine meadows sampled seasonally (i.e., four times per year) from 2016 to 2018. Methods We partitioned temporal beta diversity into its turnover (i.e. species replacement) and nestedness (i.e. differences in species composition caused by species losses) components and addressed the relative influence of both temporal variation in habitat structure (i.e., biotic driver) and environmental conditions on such patterns. Results Our study revealed high temporal beta diversity of amphipod assemblages across the three biogeographical regions, denoting significant fluctuations in species composition over time. We identified species turnover as the primary driver of temporal beta diversity, strongly linked to temporal variability in local habitat structure rather than regional climatic drivers. Subtropical Atlantic meadows with high structural stability over time exhibited the largest turnover rates compared with temperate Mediterranean meadows, under lower structural stability, where nestedness was a more relevant component of temporal beta diversity. Main conclusions Our results highlight the crucial role of habitat stability in modulating temporal beta diversity patterns on animals associated with seagrasses, stressing its importance for developing management and restoration actions in the context of diversity loss and fragmentation of ecosystems.

Developing three-dimensional (3D) co-culture models that emulate the complex architecture and cell distribution of salivary gland tissue is critical for studying its complex physiology and disease mechanisms. In this study, we established and optimized a 3D co-cultured microtissue model using murine NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and SCA-9 submandibular gland salivary epithelial cells to investigate multi-cellular interactions characteristic of salivary gland tissue. Non-adherent well plates showed superior performance compared with the conventional hanging drop method for their consistency in yielding spheroids of controlled size. The optimal cell seeding density was as low as 160 cells per well, consistently producing spheroids smaller than 200 µm, the critical size to prevent necrotic core development and maintain spheroid roundness. LIVE/DEAD staining confirmed high cell viability and the absence of central necrosis. Immunostaining with vimentin for NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and TAS2R4 for SCA-9 salivary epithelial cells demonstrated a mixed cell distribution within the spheroids. Furthermore, we tested the feasibility of using the salivary gland spheroids for irradiation studies by exposing them to increasing X-ray doses, revealing a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis. This self-assembled, Matrigel and scaffold-free, 3D co-culture model replicates critical features of the salivary gland’s native microenvironment, providing a foundational tool for future functional and pathological studies.

Incessant antimicrobial resistance (AMR) imperils the global public health by overlooking the epidemiological situation of community infections, especially in low- and middle-income countries. We undertook this study at a semi-urban community in West Bengal, India to comprehend the AMR and bacterial forensics of the WHO critical priority pathogen Escherichia coli, which commonly causes community-acquired urinary-tract infections. AMR was investigated through antibiograms, β-lactamases, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, and plasmids, while bacterial forensics was assessed by phylogrouping, genetic fingerprinting and strain typing. Antibiograms revealed that >75% isolates had multiple-antibiotic resistance index of >0.2. Fosfomycin remained 100% effective as empiric drug followed by nitrofurantoin (>75%), aminoglycosides (>65%), and co-trimoxazole (>50%). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) was frequent (>75%), with <5% being extensively-drug-resistant, including two colistin-resistant isolates. Piperacillin/tazobactam showed promising activity against the ESBL-producing isolates (>70%) mostly carrying CTX-M-15 and TEM-1 (>40%), which declined in presence of OXA-1 (>20%). TEM-253 and 254, two novel alleles, were assigned. Two of thirteen NDM-5-producing carbapenem-resistant isolates co-harbored OXA-48. Among fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates (>80%), aac(6’)-lb-cr (>20%) was most-common, followed by qnrS (>10%). Plasmids of >212kb was prevalent (>60%), especially in MDR isolates. IncF was the sole-plasmid in >85% isolates, with >90% having a MAR index >0.2. Phylogroup-B2 was prevalent (>35%), primarily associated with the ESBL-producing ST131-clone (>75%). Carbapenem-resistant isolates belonged to phylogroup-A/sequence-type361, C/ST2851, D/ST405, and F/ST648. The ESBL-producing isolates were largely clonally-related. This maiden molecular study reveals the infiltration of MDR epidemic clones in a semi-urban community of eastern India guiding towards genomic surveillance for strategic management of AMR at national level.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown The decremental properties of the nodoventricular pathway (NVP) are uncertain. During short RP supraventricular tachycardia, a His-refractory premature ventricular contraction (PVC) consistently terminated the tachycardia without atrial capture immediately after the PVC. Whereas a slightly earlier PVC failed to reset the subsequent His but terminated the tachycardia without atrial capture one cycle later. These observations are diagnostic of slow-fast atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) with a bystander concealed-NVP and can be explained by decremental properties in the NVP itself; greater prematurity of the PVC resulted in more decremental conduction over the NVP, causing the AVNRT termination one cycle later.

Dalian is an important ”transit station” for migratory birds in the East Asian-Australasian flyway,located at the throat of the habitat of migratory birds in the Yellow (Bohai) Sea, and is an important stop,foraging and breeding place for migratory birds in the long-distance migration process.Based on the idea of Land-sea integration, this study aims to promote the improvement of the ecological environment of migratory bird habitats, enhance species diversity, and strengthen population exchange, identify the habitat security pattern in the ”transit station” area, and put forward restoration suggestions。By selecting important habitat patches from the MSPA model, landscape connectivity analysis, and important bird habitats in Dalian, the random movement of birds was simulated through circuit theory, and the ecological corridors and important corridor nodes of migratory birds were identified to construct a habitat security pattern。The results of the study identified the ecological reserves, key areas, and areas to be restored in the study area. Among them, the areas to be restored are graded according to the importance of ecological security, and targeted restoration strategies are proposed. The habitat security pattern of migratory birds constructed in this paper can provide a scientific basis for the protection of migratory bird habitats. Keywords: East Asian-Australasian flyway; migratory bird habitats; land and sea co-ordination; circuit theory;

A document by * Vikas. Click on the document to view its contents.

Over the past 65 million years, fishes in the family Syngnathidae (seahorses, pipefishes, and seadragons) have diversified into over 300 species that are globally distributed in marine and brackish environments, as well as in a small number of freshwater habitats. This clade is noteworthy for unusual species possessing novel and highly derived phenotypes, such as male pregnancy, elongated faces, prehensile tails, and ornate dermal outgrowths. Many of these traits evolved convergently in multiple lineages against the backdrop of the characteristic pipefish elongated phenotype. Though this family offers a rich system to explore developmental evolution in a vertebrate lineage, analysis of the genetic underpinnings of these traits has been hampered by a lack of high-quality, annotated genome assemblies for most syngnathid species. Here, we begin filling this gap by presenting high-quality, chromosome-scale genome assemblies for ten species from the Order Syngnathiformes. These assemblies, which we produced using a common assembly and annotation workflow, encompass nine syngnathid fishes and one outgroup species. We assembled each genome using PacBio High Fidelity reads and Hi-C contact maps and annotated them using the NCBI Eukaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline. All nine genome assemblies are highly contiguous (with N50 values between 14Mb and 75Mb) and nearly complete (with BUSCO scores ranging from 97.6% to 99.6%). Assembled genomes range in size from 428 million base pairs to 3.1 billion base pairs, a pattern that likely resulted from lineage-specific genome duplication and repetitive DNA expansion and contraction. These ten genome assemblies are available publicly as RefSeq genome resources, providing a significant foundation for comparative genomic and functional genetic research on the wealth of fascinating syngnathid phenotypes.

At the 8th International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT) meeting in Ottawa, August 2022, a plenary session was dedicated to the genotoxicity risk evaluation of gene therapies, including insertional oncogenesis and off-target genome editing. This brief communication summarizes the topics of discussion and the main insights from the speakers. Common themes included recommendations to conduct tailored risk assessments based on a weight of evidence approach, to promote data sharing, transparency, and cooperation between stakeholders, and to develop state-of-the-art validated tests relevant to clinical scenarios.

Arthropods deliver vital ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes, but their diversity is threatened by intensified farming and landscape simplification. Despite this, the relative impacts of farming practices at the landscape level remain underexplored compared to local and land cover effects. In this study, we dissect the influence of local and landscape factors, including farming practices, on arthropod communities. By sampling 18 grasslands in northeastern France during spring and autumn 2021, we collected 14 arthropod families, identifying all species of carabids and spiders. We conducted surveys of farming practices to estimate their intensity at landscape level. Our results highlight that environmental factors affect arthropod communities differently between seasons. Intensity of farming practices at landscape level was less explanatory of arthropod communities, but this impact is additional to that of local conditions and land cover. This underscores the critical need to integrate farming practices into landscape-level management strategies to safeguard arthropod diversity.

Animal social structure is influenced by demographic processes such as survival and recruitment. Yet, how the gain and loss of social associations among individuals scale up through levels of social organization is poorly understood. To address this gap, we conducted multiscale analysis of long-term social network dynamics over twelve winters for a migrant passerine, the golden-crowned sparrow. We found consistently high levels of stability in pairwise associations among returning sparrows, but this social fidelity was not the strongest driver of higher-level properties such as community cohesion and network modularity. Instead, these were increased more by the clustered social associations of newly immigrating individuals. Thus, the interplay of distinct processes---social fidelity among older birds and social cohesion among newer birds---jointly drive social structures at different levels of social organization. Our results demonstrate the different effects of demographic changes on social structure across pairwise, community, and population levels.

In this paper, an algorithm applying adaptive wavelet neural network(AWNN) and sliding mode control(SMC) is proposed, investigated and exploited for tracking control of microelectromechanical(MEMS) gyroscope. Such an AWNN model can be regarded as a special radius basis function neural network, and utilizes Mexican hat function as activation function. Besides, Taylor expansion is used for analyzing activation radius which is considered as an adaptive variable. The parameters of MEMS gyroscope model are hard to obtain in engineering application, thus, AWNN and SMC are designed for approximating the uncertain function of MEMS gyroscope and the unknown asymmetrical dead zone in control scheme. The weights updating laws and the activation radius adaptive laws in AWNN are derived from the Lyapunov stability analysis, which result in the control error converging to the desired value and the weights and activation radius converging to its real value. Computer simulation results substantiate the theoretical analysis and further demonstrate the efficacy of such an algorithm combining with AWNN and SMC for MEMS gyroscope control.

Norovirus represents one of the primary pathogens responsible for gastroenteritis on a global scale, exerting a significant impact on foodborne illnesses. In recent years, China has emerged as a region of particular significance with regard to the occurrence of norovirus outbreaks. This study presents a systematic review of norovirus outbreaks in China, offering a comprehensive overview and analysis of norovirus epidemics. A total of 680 articles reporting 798 outbreaks were included from four databases (CNKI, CHINA Wanfang, Web of Science, and PubMed). Firstly, an overall historical review of norovirus outbreaks in China over the past two decades is conducted, detailing the fluctuations in reported outbreak numbers and cases influenced by different global strains and the COVID-19 pandemic. A comparison of the changes in the scale of outbreaks (the number of cases, attack rate, duration, and reporting time), significant differences are found in the number of cases and duration of outbreaks (P<0.001). Furthermore, the epidemiological characteristics are examined from five perspectives: region, seasonality, setting, transmission, and genogroup. It was found that high-incidence regions are concentrated in the southern and eastern regions of China, with outbreaks primarily occurring in winter. Schools are identified as key outbreak setting, and foodborne transmission is the main mode of transmission. The GII genogroup is particularly prevalent, with GII.2 and GII.4 being the most dominant. Based on above findings, the article also cross-analyzes seasonal variations in different provinces and transmission modes under different settings and genogroups. In most settings, foodborne transmission is the primary mode, whereas person-to-person and waterborne transmission prevail in settings like schools and communities, respectively. The GII genogroup primarily spread through person-to-person contact, food, and aerosols caused by vomiting. In contrast, the GI genogroup and I/II mixed genogroups mainly spread through water and food.

We consider the isentropic compressible Navier–Stokes–Poisson equations with degenerate viscousities and vacuum in a three-dimensional torus. The local well-posedness of classical solution is established by introducing a “quasi-symmetric hyperbolic”–“degenerate elliptic” coupled structure to control the behavior of the velocity of the fluid near the vacuum and give some uniform estimates. In particular, the initial data allows vacuum in an open set and we do not need any initial compatibility conditions.

Behçet’s Disease Presented with Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding. A Palestinian Case ReportAfnan W.M. Jobran1, Abdelrhman Janem1, Tareq Alhor3, Muhammad Idris1, Mustafa Nabilsi1, Salam Mughrabi1, Aisha Alfakhry2, Hazem Ashhab4 .

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Background Biallelic FANCM variants are linked to a Fanconi anemia-like cancer predisposition syndrome which includes early onset breast cancer, chemotherapy toxicity and chromosome fragility. Additionally, heterozygous truncating variants have been linked to increased breast cancer risk. However, the published results have been inconsistent, and the risks and the functional effects associated with the variants also vary depending on the position in the gene, with N-terminal truncating variants having a stronger effect. Compared to other FANCM variants studied, milder patient phenotypes and only late onset breast cancer have been reported for the homozygous C-terminal c.5101C>T variant, which is enriched in Finland. Case We report here a Finnish patient, homozygous for the FANCM c.5101C>T, p.(Gln1701*) variant, who manifested with early onset triple negative breast cancer, chemotherapy toxicity and chromosome fragility. The homozygous c.5101C>T has previously been reported in two Finnish siblings with primary ovarian insufficiency and chromosome fragility. Conclusion These findings suggest that the C-terminal FANCM variant c. 5101C>T may also cause a phenotype similar to the phenotype caused by N-terminal truncating variants, when inherited in a homozygous state.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important causative factor of cervical cancer and is associated with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is a rare and highly fatal cutaneous virus that can cause Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). Although coinfection with oncogenic HPV and MCPyV may increase cancer risk, a definitive etiological link has not been established. Recently, genomic variation and genetic diversity in the MCPyV noncoding control region (NCCR) among ethnic groups has been reported. The current study aimed to provide accurate prevalence information on HPV and MCPyV infection/coinfection in NSCLC patients and to evaluate and confirm Korean MCPyV NCCR variant genotypes and sequences. DNA from 150 NSCLC tissues and 150 adjacent control tissues was assessed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting regions of the large T antigen (LT-ag), viral capsid protein 1 (VP1), and NCCR. MCPyV was detected in 22.7% (34 of 150) of NSCLC tissues and 8.0% (12 of 150) of adjacent tissues from Korean patients. The incidence rates of HPV with and without MCPyV were 26.5% (9 of 34) and 12.9% (15 of 116). The MCPyV NCCR genotype prevalence in Korean patients was 21.3% (32 of 150) for subtype I and 6% (9 of 150) for subtype IIc. Subtype I, a predominant East Asian strain containing 25 bp tandem repeats, was most common in the MCPyV NCCR dataset. Our results confirm that coinfection with other tumor-associated viruses is not associated with NSCLC. Although the role of NCCR rearrangements in MCPyV infection remains unknown, future studies are warranted to determine the associations of MCPyV NCCR sequence rearrangements with specific diseases.

Familial Erythema Nodosum Secondary to Streptococcal Infection: A Case ReportParivash Rahimizadeh*1, Mehrdad Farokhnia2, Saman Mohammadi11) Dermatology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman Iran, Dermatologist.2) Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman Iran, Infectious Disease Specialist.*Corresponding Author: Parivash Rahimizadeh, Dermatology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman Iran.E-mail: rahimizadehp70@gmail.com