The rapid growth in textual data and the increasing complexity of linguistic patterns have demanded more sophisticated approaches to tokenization and contextual understanding within language models. Traditional tokenization methods, constrained by static segmentation, fail to address the dynamic and context-dependent nature of human language, limiting their ability to fully capture semantic relationships. The Dynamic Token Expansion framework introduces a paradigm shift through its context-aware mechanism, enabling token boundaries to morph dynamically during runtime, thereby bridging the gap between rigid preprocessing techniques and the fluid nature of language. Experimental evaluations demonstrate significant improvements in tokenization accuracy, model performance in domain-specific applications, and user engagement metrics, showing the framework's adaptability and robustness. By integrating this novel approach into open-source language models, the study highlights transformative implications for linguistic adaptability, efficiency, and the broader application potential of advanced tokenization strategies. The findings establish a foundational step toward the development of more context-sensitive and semantically aware natural language systems.

In this paper, we investigate the scaling limit of heavy-tailed unstable cumulative INAR($\infty$) processes. These processes exhibit a power-law tail of the form $n^{-(1+\alpha)}$ for $\alpha \in (\frac{1}{2}, 1)$, and the $\ell^1$ norm of the kernel vector approaches $1$. We show that the discrete-time scaling limit also has a long-memory property and can be seen as an integrated fractional Cox-Ingersoll-Ross process.

In this paper, we study the numerical approximation for the simplified Ericksen-Leslie system with variable density. Firstly, by denoting the orientation field vector d in the polar coordinate, we rewrite the Ericksen-Leslie system into an equivalent system, which allows the sphere constraint |d| = 1 to still be preserved at the discrete level. Secondly, we construct first-order and second-order time discretization schemes based on the convective form of the Gauge-Uzawa method. And we prove their unconditional energy stability. Then, through rigorous error analysis, we provide optimal convergence orders for all unknowns. We also construct a fully discrete scheme with finite elements in space and provide its stability result. Finally, some numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed schemes.

This work presents a new method for analyzing the Bertrand curve in a 4-dimensional Minkowski space ( R 1 4 ). We introduce a new Frenet frame and apply it to a pair of Bertrand curves in the ( 1,3)-Normal plan. Also, we investigate some special cases for Bertrand curves and introduce some new formulas and results for κ 1 , κ 2 , and κ 3 in R 1 4 . To better understand our results, we provided related examples.

A document by Xavier Pardell Peña. Click on the document to view its contents.

A document by Xavier Pardell Peña. Click on the document to view its contents.

A document by Xavier Pardell Peña. Click on the document to view its contents.

A document by Xavier Pardell Peña. Click on the document to view its contents.

Abstract: The internal cooling of gas turbine blades features serpentine channels equipped with various turbulence generators, such as dimples, pin-fins, and ribs. These generators are critical in reducing surface temperature and enhancing the heat transfer coefficient. Achieving a balance between high heat transfer and low-pressure drop remains a significant challenge. While offering superior heat transfer, pin-fins result in a high-pressure drop, whereas dimples have gained popularity due to their optimal heat transfer and pressure drop balance. This study focuses on the rotational effects of gas turbine blade internal cooling using dimples, providing insights into the density and buoyancy effects within the cooling channel. Two types of dimples—partial spherical and leaf dimples—were examined experimentally and numerically. Experiments were conducted with a heat flux range of 1,300 to 40,000 W/m2 and a Reynolds number of 50,000, utilizing an experimental setup capable of rotating up to 1,000 rpm, with tests completed at 900 rpm. The Large Eddy Simulation (LES) technique was employed for numerical analysis. The investigation revealed the influence of buoyancy forces on the heat transfer coefficient within a cooling channel with an aspect ratio of 1:1. Results indicated that the leaf-dimpled channel provided superior heat transfer enhancement compared to the partially spherical dimpled channel.KEYWORDS: Gas Turbine Blade, Internal Cooling Channel, Rotational Experimental Setup, Pin-fins, Large Eddy Simulation, Thermal PerformanceNomenclature

Abstract:The internal cooling passage of turbine blades represents one of the most complex zones within a gas turbine system, primarily due to the extreme temperatures encountered in this region. Pin-fins offer a highly effective solution for enhancing cooling efficiency in these passages by significantly increasing the heat transfer coefficient. Additionally, pin-fins provide structural support by bridging the turbine blades’ thin metallic pressure and suction surfaces. However, the implementation of pin-fin cooling is associated with a considerable increase in pressure drop, which can adversely affect the thermal performance of the cooling channel. This study aims to optimize pin-fin design to achieve an optimal balance between heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop. Two distinct pin-fin designs, namely partial spherical and dome-shaped, were evaluated in various array configurations. Both experimental and computational investigations were conducted. Experimental studies were performed with Reynolds (Re) numbers ranging from 9,000 to 50,000, while computational simulations employed the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) technique, covering rotation numbers (Ro) from 0 to 0.13. The evaluation criteria included the heat transfer coefficient, friction factor, and overall thermal performance of the cooling channel. Results indicate that the cooling channel equipped with dome-shaped pin-fins arranged in a 14×2 array configuration exhibited superior thermal performance compared to other designs. This optimization demonstrates the potential for significant improvements in the thermal management of gas turbine blades through careful design and arrangement of pin-fins..KEYWORDS: Gas Turbine Blade, Gas Turbine Blade, Internal Cooling Channel, Rotational Experimental Set-up, Pin-fins, Large Eddy Simulation, Thermal Performance.Nomenclature

Haruhito Koda*, Runa Sekine*, Sae Watanabe*, Tsubaki Yamada*, Keita Tanaka*,1*Biology Club of Niigata Meikun High School, Niigata 950-0116, JapanRunning title: Mutation of mpv17 in iridophore reduced medakaKeywords: medaka, iridophore, mpv17 , MDDS (mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome) 1Correspondence: Keita Tanaka, Biology Club of Niigata Meikun High School, Niigata 950-0116, Japan. Tel.: +81-25-257-2131. Email: keita_sc@yahoo.co.jpABSTRACTWe discovered a novel iridophore mutant of medaka (Oryzias latipes ), designated as panda (pa ) due to its black eye trait. Throughout the juvenile to adult stages, this mutant shows reduced iridophores. Using linkage analysis and whole genome sequencing, we identified mpv17 as the strong candidate causal gene ofpa . Knocking out mpv17 in d-rR embryos proved that this gene is indeed causal. The gene encodes MPV17, a membrane transport protein localized on the inner mitochondrial membrane that is estimated to require cytoplasmic guanine for mitochondrial DNA synthesis. While no mutants caused by this gene have been reported in medaka, a similar mutant named transparent exists in zebrafish caused by the same gene. Developmental observations revealed that iridophores in the mutants initially formed but subsequently disappeared during growth, suggesting that MPV17 is involved in maintaining rather than forming iridophores. Although mutations in this gene cause death in mammals such as mice and humans, no such symptoms were observed in pa . Therefore, our findings could lead to the discovery of new therapeutic strategy for mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, an intractable disease caused by mutations in MPV17.INTRODUCTIONThe body color of animal results from skin pigment cells derived from neural crest cells. While mammals and birds have one type of pigment cell, melanocytes, fish have multiple types: melanophores (black), xanthophores (yellow), iridophores (iridescent), erythrophores (red), cyanophores (blue), and leucophores (white) (Fujii, 1993). Because all these pigment cells are derived from neural crest cells and are easily distinguished by their color, fish have been studied as model organisms to characterize the mechanisms underlying the regulation of cell fate decisions in pluripotent cells. The medaka (O. latipes ) has four types of chromatophores: melanophores, xanthophores, iridophores, and leucophores (Takeuchi, 1976; Kelsh et al., 1996). In Medaka, body color mutants have been collected and lineages maintained by Tomita (Kelsh et al., 2004). One of these, an orange-red variant, is homozygous for the b allele, which encodes a transporter mediating melanin synthesis (Fukumachi et al., 2001). Medaka many leucophores-3 (ml-3) mutant embryos exhibit excessive formation of leucophores and absence of xanthophores. Previous research revealed that ml-3 encodes sox5, which has a cell-autonomous role in the xanthophore lineage. pax7a is expressed in neural crest cells and is required for both xanthophore and leucophore lineages (Nagao et al., 2014; Kimura et al., 2014). The few melanophore (fm) mutant of medaka is characterized by reduced numbers of melanophores and leucophores. kit-ligand a (kitlga) was identified as the gene whose mutation gives rise to the fm phenotype (Otsuki, 2019). Iridophores contain guanine crystals with a high refractive index, which efficiently reflect light at the interface with the cytoplasm, resulting in Tyndall phenomena and structural color. pnp4a has already been identified as the causal gene for gu: guanineless, an iridophore mutant of medaka (Kimura et al., 2017). Here, we report the discovery of a novel iridophore mutant medaka and identify its causal gene.MATERIALS AND METHODSMedaka Strains and Rearing ConditionsMedaka were reared at 26°C on a 14-hr light/10-hr dark cycle. We collected wild O. latipes in an irrigation canal in Kitagata, Akiha-ward, Niigata City (northern Japanese population) in 2020-2021(Fig. 1A). We identified two iridophore-deficient individuals out of 1,605 fish and named the mutation panda (pa ) due to its black eye trait (Fig. 1B). The T5 strain, which is homozygous for the gu mutation, has been previously described (Tomita, 1992; Shimada and Shima, 2001) and was used as the gu mutant in this study. The gu mutant has a similar phenotype to pa . The d-rR strain (Hyodo, 1990) is a closed colony derived from a southern Japanese population. The genome of the HNI strain was used as the wild-type O. latipes reference genome.Complementation Test with T5 StrainA complementation test was performed to determine whether the causal genes for pa and gu are allelic. The T5 strain carries five pigment mutations (b , gu , lf , I ,wl ). Among these, the gu mutant exhibits a strong reduction in visible iridophores from larval to adult stages, likepa . The causal gene is located on an autosomal chromosome (chromosome 5), and has been identified as pnp4a (Kimura et al., 2017).Mode of Inheritance TestAn inheritance pattern test was performed using d-rR as the wild-type strain.Genomic PCR Analysis and Linkage AnalysisGenomic DNA was extracted from fin clips. Samples were suspended in 100 µl lysis buffer containing 2 µl proteinase K (10 mg/ml) and incubated at 65°C for 1 hour. Subsequently, 100 µl of chloroform-isopropyl alcohol was added and the mixture was inverted. From this, 60 µl of supernatant was collected and mixed with an equal volume of isopropyl alcohol. The mixture was centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 10 min. After discarding the supernatant and drying, 200 µl of 70% ethanol was added and centrifuged again under the same conditions. Then, it was dissolved in 50 µl TE. All extracted genomic DNA samples were stored at 4°C until use. PCR conditions were as follows: one cycle at 95°C for 30 sec; 30 cycles at 95°C for 5 sec, 55°C for 5 sec, and 72°C for 20 sec; followed by 72°C for 1 min. The products were electrophoresed on 12% polyacrylamide gels (Davis, 1964). Linkage analysis was performed on 32 F2 individuals obtained from crosses with d-rR, using M-markers (Kimura & Naruse, 2010) from chromosomes 1-24 for rough mapping (Table 1). Additional genetic markers were then developed for fine mapping, and linkage analysis was conducted using the same 96 F2 individuals. Primers used in the linkage analysis were designed by selecting sequences with in-dels between HNI and Hd-rR to facilitate band differentiation during electrophoresis. The primers and genetic markers used for additional linkage analysis are shown in Table 1. The recombination map was constructed using MAPL98 for Windows (Ukai et al., 1995).Whole Genome Sequencing pa DNA was extracted from fin clips using the same method as for PCR and submitted to Novogene for library preparation. Sequencing was performed using Illumina’s NovaSeq6000 NGS with 150 bp paired-end reads, generating 28 Gbp (approximately 35× coverage of the 0.8 Gbp medaka genome). The sequence was compared with the HNI reference genome (Genome assembly ASM223471v1) to identify nucleotide substitutions and mutations. The structure of the protein encoded by the identified causal gene was estimated using AlphaFold3 (Abramson et al., 2024) and PPM 3.0 (Lomize et al., 2022).Knockout of the Candidate Causal GeneGene targeting was performed using the CRISPR-Cas system-based RNA-guided endonuclease, which has emerged as a simple and efficient tool for targeted genome editing in medaka (Ansai and Kinoshita, 2014). Single guide RNA (sgRNA) was designed targeting exon 4 of mpv17 . Microinjection was performed using the d-rR strain. DNA was extracted from pa fin clips, and PCR products were sequenced using the Sanger method.

In this study, we aim to assess the execution of different deep-learning models for plant classification using CropDeep dataset. The models incorporate Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) systems, Generative Ill-disposed Systems (GANs), and Transformer models. Each model is productively arranged and assessed utilizing accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score measurements. The results show that whereas all models performed well, the Transformer displayed the most elevated execution, accomplishing an accuracy of 96.3%, precision of 96.0%, recall of 96.5%, and an F1-score of 96.2%. This predominant execution can be credited to the Transformer’s self-attention components, which capture long-range conditions and relevant data. These discoveries suggest that Transformer models are especially well-suited for complex classification tasks in accuracy agriculture, giving a solid establishment for future progressions in automated agricultural hones.

In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms have gained traction in diverse fields, such as disaster relief and agricultural production. However, programming tasks for UAV swarms presents significant challenges due to their scale, task complexity, and the need for autonomy and collaboration. To address these issues, we propose SwarmL, a task description language specifically designed for orchestrating UAV swarm operations, accompanied by its runtime interpreter. SwarmL features several key attributes: (1) a clear task decomposition framework with a “Main-Task-Behavior-Action” structure and “init-goal-routine” control flow; (2) integration of trained AI policies into swarm task execution; (3) support for concurrent operations through language primitives like “each” and “||”, enabling concise descriptions of multi-level concurrency among groups, UAVs, and devices; and (4) collaborative capabilities via a blackboard system that facilitates autonomous communication among UAVs. To illustrate the usability of SwarmL and its interpreter, we present a search-and-delivery task within the Airsim simulator, successfully integrating policies from the DQN reinforcement learning algorithm. This example demonstrates effective concurrent management, allowing multiple UAVs to execute tasks simultaneously while enhancing cooperation between search and delivery UAVs through the blackboard system.

This study aimed to assess the influence of oil-disturbed soils of the Ecuadorian Amazon on the biomass and nutrient production of three 6-year-old woody species. The investigation involved the placement of 9 traps of 0.25 m 2 in each permanent sampling plot (6 plots on disturbed soils and 2 on non-disturbed soils). The biomass was collected biweekly for one year. The collected samples were separated into leaves and branches and weighed, after which the amounts of nitrogen (N), carbon (C), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and sodium (Na) in the leaves and branches were determined. The results of the study showed that the specimens of the three species planted on non-disturbed soils produced similar amounts of litterfall, which amounted to 4.33±0.28 Mg ha -1 yr -1, as those planted on disturbed soils, which amounted to 4.66±0.24 Mg ha -1 yr -1. However, specimens of Zygia longifolia produced greater amounts of biomass, which amounted to 5.44±0.31 Mg ha -1 yr -1, than specimens of Piptadenia pteroclada, which amounted to 4.90±0.37 Mg ha -1 yr -1, and Platymiscium pinnatum, which amounted to 3.06±0.23 Mg ha -1 yr -1. The concentrations of macroelements N, Ca, and Mg were higher in the biomass of non-disturbed soils, whereas the concentrations of microelements Fe, Zn, and Mn were higher in the biomass of disturbed soils. Therefore, the use of these species in the Amazon forests is important to maintain biomass production and nutrients on disturbed soils, similar to non-disturbed soils.

Reintroduction is a crucial step in the conservation efforts aiming to restore ecosystems and protect threatened species. However, studies that incorporate and evaluate the effect of plant reintroduction are scarce. A study on a population of Cephalocereus polylophus, a vulnerable cactus endemic to the southern Chihuahuan Desert, allowed us to evaluate the effect of seedling reintroduction on the viability of this population. An integral projection model was used on a 5-year dataset to forecast population size over a century, and to simulate scenarios of seedling survival and protection. The study revealed an asymptotic population growth rate (λ) of 0.97 (95% CI = 0.96 – 0.99). Simulating the seedling survival and an increase in the seedling bank translated into a λ that showed only a slight increase, but remained below one, mainly because the recruitment and survival of small individuals were insufficient to compensate for the population decline. Protecting seedlings against herbivores and increasing their survival to 96.5% resulted in a larger population size (~ 5% average increase) and delayed extinction, in comparison with a no intervention and 60% survival rate scenario. This demonstrates that increasing seedling survival rates through protection and reintroduction efforts can only be conceived as a complementary conservation strategy to those focused on preserving existing individuals. Effective reintroduction strategies can help delay the extinction of the population of this cactus, but the conservation of the current population and its habitat is pivotal for its future survival.

As we grow older. Experience the cycle of life’s changes, in our bodies and health over time leading to our inevitable passing away from this world someday that we all share as humans together through the generations that have come before us and will come after us too. Illnesses like cancer or heart conditions or brain degeneration that become more frequent as we get older can have an impact. Make life harder as we reach our later years beyond what is considered middle age by most standards these days. Although most people can expect to live about 80 to 90 years based off what we know from studying populations throughout time around the globe where humans have lived and thrived together in communities small. Scientists are now looking at how our genetic makeup might play a role, in living lives than expected by examining how certain genes may contribute to longevity beyond what's typically seen in the general population. One interesting group being studied for their ability to resist the effects of aging are mole rats who seem to defy expectations by showing signs of age related diseases despite their advanced years compared with other animals studied so far. This article delves into how weight hyaluronic acid (HMW HA), from naked mole rats (NMRs) can extend the lifespan of genetically modified mice significantly. Recent research indicates that introducing the hyaluronan synthase. 2 Gene from mole rats improved the health span and increased the lifespan of mice by 4.4%. These results demonstrate the potential of using elements from living species to create interventions that could slow down aging and related diseases in humans. This review emphasizes the importance of studies, in biogerontology.  

The increasing complexity of multimodal data and the demand for seamless integration across diverse modalities have demonstrated the limitations of conventional approaches in language model architectures. The introduction of a dynamic framework that adapts to varying contextual requirements represents a significant advancement, addressing the static constraints of prior methods. The Contextual Perturbation Framework (CPF) leverages controlled perturbations to dynamically refine multimodal representations, enhancing interpretative accuracy and enabling the discovery of intricate intermodal relationships. Comprehensive empirical evaluations across tasks such as image captioning, visual question answering, and sentiment analysis highlight its superior performance in both quantitative and qualitative metrics. The framework's ability to maintain robustness under noisy conditions and generalize effectively to unseen modalities further validates its potential as a transformative addition to the domain. The findings demonstrate the CPF's capacity to drive substantial progress in enhancing contextual adaptability and multimodal understanding in language modeling.

Single-cell RNA Sequencing (scRNA-seq) has, in the recent past given insights on macroscopic level organism behavior through a study of cellular-level gene expression patterns. Owing to the noisy and biased nature of scRNA-seq data, normalization becomes an essential operation, for which, no gold standard method exists to date. This paper proposes a pipeline for normalization and compression of single-cell RNA-seq data. The library size per sample in scRNA-seq data can alone occupy 2GB to 3GB storage, which across thousands of cells can take up a very large amount of space. This introduces the need for compression. Often normalization is done as a stand-alone operation, but we propose compression as an almost equally necessary operation before downstream analysis. There are, so far, very few methods for compression of scRNA-seq data, and none, to the best of our knowledge, that integrate normalization and compression. Normalization was introduced owing to technical biases leading to unwanted consequences like batch effects, high dropout rates and skewed distributions of gene expression across cells. Taking this into account, the proposed method aims to account for the uneven distribution of zeroes in scRNA-seq data. These issues lead to uneven distribution of zeroes in scRNA-seq data, and the proposed method aims to address this. Our integrated pipeline serves as a unified approach in keeping the data pre-processed and summarized, before further steps in the downstream analyses (differential expression, co-expression) are performed.

Rationale. Data are required for SIFT-MS analysis of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that are persistent in the environment and cause adverse health effects. Specifically, the rate coefficients and product ion branching ratios of the reactions of H 3O +, NO +, O 2 +•, O -•, OH -, O 2 -•, NO 2 -, and NO 3 - with PFAS vapours are needed. Methods The dual polarity SIFT-MS instrument (Voice200) was used to generate these 8 reagent ions and inject them into the flow tube with N 2 carrier gas at a temperature of 393 K. Vapours of pentafluoropropionic acid, heptafluorobutyric acid, nonafluoro-1-hexanol, perfluoro-2-methyl-2-pentene, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid, tridecafluoro-1-octanol, and nonafluorobutane-1-sulfonic acid were introduced in dry and humid air. Full-scan mass spectra were collected for all reagents at variable PFAS concentrations and analysed numerically. Results Rate coefficients were determined for 64 reactions, for which 55 positive and 71 negative product ions were identified. The branching ratios for the primary reaction channels were extracted from the data, and the secondary chemistry with H 2O molecules was qualitatively assessed. The thermochemical data were calculated for the H 3O + reactions using Density Functional Theory (DFT). Conclusions An important observation is that secondary reactions with water molecules remove the positive product ions, making them unsuitable for practical SIFT-MS analysis of PFAS vapours. In contrast, most negative reaction product ions are not significantly affected by humidity and are thus preferred for the SIFT-MS analyses of PFAS substances in various gaseous matrices.

The integration of gut microbiota research into the understanding and treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders has profound implications for both clinical practice and public health. The microbial community’s influence on neural development through mechanisms such as microbial metabolites, immune regulation, and gene expression underscores the complexity of neurodevelopmental disorders like autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As research continues to unravel the intricate relationship between gut microbiota and brain function, innovative therapeutic interventions, including probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, hold potential to improve symptoms and outcomes. However, the safety and long-term effectiveness of these therapies remain critical areas for future investigation. Advances in diagnostic tools and personalized medicine, which incorporate microbial biomarkers, offer exciting prospects for early detection and tailored treatments, ultimately improving the quality of life for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. Continued interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for translating these findings into practical solutions that address the underlying mechanisms of these complex disorders. This review highlights the critical role of gut microbiota in neurodevelopmental disorders, emphasizing the importance of microbial metabolites, immune regulation, and genetic interactions in shaping brain development.

This article develops duality principles applicable to originally non-convex primal variational formulations, including an exact penalization context. More specifically, as a first application, we establish a convex dual variational formulation for a non-linear Kirchhoff-Love plate model. In a subsequent section, we develop a dual variational formulation for a related exactly penalized functional. The results are obtained through basic tools of functional analysis, calculus of variations, duality and optimization theory in infinite dimensional spaces. We emphasize such convex dual formulations obtained may be applied to a large class of similar models in the calculus of variations.

Aim This study aimed to describe the levels of exposure to different forms of prednisolone in children with asthma or asthma-like symptoms, ages six months to seventeen years old, treated with crushed tablets, oro-dispersible tablets, a liquid suspension, or whole tablets. Methods Participants were randomised to received two out of four different formulations on successive days using a single-center, open-label, two-period, cross-over design. Saliva samples were collected to measure prednisolone concentrations, and a population pharmacokinetic model was used to analyse the data. The bioequivalence of the test drug to the whole tablet was determined using the 90% confidence interval of the ratios of area under the curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax). Results This study enrolled 41 children, with a mean age of 4.9 years ± 3.7 and a mean weight of 21.8 kg ± 10.9; 61% were boys. The pharmacokinetic data were best described by a two-compartment model using plasma concentrations calculated from saliva. The population mean clearance was 317±156 ml/min/70kg, with a mean half-life of 5.3 ± 3.2 hours and a volume of distribution of 141 L/70kg. The liquid suspension demonstrated bioequivalence to the control (whole tablets) in terms of AUC. However, none of the tested formulations were bioequivalent regarding to Cmax. Conclusion The tested formulations did not exhibit bioequivalence (AUC and Cmax) when compared to the whole tablet. Using different prednisolone formulations interchangeably may be challenging, especially in a paediatric population where inter-individual and residual variability in the pharmacokinetics seemed to have significant impact on exposure.

In everyday life, attention is guided by goals stored in visual working memory (VWM). To efficiently complete multiple sequential tasks, attention must focus on the current task while preventing interference from future goals held in a low-activation state within VWM. However, no prior study has directly distinguished the attentional interference from highly activated and lowly activated VWM representations. Using the high-temporal-resolution of event-related potentials (ERPs), the present study investigated the interaction between attentional selection and VWM representations with different activation states. Three priority levels of VWM were manipulated: (1) an item actively held and prioritized for immediate relevance, (2) an item stored but currently unprioritized—potentially relevant for future tasks, and (3) a neutral item never kept in VWM. During a visual search task following the memory phase, a distractor appeared opposite the target, matching the prioritized VWM (prioritized condition) or the unprioritized VWM (unprioritized condition) representation, or being memory-irrelevant (neutral condition). Behaviorally, response times were significantly slower in the prioritized condition compared to the unprioritized and neutral conditions, with no reliable difference between the latter two. In line with behavioral results, ERPs analyses revealed no reliable differences in target-locked late N2pc amplitudes (275 ms - 335ms) between the neutral and unprioritized conditions, while the amplitude was significantly enhanced in the prioritized condition. These findings suggest that attentional interference from VWM-matching distractors flexibly depends on the activation states of VWM representations: only the prioritized VWM representation interacts with attention, whereas the unprioritized VWM representation does not.

Intraplate regions commonly host energetic earthquakes on less-prominent fault zones, raising questions on how fault structure may influence intraplate seismogenesis. Here, we investigate the causative fault of the strongly-felt April 5, 2024 Mw4.8 New Jersey Earthquake which occurred near the misoriented 300-km long Ramapo Fault. Field mapping of ancient fracture networks reveals that the up-dip projection of relocated aftershocks is co-located with a previously unmapped fault zone striking parallel to the mainshock’s nodal plane, henceforth designated as “Mountainville Fault (MF)”. MF hosts an irregular ‘stair-step’ internal structure with dominantly NNE-striking/E-dipping gougeless fracture clusters, and steeply-dipping sets cross-cut by gently-dipping slickensided surfaces, indicating an immature, rough fault. Laboratory friction experiments suggest possible shallow stress perturbations and/or concealed fault rock alteration, and with slip tendency analysis, predict the fault’s instability. These MF characteristics fit other structurally investigated earthquake sources in the region, demonstrating the seismic hazard of elusive, critically-oriented immature intraplate faults.